1. Complete the table to summarize the inputs and outputs of matter and energy that are shown in your models of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Some of the data have been filled in for you. (7 points)


Photosynthesis


Cellular respiration


Inputs
Outputs
Inputs
Outputs
Number of C atoms
6



Number of H atoms
12





Number of O atoms
18




Energy-carrying molecules




1 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule
Type of energy
Light energy

A class 1 lever has the fulcrum positioned between the effort and resistance, allowing for the amplification of force or the achievement of balance.

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The macromolecule involved in how hemophilia is passed is DNA, specifically the genes carried on the X chromosome. The inheritance of hemophilia follows a pattern influenced by the presence or absence of the hemophilia gene on the X chromosome.

The macromolecule involved in how hemophilia is passed is DNA, specifically the genetic material carried on the X chromosome.

Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by a mutation in one of the genes responsible for producing clotting factors in the blood. The genes involved in hemophilia, such as the F8 gene (hemophilia A) or F9 gene (hemophilia B), are located on the X chromosome.

The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes, with females having two copies (XX) and males having one copy (XY). Since hemophilia is a recessive trait, it typically affects males more often than females. This is because if a male inherits a defective X chromosome carrying the hemophilia gene, he will develop the disorder since he does not have a second X chromosome to compensate for the mutation.

In females, who have two X chromosomes, hemophilia can be passed on if they inherit a defective X chromosome from both parents. These females are carriers of the hemophilia gene and may not exhibit symptoms themselves but can pass the mutation to their offspring.

The inheritance of hemophilia follows a specific pattern, with affected males having an X chromosome with the hemophilia gene and unaffected males having a normal X chromosome. Female carriers have one normal X chromosome and one X chromosome with the hemophilia gene.

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The function of albumen, also known as egg white, is to provide essential nutrients and protective properties to the developing embryo in an egg.

Albumen serves as a source of nutrition for the growing embryo inside the egg. It contains proteins, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals that provide energy and contribute to the development of the embryo. The proteins in albumen are particularly important as they serve as building blocks for the formation of tissues and organs.

In addition to its nutritional role, albumen also plays a protective function. It acts as a physical barrier, helping to cushion and protect the delicate embryo from mechanical shocks and damage.

The viscous nature of albumen helps to maintain a stable environment within the egg, preventing dehydration and providing a buffer against external fluctuations in temperature.

Furthermore, albumen possesses antimicrobial properties that help inhibit the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms. This protective function helps to safeguard the embryo from potential infections during its development.

Overall, albumen in eggs provides vital nutrients, protection, and antimicrobial properties that support the growth and development of the embryo inside the egg.

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A quantitative observation that the student can make to compare the amounts of [tex]CO_2[/tex]given off by yeast provided with different amounts of sugar is the measurement of the size or volume of the balloons. Larger balloons indicate a greater volume of[tex]CO_2[/tex] produced by the yeast.

A quantitative observation that the student can make to compare the amounts of [tex]CO_2[/tex] given off by yeast provided with different amounts of sugar is the measurement of the balloon's size or volume.

The student can measure the diameter or circumference of each balloon, or alternatively, the volume of each balloon. This can be done using a ruler, measuring tape, or by submerging the balloon in water and measuring the displaced volume.

By comparing the sizes or volumes of the balloons, the student can infer the relative amounts of [tex]CO_2[/tex] produced by the yeast. The larger the balloon, the greater the volume of [tex]CO_2[/tex]released.

Quantitative observations provide numerical data that can be analyzed and compared. In this case, the size or volume of the balloons provides quantitative information about the amount of [tex]CO_2[/tex] given off by yeast with different sugar amounts.

It is important for the student to ensure that the conditions of the experiment are controlled and consistent for each container. This includes using the same type and amount of yeast, maintaining the same temperature and time duration, and providing accurate measurements of the sugar amounts.

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1) A deficiency disease is caused by the absence of a food nutrient

2) Deficiency of vitamin D causes rickets

3) Deficiency of vitamin C can lead to a condition called scurvy.

4) Deficiency of iron leads to anemia

Carbohydrates has glucose as the small molecules and they give energy to the body. It can be gotten from rice.

Proteins have amino acids as the building blocks and they help to repair the worn out tissues. They can be found in legumes.

Fats are composed of fatty acids and they help in the insulation of the body. It can be obtained from margarine.

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The statement which describes the influence of scientific research on the green revolution is :Scientific research led to the development of new, large-scale farming methods.

The correct answer is option A.

The green revolution, which took place from the 1940s to the 1970s, was a period of significant agricultural advancements that aimed to increase crop yields and improve food production worldwide. Scientific research played a crucial role in driving these advancements and shaping the green revolution.

During this period, scientists conducted extensive research to develop new farming techniques, such as the use of high-yield crop varieties, improved irrigation systems, and the application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. These innovations were based on scientific findings and aimed to enhance agricultural productivity and address food scarcity challenges.

The development and implementation of these new farming methods led to significant increases in crop yields, allowing farmers to produce more food on the same amount of land. This helped alleviate hunger and improve food security in many regions around the world. The green revolution's success in increasing agricultural productivity was largely attributed to the scientific research that underpinned the development of these new techniques.

Therefore, statement A is the most accurate description of the influence of scientific research on the green revolution. It highlights how scientific research contributed to the development of new, large-scale farming methods that revolutionized agriculture and had a significant impact on global food production.

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The scientific method is a systematic approach used by scientists to investigate and understand the natural world these steps are iterative, meaning that scientists often repeat the process, refining their hypotheses and experiments to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon under investigation.

It involves a series of steps that help ensure objectivity, reproducibility, and reliability in scientific research.

The main steps of the scientific method are as follows:

Observation: The first step involves making careful observations of a phenomenon or a problem in the natural world.

Scientists use their senses or instruments to gather data and identify patterns or interesting phenomena.

Question: Based on the observations, scientists formulate a research question that addresses the underlying cause or mechanism of the observed phenomenon.

The question should be specific and testable to guide the subsequent steps.

Hypothesis: In this step, scientists propose a possible explanation or solution to the research question.

The hypothesis is a tentative statement that can be tested through further experimentation or observation.

It should be based on existing knowledge and provide a clear prediction.

Experimentation: Scientists design and conduct experiments to test the hypothesis.

They manipulate variables, control conditions, and collect data to analyze and draw conclusions.

The experiment should be carefully planned, with appropriate controls and statistical methods to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Analysis: After collecting the data, scientists analyze the results using statistical methods or other analytical techniques.

They examine the data to determine if it supports or refutes the hypothesis.

This step involves organizing and interpreting the data to draw meaningful conclusions.

Conclusion: Based on the analysis, scientists draw conclusions about the hypothesis.

If the data supports the hypothesis, it may be accepted as a plausible explanation.

If the data does not support the hypothesis, scientists may revise the hypothesis or propose alternative explanations.

Through this iterative process, scientific knowledge advances and contributes to our understanding of the natural world.

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Answer: The statement which best describes what a thylakoid does during photosynthesis is, enables the light-dependent reactions to occur.

Explanation: Thylakoids enable the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis by providing the necessary membrane structure for the absorption of light and generation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).

Answer:

B

Explanation:

enables the light-dependent reactions to occur.

a) If Grant's speed is less than 10.67 km/h, then Neil's journey was quicker. If Grant's speed is greater than 10.67 km/h, then Grant's journey was quicker.

b) If Grant's speed is 10 km/h, then Neil's journey was quicker by 198 minutes (or 3 hours and 18 minutes).

a) To determine whose journey was the quickest between Neil and Grant, we need to find the time taken by each of them. We can use the formula: Time = Distance/Speed
For Neil, Distance = 36km and Speed = 8km/h. Therefore, Time taken by Neil = Distance/Speed = 36/8 = 4.5 hours
For Grant, Distance = 48km and Speed = c. Therefore, Time taken by Grant = Distance/Speed = 48/c
Now, we need to compare the time taken by Neil and Grant. If Neil's time is lesser than Grant's time, then Neil's journey was quicker. If Grant's time is lesser than Neil's time, then Grant's journey was quicker.

So, we have 4.5 < 48/c
Multiplying both sides by c, we get:
4.5c < 48
Dividing both sides by 4.5, we get:
c < 48/4.5 = 10.67 km/h
b) To find the time difference between Neil and Grant, we need to subtract the time taken by Neil from the time taken by Grant. So, we have:
Time taken by Neil = 4.5 hours (calculated earlier)
Time taken by Grant = Distance/Speed = 48/c
Therefore, Time difference = (48/c) - 4.5
We can convert this into minutes by multiplying by 60:
Time difference in minutes = 60[(48/c) - 4.5]
We know that c < 10.67 km/h (from part a). Let's assume c = 10 km/h (just for calculation purposes). So, we have:
Time difference in minutes = 60[(48/10) - 4.5] = 198 minutes
Note: The actual time difference depends on the value of Grant's speed.

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Answer:The new knowledge gained from Frederick Griffith's work with pneumococci bacteria is that bacteria contain a physical substance that can change the structure of other bacteria. Therefore, option 3 is the correct answer.

Explanation:

Homologous chromosomes are paired because they carry the same genes in the same order, although the alleles for each trait may differ.

During meiosis, the homologous chromosomes align during prophase I and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over, which contributes to genetic diversity.In human beings, a pair of homologous chromosomes is present in every cell, one from each parent.

In females, the two X chromosomes are homologous pairs, while in males, the X and Y chromosomes are not homologous pairs since they carry different genes. During fertilization, the homologous chromosomes from the two parents pair up, and each gamete contains only one of each homologous chromosome.

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The adaptations can be classified as follows structural adaptations: Monkeys' prehensile tail, whales' blubber, and humans' five toes.

Monkeys have a prehensile tail that allows them to grab and hold onto tree branches.

Adaptation: Structural

Explanation: The prehensile tail is a physical feature of monkeys that enables them to manipulate objects and grasp onto branches, aiding in their ability to move through trees.

Moose make mating calls to locate potential mates.

Adaptation: Behavioral

Explanation: Mating calls are a behavioral adaptation employed by moose to attract and communicate with potential mates, increasing their chances of successful reproduction.

Whales are covered in a thick layer of blubber, insulating their bodies in cold ocean waters.

Adaptation: Structural

Explanation: The thick layer of blubber acts as insulation for whales, providing them with protection against the cold temperatures of the ocean environment.

Humans have five toes on each foot to help them maintain balance.

Adaptation: Structural

Explanation: The presence of five toes on each foot in humans provides structural support and stability, aiding in maintaining balance while walking or standing.

Many birds migrate south for the winter in search of food.

Adaptation: Behavioral

Explanation: Migration is a behavioral adaptation exhibited by many bird species as they move from one region to another, typically during seasonal changes, to find better food sources and suitable habitats.

Behavioral adaptations: Moose's mating calls and birds' migration.

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The London subway system map demonstrates hierarchy through color-coded lines and prominent display of major stations, while achieving balance through equitable distribution, visual harmony, and simplified design.

The London subway system map demonstrates hierarchy and balance through its design principles. The map effectively represents hierarchy by organizing stations into different lines and assigning them different colors, indicating their relative importance and connectivity within the network. Major stations and interchanges are prominently displayed, highlighting their significance as key hubs.

Balance is achieved through the strategic placement and distribution of stations on the map. The layout aims to evenly distribute stations across the geographic area, ensuring that each region is adequately represented and accessible. This helps create a sense of equity and fairness in terms of connectivity and transportation options for passengers.

The map also employs visual techniques such as consistent spacing, alignment, and symmetry to create a sense of balance and order. Stations and lines are placed in a way that maintains a harmonious visual composition, avoiding overcrowding or clutter. This promotes clarity and ease of navigation for commuters.

Furthermore, the map's simplicity and clarity contribute to its overall balance. Unnecessary details and complex geographic elements are often omitted, allowing for a clean and streamlined representation of the subway system. This simplification helps users focus on the essential information and enhances the overall legibility of the map.

Overall, the London subway system map exemplifies hierarchy and balance by organizing stations into lines, strategically placing them for equitable access, and employing design principles that promote visual harmony and clarity. These elements contribute to an effective and user-friendly map that facilitates efficient navigation and reflects the hierarchical structure and balanced distribution of the subway network.

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Geothermal and hydropower provide a steady supply of electricity. Solar and wind have variable outputs, requiring storage and balancing techniques to ensure grid stability. Diverse renewable sources are needed for a reliable supply.

When comparing renewable energy sources for utility-scale electricity generation, it's important to consider their suitability for providing a steady supply and their variable output when added to the grid. Let's analyze four renewable energy sources: solar, geothermal, hydropower, and wind.

1. Solar energy: Solar power relies on capturing sunlight and converting it into electricity. Solar panels can provide a steady supply of electricity during daylight hours when the sun is shining. However, solar output is variable and depends on weather conditions, such as cloud cover and the time of day. To mitigate this variability, energy storage systems, such as batteries, can be used to store excess energy for use during periods of low sunlight.

2. Geothermal energy: Geothermal power utilizes heat from the Earth's interior to generate electricity. It provides a reliable and steady supply of electricity since the heat source is constant. Geothermal power plants operate continuously, offering a stable output that is not subject to weather fluctuations. It is a valuable baseload energy source that can provide a consistent contribution to the grid.

3. Hydropower: Hydropower harnesses the energy from flowing or falling water to generate electricity. Large-scale hydroelectric plants can provide a steady and reliable power supply as long as there is a consistent water source. However, hydropower's output can vary seasonally depending on water availability, such as during droughts or dry seasons. Pumped storage hydropower can help mitigate this variability by storing excess energy during high flow periods and releasing it during low flow periods.

4. Wind energy: Wind power converts the kinetic energy of wind into electricity using wind turbines. While wind energy has grown significantly in utility-scale electricity generation, it is characterized by its variable output. Wind power is dependent on wind speed and is subject to fluctuations throughout the day and between seasons. To manage its variability, wind farms are often located in areas with consistent wind resources, and grid operators use forecasting and balancing techniques to integrate wind power effectively.

In summary, geothermal energy and hydropower are more suitable for providing a steady supply of electricity due to their constant heat source or consistent water flow. Solar and wind energy have variable outputs due to weather conditions and are often integrated with energy storage or balanced with other power sources to ensure grid stability. Each renewable energy source has its advantages and challenges, and a diverse mix of these sources can help achieve a reliable and sustainable electricity supply.

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