Molarity H°rxn = Qrxn/(number of moles of AgNO3) = (1170.4 J)/(0.03 mol) ≈ 39013.33 J/mol = 39.013 kilojoules.
How do mol and molarity work?The term "Molarity" is derived from the unit of measurement called a mole, which is used to describe chemical substances. Calculating how amount of substance present in a certain chemical solution is done using a concept known as molarity, commonly known as the molar concentration of a solution.
Using the equation Q = m.c.T, Q =??? J, where Q is the quantity of heat produced by the solution, we can figure out the amount of warmth (Q) released from the solution.
The specific heat capacity (c = 4.18 J/g°C) of the solution determines its mass, or m, which is equal towards its density times volume, and (1.0 g/mL) divided only by volume, or 200 g.
(23.20 vs. 1.4) degrees Celsius is the difference in temperature (T) between the initial and final temperatures.
∴ Q = m.c. T = 200 g (at 4.18 J/g°C and 1.4 °C, respectively) = 1170.4 J. H°rxn = Qrxn/(number of moles of AgNO3)
The number of moles of immediately following in a solution that has a volume of 1.0 liters is known as molarity (M).
M is equal to (number of moles of AgNO3)/(volume of a solution (L)).
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NMR spectroscopy, or ____magnetic resonance spectroscopy, is a very important tool in the determination of organic structures. this technique relies on the interaction of a particular nucleus with a____ field followed by absorption of energy of a specific____ , depending on the chemical environment of the nucleus.
A crucial technique in identifying organic compounds is NMR spectroscopy, often known as magnetic resonance spectroscopy. dependent on the chemical environment of the nucleus, followed by the absorption of energy at a certain frequency, depending on the chemical environment of the nucleus.
Why would someone utilize NMR spectroscopy?The study of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of matter is done using NMR spectroscopy. It helps chemists identify and characterize molecules.
How is the identification of organic compounds accomplished using NMR spectroscopy?In order to understand unknown organic compounds, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a crucial technology. But it has a low sensitivity, and there are numerous elements without an isotope that can be seen by NMR. A comprehensive structural elucidation therefore requires a variety of spectroscopic techniques.
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Better Life Ind compound has infrared absorptions at the following frequencies: 3300 and 3385 cm-[ (both weak) and no band between 1600 and 1850 cm Suggest the likely functional group that may be preseni ester ketone carboxyl group Submit Answer Try Another Verslon Iten secondary amine alcohol ether aldchyde primary amine primary amide sacondary amide tertiary amine tertiary amide
The likely functional group present is primary amine, Better Life Ind compound has infrared absorptions at the following frequencies: 3300 and 3385 cm-[ (both weak) and no band between 1600 and 1850 cm Suggest the likely functional group that may be preseni ester ketone carboxyl group
There is no C=O in this compound because the IR signal for C=O is ~1700, So the following can't be present: ester, ketone, carboxyl group, aldehyde, primary amide, secondary amide, and tertiary amide , There is no -OH group because the IR signal for -OH is broad at ~3400, So the following can't be present: alcohol, Now the choices, we are left with are: primary amine, secondary amine, and tertiary amine .Note that the primary amine results in 2 bands, secondary amine results in only 1 band, and teritary amine results in no bands near ~3300. This represents the N-H stretching. The likely functional group present is primary amine
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Which of the following molecules is polar? A. CO2 B. H2C=CH2 C. H2S D. BeCl2 E. BF3
A. Polar CO2 molecules.
How can you tell if something is polar and nonpolar?Non-polar molecules lack unshared electrons and are symmetrical.
Polar molecules were asymmetric, either having atoms with differing electronegativities bound together or having single pairs of electrons on the a core atom.
What does the term "polar" and "nonpolar" mean?Because they not dissolve into water and nonpolar molecules are insoluble in water, fats, oil, gasoline, and other non-polar molecules are referred to as such.On the basis of how the hydrogen and oxygen atoms are arranged within it, glucose is yet another illustration of a polar molecule.
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water pollution caused by
Answer:
Water pollution is caused by the introduction of contaminants into water bodies.
Explanation:
These contaminants can come from a variety of sources, including agricultural runoff, sewage treatment plants, industrial discharges, and stormwater runoff from urban areas. Water pollution can have serious impacts on the environment, including the loss of aquatic habitats, the decline of fish populations, and the contamination of drinking water supplies. It can also have negative impacts on human health, as some pollutants can be toxic or cause illness when ingested or come into contact with skin. There are a number of measures that can be taken to reduce water pollution, including regulating discharges from industrial and agricultural operations, improving sewage treatment processes, and implementing best management practices to prevent runoff from entering water bodies.
Prediction: If an increase in temperature increases the rate of evaporation of
water, then an increase in average daily temperatures will decrease lake water
levels over a two-year period.
Which of the following best describes this prediction?
OA. The prediction is useful because it specifies what observations
will be made to test a hypothesis.
OB. The prediction is not useful because scientists are skeptical of
anyone who claims to see into the future.
OC. The prediction is useful because it proves that the hypothesis is
true before any data have been collected.
OD. The hypothesis is not useful because it is too long as a sentence
and therefore difficult to read.
A. The prediction is useful because it specifies what observations will be made to test a hypothesis.
A prediction is a statement about what is expected to happen based on a particular hypothesis. In this case, the prediction is that an increase in average daily temperatures will decrease lake water levels over a two-year period. This prediction is useful because it specifies a clear and specific observation that can be made to test the hypothesis that an increase in temperature increases the rate of evaporation of water.
In neutron moderation, neutrons are slowed down so that:
OA. the chain reactions can be slowed down.
O B. the nuclear fission reactions are slowed down as well.
C. they will more likely be absorbed by more atoms in uranium-235.
D. the control rods will be more effective.
Neutrons are slowed down so that they will more likely be absorbed by more atoms in uranium-235, Fast neutrons will react but the probability of reaction is much lower. The correct option is C
What is neutron moderation?Neutron moderators can be defined as type of material in a nuclear reactor that work to slow down the fast neutrons produced by fission to make them more effective in the fission chain reaction.
Therefore a neutrons must be slowed down by moderation to increase their capture probability in fission reactors.
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provide the major organic product of the following reaction
A secondary amine, that is. The main organic product that results from the following reaction is 3-dimethylbutan-2-amine, option (B).
How can you identify the main reactions products?There are two possible outcomes when an asymmetrical alkene is combined with an asymmetrical reactant like HBr, HCl, or H2O. The main product of this reaction can be predicted using the Markovnikov Rule, which stipulates that hydrogen will be added to the carbon with additional hydrogen.
What does an organic chemist mean by a major and minor product?Large and Small Products Out of the two potential products, Markovnikov's rule-following product is referred to as the principal product. Most of the time, this substance will form (70%–95%).
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Assume that HArF is a molecular compound. a. Draw its Lewis structure. b. What are the formal charges on $\mathrm{Ar}$ and $\mathrm{F}$ in the structure you drew? c. What is the shape of the molecule? d. Is HArF polar?
For each atom in a Lewis structure, you should count how many electrons it "owns" in order to get the formal charges. All of its lone pair electrons as well as 50% of its bonding electrons should be counted. The formal charge is the discrepancy between the atom's number of valence electrons and the number it possesses.
How do you determine a double bond's formal charge?
Formal Charge is calculated as follows: [# of valence electrons on a neutral atom] - [(# of lone electron pairs) + (12 # bonding electrons)] Valence electrons = match the periodic table's group number (for representative elements). Lone Pairs are atoms with only one electron present. An electron pair counts as two since each electron counts as one.
What does a formal charge of +1 indicate?
The Formal Charge is the difference between the Group Number and the number of assigned electrons if the number of assigned electrons is less than the Group Number (for example, if the assigned number of electrons is 4 and the atom is nitrogen with a Group Number of 5 (Group V), the Formal Charge would be +1, meaning it is positive).
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calculate the density of oxygen, o2 , under each of the following conditions: stp 1.00 atm and 35.0 ∘c
Density in STP, density in 1 atm, and 35 C = 1.43, 1.31 g/L. the amount from something per unit of length, area, or mass.
What is density & example?Density is a measure of just how much “things” is really in a given quantity of space. For instance, a block of the harder, lighter metal gold (Au) will be heavier than a block of the lighter element lead (Pb) (Au). Styrofoam blocks are less dense than bricks. Its definition is the mass per unit volume.
We measure density because.Density is an important concept because it allows us to forecast which compounds would float and will sink inside a liquid. Generally, if an object's density is less than its own, it will float.
Briefing:At STP,
Molar mass =32 g=0.032 kg
T=273.15 K
P=100kPa
PM=(ro)* RT
ro=PM/RT=(10^50.032)/(8.314273.15)=1.409
density=1.409 kg/m^3= 1.43g/L
Molar mass =32 g=0.032 kg
T=273.15 +25= 298.15 K
P=101.325 kPa
PM=(ro)* RT
ro=PM/RT=(1013250.032)/(8.314298.15)=1.308
density=1.308 kg/m^3 =1.31 g/L
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2. The concentration of HCI in a solution is 1 x 10^-2 mol/L. What would the pH
of the solution be?
(Hint: use pH = -log[H3O+])
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
C4H6 VSEPR shape and Hybridization of central atom CH3COOH VSEPR shape and Hybridization of central atom CH3CH2OH VSEPR shape and Hybridization of central atom
The core of methanol, CH3CH2OH, has three atoms: two C and one O. Each internal (centre) atom's molecular (and electron-domain) shape is assigned separately. Tetrahedral geometry surrounds the first C. Tetrahedral geometry surrounds the second C.
What is C2H5OH's Vsepr shape?
According to the VSEPR theory, a molecule with an AX4 designation has a tetrahedral form, making ethanol or C2H5OH a tetrahedral molecule.
What are the CH3CH2OH bond angles?
The following diagram depicts the structure of ethanol (CH3CH2OH C H 3 C H 2 O H). This demonstrates that the oxygen atom is surrounded by two bonding groups and two lone pairs. The geometry of the electron would then be tetrahedral. Therefore, the carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen link should have a theoretical bond angle of around 109.5 degrees.
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Consider the following four molecules. Which of these satisfy the octet rule and which do not? Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. ► View Available Hint(s) Reset Help PF5 CS2 BBr3 CO32 Obeys octet rule Violates octet rule Submit Previous Answers Request Answer
Among the molecules that are given in question one that violates the octet rule is BBr3.
The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain or lose electrons in order to have eight electrons in their outermost energy level. This is because having eight electrons in the outermost energy level provides a more stable arrangement for the atoms. This is why most atoms form chemical bonds in order to achieve this octet configuration. In the case of the molecules listed, PF5, CS2, and CO32- all have eight electrons in their outermost energy level and therefore follow the octet rule. However, BF3 only has six electrons in its outermost energy level, which violates the octet rule. This means that BF3 is less stable than the other molecules and may be more reactive as a result. Overall, the octet rule is a useful guideline for predicting the stability and reactivity of atoms and molecules. By understanding the octet rule, chemists can better predict the behavior of different atoms and molecules, and can design more effective chemical reactions and processes.
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What is the name of the compound: CoN: #spelling counts! Answer: Name the following acid: HI
Iodides are made by reacting hydrogen iodide (HI), also known as hydroiodic acid, with metals or their oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates.
The acid in this instance is Hydroiodic acid (HI) entirely dissociates in water, making it a powerful acid. Iodine is bigger than hydrogen, which is smaller. As a result, the electron cloud's overlapping is likewise not very appropriate. This results in an extremely low binding energy between hydrogen and iodine. An aqueous solution of hydrogen iodide is known as hydroiodic acid (or hydriodic acid). It is a potent acid that totally ionizes in aqueous solutions. It has no color. Concentrated solutions typically range in HI from 48% to 57%.
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calculate the ph of a solution prepared by dissolving 0.150 mol of acetic acid and 0.300 mol of sodium acetate in water sufficient to yield 1.00 l of solution. the ka of acetic acid is 1.76 x 10-5. group of answer choices 2.516 5.056 3.892 4.502 10.158
The Ka of acetic acid is pH 5.056.
What is meant by pH of a solution?You need to know the hydronium ion concentration in moles per liter to determine the pH of an aqueous solution (molarity). The following formula is used to determine pH: pH equals -log[H3O+]. pH equals log([H+]) The pH formula is displayed above. The hydronium concentration's negative log base 10 is known as pH. The pH is a logarithmic indicator of how many hydrogen ions are present in a solution. The pH serves as a gauge for a solution's acidity or alkalinity, as well as its hydrogen ion concentration. The pH scale typically ranges from 0 to 14. Acidic aqueous solutions at 25 °C are those with a pH below 7, and basic or alkaline solutions are those with a pH above 7.
The study of chemicals and bonds is called chemistry.
The correct answer is 5.056
Acetic acid (CH₃COOH), in the question, is in equilibrium with water, thus:
[tex]$$\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COOH}+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} < -- > \mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COO}^{-}+\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{O}^{+}$$[/tex]
From here, we have to find the[tex]$\mathrm{pH}$[/tex]of a solution:
[tex]$$p H=p k a+\log _{10}\left[\frac{\left[\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COO}^{-}\right]}{[\mathrm{CHaCOOH}]}\right.$$[/tex]
All the data is given in the question, put the value and solve it
Molarity of acetic acid, [CH₃COOH], is 0.150mol / 1.00L = 0.150MMolarity of acetate ion, [CH₃COO⁻], is 0.300mol / 1.00L = 0.300M.pKa of the buffer is -log Ka: 4.754Replacing the value:-
[tex]$$p H=4.754+\log _{10}\left[\frac{[0.300 M]}{[0.150 M}\right]$$[/tex]
After solving the pH is 5.056.
Hence, the correct answer is 5.056.
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In the reaction C2H6O, O2, CO2, and H2O What element is oxidized? What element is reduced? What molecule is oxidizing agent? What molecule is reducing agent?
In the reaction C2H6O, O2, CO2, and H2O this is an oxidation-reduction reaction. C2H6 is a reducing agent, and O2 is an oxidizing agent.
What does mean of oxidation and reduction?Oxidation:- Oxidation is a process which involves the addition of oxygen or any electronegative element or the removal of hydrogen or any electropositive element.
Oxidation is defined as the process in which an atom or ion loses one or more electrons.
Reduction:- Reduction is a process which involves the addition of hydrogen or any electropositive element or the removal of oxygen or any electronegative element.
Reduction is defined as the process in which an atom or ion gains one or more electrons.
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a battery harnesses a chemical reaction to extract energy in the form of useful electrical work. (a) a certain battery runs a toy truck and becomes par- tially discharged. in the process, it performs a total of 117.0 j of work on its immediate surroundings. it also gives off 3.0 j of heat, which the surroundings absorb. no other work or heat is exchanged with the sur- roundings. compute q, w, and du of the battery, making sure each quantity has the proper sign. (b) the same battery is now recharged exactly to its origi- nal condition. this requires 210.0 j of electrical work from an outside generator. determine q for the battery in this process. explain why q has the sign that it does.
The values of ΔU , w and q are -220.0 J, -117.0 J and -3.0 J respectively. As the heat is gained by the system it has a positive sign. Therefore, the value of q is 10.0 J.
A.
Here, battery is the given system. It does work to run the toy truck. Hence work ( w ) is done by the system, therefore, it's sign should be negative.
Battery releases heat to the surrounding, hence, the sign of heat ( q ) is also negative.
Write the mathematical expression for First law of thermodynamics.
ΔU = q + w
Substitute -3 J for q and -117.0 J for w to calculate ΔU of the battery.
ΔU = (-117.0 J)+(-3.0 J)
-220
That means, in this process the internal energy of the system decreases by 220 J.
Therefore, the values of ΔU , w and q are -220.0 J, -117.0 J and -3.0 J respectively.
B.
Now, the battery is recharged to its original condition. As the system has lost 220 J of energy so it
will have to gain 220 J of energy to reach its original condition.
Since, work is done on the battery by an external generator, w will have a positive sign.
Write the mathematical expression for First law of thermodynamics.
ΔU = q + w
Solve for q.
q = ΔU - w
Substitute +220.0 J for ΔU and +210.0 J for w to calculate the value of q.
q = (220.0 J) -(210.0 J)
= 10.0 J
As the heat is gained by the system it has a positive sign. Therefore, the value of q is 10.0 J.
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if the reaction begins with 95.00 grams of cr2o3 and 183.0 grams of silicon, how many grams of the excess reactant will be used?
The limiting reactant is the one that is used up first and sets a limit on the quantity of product(s) that can be produced. Calculate the moles of each reactant present and contrast this ratio with the mole ratio of the reactants in the balanced chemical equation to determine the limiting reactant.
When a chemical reaction is complete, the limiting reagent—also known as the limiting reactant or limiting agent—is the reactant that has been completely consumed. Since the reaction cannot proceed without this reagent, the amount of product that can be produced is constrained. Excess reagents or excess reactants are any reagents that are present in amounts greater than those necessary to cause a reaction with the limiting reagent (sometimes abbreviated as "xs"). Since the amount of product produced when the limiting reagent interacts entirely is defined as the theoretical yield, the limiting reagent must be identified in order to calculate the percentage yield of a reaction. There are various equivalent techniques to determine the limiting reagent and assess the excess amounts of other reagents given the balanced chemical equation that describes the reaction.
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Describe a situation in industrial/environmental chemistry, where it would be important to factor in knowledge of limiting and excess reactants?
A task for limiting reagent of reactant inside a chemical reaction is significant since it can aid the scientist in predicting the maximum amount of reactant is used,
What significance does limiting surplus reactant or percent yield have?The reactant that limits the amount or product that may be generated in a scientific reaction is referred to as the limiting reactant.Since there is more of the surplus reactant than is required to fully react with limiting reactant, part of a excess reactant is still present after reaction is finished.
Why is it crucial to understand the limiting factor?The same limiting variables may be present in many habitats and may have an impact on the populations of the both species of plants and animals.The carrying capacity of a habitat—the most population it can sustain—is ultimately determined by limiting conditions.
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drag each label into the appropriate position to match the tissue characteristic to its class.
In biology, a tissue is described as a collection of cells that have a same structure and serve a single purpose.
Characteristic of Tissue : Muscle tissue: indicated high rates of energy consumption, excitable cells with cylindrical, branched, or spindle-shaped shapes,provides both movement through the body and movement of the body's components.Fast forms of communication are made possible by excitable cells in nervous tissue, which have multiple cellular extensions connecting nearby cells to one another.A basement membrane and an apical (free) surface are always present in glandular epithelial tissue.The most diverse tissue type, connective tissue, acts as a bridge between two other tissue types,includes significant amounts of extracellular matrix, the most prevalent type of tissue, which offers structural support and mechanical protection.To learn more about Tissue refer to:
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A polyunsaturated fatty acid contains more than one hydroxyl group. carboxyl group. double bond long carbon chain. carbonyl group.
Yes a polyunsaturated fatty acid contains more than one
Double bond long carbon chain.
What is fatty acid?Fatty acid is a type of acid that is found in only fat and oils.
A fatty acid containing more than one double bond (C=C). The essential fatty acids. The reason is omega-3 and omega-6 are the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that contain more than two or more (cis) double bonds. Dietary that is intake of some PUFAs may of have beneficial effects on the blood pressure, serum and lipds, and the inflammation.
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Draw the Lewis structure for BrF with an arrow representing the dipole moment. Refer to Figure 9.10 to estimate the percent ionic character of the BrF bond.
If we examine the central Br atom in the BrF Lewis structure, we find that it has 5 unbonded electrons. In other words, it has two lone pairs of electrons in Br and one unpaired electron.
There are six free electrons. Each fluorine atom contains three lone pairs of electrons, or three fluorine atoms in total. Brf Lewis octet rule structure. Lewis structures, often referred to as Lewis dot formulas, Lewis dot structures, electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures (LEDS), are diagrams that depict the interactions of atoms in molecules as well as any lone pairs of electrons that may be present. The elementary electric charge of the electron, a subatomic particle, is a negative one.
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nuclear decay occurs according to first-order kinetics. a nuclide decays in 23.0 minutes from 12.9 g to 2.04 g. what is the rate constant for the nuclide?
The nuclide's rate constant is 0.0803 min-1 assuming first-order kinetics governs nuclear decay. A nuclide degrades from 12.9 g down 2.04 g in 23.0 minutes.
Exactly why do nuclear atoms degrade?When a nuclear configuration with a lower energy is available to which an atom can transition, the atom radioactively decays. It's not the product of the atom aging or changing over time; rather, the actual decay occurrence of a single atom occurs arbitrarily.
How is nuclear decay a reaction?Nuclear reactions can be divided into two categories: nuclear transmutation reactions and nuclear decay reactions. An unstable nucleus emits while undergoing nuclear decay, also known as radioactive decay, when it becomes the nucleus of one or several other elements.
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in regard to the e2 mechanism, rank the leaving groups in order of increasing reaction rate.
The rank of groups in order of increasing reaction rate in regards to E2 mechanism is F, Cl, Br and I.
Iodine is often non-reactive, while fluorine has an explosive reaction that makes it challenging to manage. Bromination and chlorination are typically exothermic reactions.
Group 7's halogens, which are non-metal elements, become less reactive as you move down the group. In contrast to the alkali metals in Group 1 of the periodic table, this trend is the opposite.
Halogens react at a rate of "F (2) gt Cl (2) gt Br (2) gt l (2)." Alkane react quickly with F2, but slowly with I2, necessitating the use of a catalyst. Fluorine's high electronegativity is the reason.
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Complete question: in regards to the E2 mechanism rank the leaving groups of increasing reaction rate
a) F b)I c)Br d)Cl
What carbonyl compounds might you start with in a Grignard synthesis of the following compound? 3-phenyl-3-pentanol
The carbonyl compounds might you start with in a Grignard synthesis of the following compound is 3-phenyl-3-pentanol.
The Grignard reagent is represented with the aid of using R-MgX, where, R may be an aryl or alkyl organization and X may be both chlorine or bromine. Carbonyl compound reacts with Grignard reagent accompanied with the aid of using hydrolysis outcomes withinside the formation of alcohol as a product.
3-phenyl-3-pentanol may be synthesized with the aid of using the response of 3-pentanone with phenyl magnesium bromide accompanied with the aid of using hydrolysis.
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nitrogen-13 has a half-life of 10 minutes. how much of a 200 mg sample would remain after 30 minutes?
The Nitrogen-13 has a half-life of 10 minutes0.250 g of a 200 mg sample would remain after 30 minutes .
Calculation :
Determine the remaining mass of the substance,
mf if the initial mass is mi = 2.00 g. After 30 minutes, 30 minutes/10 minutes = 3 half-lives have passed, so the residual mass is reduced by a factor of i/2³. Calculate the residual mass of a substance using the formula, mf=mi×1/2³. We proceed with the solution.
mf=mi×1/2³
mf=2.00g/8
=0.250g
Half-life (symbol t½) is the time it takes for a (substance) quantity to reduce its original value by half. The term is often used in nuclear physics to describe how quickly unstable atoms radioactively decay or how long stable atoms survive.
The term is also used more generally to characterize any type of exponential (or rarely non-exponential) decay. For example, medicine is concerned with the biological half-life of drugs and other chemicals in the human body. The opposite of half-life (when growing exponentially) is doubling time.
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Perform at ta tion using half life Question e expressions can be derived from H Select the correct answer below
O rate laws integrated rate laws
O relative rate expressions
O none of the above
MORE INSTRUCTION SUBMIT Content Anaswa
Rate law expression is in the differential form while integrated rate law expression using integral calculus, where concentration of reactants and time are interrelated, so half life can be derived from integrated rate law. Option is (B)
A rate law demonstrates the relationship between reaction rate and reactant concentration. In general, the rate law for a reaction like aA products takes the form rate = k[A]n, where k is the proportionality constant referred to as the rate constant and n is the order of the reaction with respect to A. Rate laws can be represented as an integrated rate law or a differential rate law, which describes the actual reactant or product concentrations as a function of time. A differential rate law describes the change in reactant or product concentrations as a function of time.
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why is it important to not dispose of medicine this way
Answer:
Because Environmental Risks
Explanation:
Medicines poured down the drain can enter the environment and your community’s drinking water supplies. And it can cause a lot of diseases!
32. A bundle of 70-100, mostly undifferentiated human cells is....... a) axon b) neuron c)blastocyst: d)chondrocyte_
d)chondrocyte. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is preserved by chondrocytes, who also create the cartilage matrix. Chondrocytes, which are encircled by collagenous fibers, emit chemicals.
That give cartilage its strength and flexibility. In general, chondrocytes are present in all types of articular cartilage, including intervertebral discs (AC). The only type of specialized cell found in cartilage tissue are chondrocytes. Chondrocytes are the cells that produce cartilage and are essential for the endochondral ossification process, which is important for bone growth. Additionally, chondrocytes play a crucial role in fracture repair by imitating skeletal growth. The cartilage matrix is created and maintained by chondrocytes. They are essential for maintaining the AC joints' homeostasis and providing cushioning for joint motion. Chondrocyte enlargement and the production of proteolytic enzymes result in cartilage degradation. These enzymes that break down the ECM include matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs (ADAMTS).
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biochemical tests for food macromolecules
Benedict's test is a biochemical test that determines food macromolecules. Benedict's reagent is a complicated mixture of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, sodium carbonate, and sodium citrate used as a chemical reagent.
A chemical test called Benedict's test can be used to determine whether an analyte contains reducing sugars. This test can therefore be used to identify simple carbohydrates that include a free ketone or aldehyde functional group.
It is frequently applied in place of Fehling's solution to find reducing sugars. The presence of additional lowering agents also produces positive results.
The final color of the reagent will be "hotter" if more reducing sugar is present. Bright orange is a very strong positive, yellowish to bright yellow is a moderate positive, and blue to blue-green or yellow-green is typically negative.
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the second law of thermodynamics gives evidence that the universe has not always existed.
In layman's terms, the second law of thermodynamics states that entropy always rises. For instance, this theory explains why it is impossible to unmold an egg.
What does the 2nd law of thermodynamics state?The second law states that if a physical process is irreversible, the overall entropy of the system and its surroundings must increase. For a process to be irreversible, the final entropy needs to be higher than the starting entropy: Sf > Si (irreversible process). A physical principle known as the second law of thermodynamics is based on the understanding of how heat and energy are transformed globally. Unless energy is provided to reverse the direction of heat flow, heat always moves from hotter objects to colder objects. This is a straightforward statement of the law.
What is the second law of thermodynamics used for?Unless you take action to prevent it, hot things always cool according to the second law of thermodynamics. It conveys a fundamental and straightforward reality about the universe: namely, that entropy, which is a measure of disorder, is constantly on the rise.
Entropy always grows, according to the second rule of thermodynamics. This idea explains, for instance, why it is impossible to unmold an egg.
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