DNA sequences known transposons element (TEs) are flexible & spread into genomes. DNA virions create full-length rnas by using a range of invasion tactics, it helps them to go to a nearby spot in the genome.
A genome versus DNA: what are they?An organism's whole DNA is contained in its genome. The entire manual, from cover to cover, would represent the genome if the DNA code were a collection of instructions that were meticulously organized into sentences (genes) and chapters (chromosomes). The arrangement of the genome, chromosomes, and genes is essentially the same in all humans.
What number of genomes do people have?46 Dna strands of 24 different kinds make up the diploid human genome. Only 3 billion base pairs (the diploid genome) must be sequenced in order to fully understand a typical human genome due to the nearly identical pairings that human chromosomes exist in.
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which of the following best explains why triploid bananas do not produce seeds? responses the cells of the banana plant are unable to replicate dnadna, thus preventing cell division and limiting growth. the cells of the banana plant are unable to replicate d n a , thus preventing cell division and limiting growth. the banana plants lack enough genetic diversity to properly hybridize. the banana plants lack enough genetic diversity to properly hybridize. the production of gametes is disrupted because of unequal pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. the production of gametes is disrupted because of unequal pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. the production of seeds is not required because triploid plants produce gametes without fertilization.
DNA replication is not possible in the banana plant's cells, which prevents cell division and restricts growth.
Successful seed germination is extremely rare in triploids because they rarely produce eggs or sperm with a balanced set of chromosomes.
Most sterile plants don't produce any fruits, and triploid bananas are sterile. The banana fruit, which is the mammalian equivalent of a placenta without fertilisation or an embryo, is produced without any seeds, however. Bananas are sterile and seedless, like other odd polyploids (with three sets of chromosomes), because one set of chromosomes (A or B) lacks a homologous set to pair with during synapsis of meiosis. Because of this, meiosis is disrupted, and no viable gametes (sex cells) are produced.
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What does the respiratory system
use to filter the air we breathe?
A. Cilia and Saliva
B. Cilia and Mucus
C. Saliva and Mucus
Answer:
B. Cilia and Mucus.
Explanation:
The respiratory system uses cilia and mucus to filter the air we breathe. Cilia are tiny hair-like structures that line the air passages and help to move mucus and trapped particles out of the lungs. Mucus is a thick fluid that is produced by the lining of the air passages, and it serves as a trap for dirt, dust, and other particles that are inhaled. The cilia move the mucus and trapped particles up and out of the lungs, where they can be coughed or sneezed out of the body.
finger-like membrane extensions, known as microvilli, are supported by the actin cytoskeleton. microvilli located at the apical surface of epithelial cells are responsible for:
Answer:
Microvilli located at the apical surface of epithelial cells are responsible for increasing the absorptive surface area of the cell and increasing the efficiency of nutrient absorption. They are also involved in secretion of substances, as well as in recognition of antigens and other molecules. Microvilli are supported by the actin cytoskeleton, which is composed of a network of actin filaments that provides structure and stability to the microvilli.
Which of the following is a renewable energy source?
A.coal
B.natural gas
C.gasoline
D.solar power
Answer: Solar Energy
Explanation:
Other forms of energy like coal, natural gas and gasoline cannot be renewed by physical or mechanical methods. Also, it takes millions of years to form such non-renewable resources.
suppose extracellular [k ] increases by 2.5 mm. if the original extracellular [k ] was 5 mm, how large (and in what direction) is the change in ek ?
The change in ek is +1.5 mV and it is in positive direction.
The Nernst equation is used to calculate the equilibrium potential (eK) of a given ion:
eK = (RT/zF)ln([K+]o/[K+]i)
Where R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, z is the charge of the ion, F is Faraday's constant, [K+]o is the extracellular concentration of K+, and [K+]i is the intracellular concentration of K+.
In this case, we are given that the extracellular concentration of K+ increases by 2.5 mm. If the original extracellular concentration of K+ was 5 mm, the new extracellular concentration of K+ is 7.5 mm. We can plug these values into the Nernst equation to calculate the change in eK:
eK = (RT/zF)ln([K+]o/[K+]i)
eK = (RT/zF)ln(7.5/5)
eK = (RT/zF)ln(1.5)
eK = (RT/zF) × 0.405
eK = (RT/zF) × 0.405
eK = (8.314 × 300/1 × 9.648 × 104) × 0.405
eK = 1.5 mV
Therefore, the change in eK is +1.5 mV.
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What do the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes have in common? (multiple choice) They are all membranous organelles comprising the endomembrane system. They all perform similar roles in the cell. They are all physically connected to each other. All are located in the nucleus of the cell
Being membrane-bound organelles, the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome share this trait. Organelles that are membrane-bound are portions of the cell that, like the phospholipid bilayer membrane that surrounds the entire cell, are protected by a membrane.
The endomembrane system, which generates and transports proteins throughout the cell, includes the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi. The lysosome functions as the cell's recycling facility, disintegrating used and unwanted materials as needed.
Eukaryotic cells contain the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, two crucial cell organelles. Both are composed of fluid-filled sacs surrounded by membranes. However, whereas the Golgi apparatus is not connected to the nucleus, some portions of the ER are continuous with the nuclear membrane.
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explain how a rechargeable battery can be used as a model of adp and atp
The ATP molecule is just like a rechargeable battery. When it's fully charged, it's ATP. When it's run down, it's ADP.
However, the battery doesn't get thrown away when it's run down–it just gets charged up again. All biological organisms contain the crucial chemical ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Consider it the cell's "energy currency." The ATP molecule splits off one of its three phosphates when a cell has to expend energy to complete a task, resulting in the formation of ADP (Adenosine di-phosphate) + phosphate. That phosphate molecule's energy is no longer bound to it and can now be used by the cell to perform tasks. The cell stores extra energy by reattaching a free phosphate molecule to ADP, converting it back into ATP. This extra energy can come from the breakdown of food that has been ingested or, in the case of plants, energy produced during photosynthesis.
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Natalie wants to do a report about growing human organs in livestock.
She plugged five key words into a search engine: human, pig,
transplant, organ, and science. Which of the following search results
would be the most reliable sources for her report? Choose the two that
apply.
A. Front page article in the Daily Post newspaper,
"Scientists Clone
New Creature, Half-Human, Half-Pig!"
B. Science article in The Economist magazine, "Stem cells and gene
editing may turn domestic animals into organ factories."
C. Buzzfeed website, "
"Scientists just created the first Human-Pig
Embryo.
D. Video on Federation of American Scientists website, "Pigs: Source
of Replacement Organs for Humans?"
Answer:
B and D
Explanation:
A science article in an accredited magazine and a video on the Federation of American Scientists website would be the most credible two sources
A newspaper article and Buzzfeed would be less credible
Defend the claim that ribosomes are the most essential organelle in the cell. In your reasoning include evidence of at least 3 organelles that support the ribosome in accomplishing its function for the cell.
Answer:
The ribosome is an essential organelle for many reasons in below
Explanation:
The ribosome is an essential organelle because it is responsible for the synthesis of proteins. Proteins are the most important components of cells, as they serve as a component of all cellular functions such as cell metabolism, replication, and communication.
The cell has three other organelles: mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Both of these organelles perform important tasks within the cell, but neither of them can synthesize proteins. Therefore, it is clear that without the ribosome, there would be no way for cells to synthesize proteins or perform any other tasks.
In addition to being essential to cellular function, the ribosome has been shown to have other important functions in its own right. For example, it has been shown that the ribosome can bind DNA and repair damage caused by free radicals (a type of chemical reaction). Furthermore, some research has shown that certain diseases such as cancer can be caused by defects in ribosomal complexes or genes that encode parts of these complexes.
microscopic examination of an animal cell reveals the presence of a plasma membrane but no cell wall. which additional structures would normally be present within this cell?
Answer:
Microscopic examination of an animal cell reveals the presence of a plasma membrane, but no cell wall. Other structures that would normally be present within this cell include a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, vacuoles, and lysosomes. Additionally, animal cells usually contain cytoskeletons, which are composed of various proteins such as microtubules and actin filaments that provide structure and support to the cell.
Recall the experiment on ant navigation in which investigators were testing the hypothesis that ants were able to count the number of steps between their nest and a food source. To run a controlled experiment, what parameters were held constant for the test groups of ants
All variables except leg length , The ant navigation demonstrates the different movements of the ants. The ants generally navigate based on the sun's rays and the availability of the food in a particular direction.
Scientists can perform the different experiments to find navigation in ants. Different parameters and objects can be used for the identification of the ants navigation. The length of the ants must be keep constant and all other variables can be changed. Thus, the correct answer is all variables except leg length.
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what four structure do eukaryotes and prokaryotes have in common?
The architecture of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are similar. DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and the plasma membrane are present in every cell.
Four elements are found in every cell: the plasma membrane, which separates the interior of the cell from its surroundings; the cytoplasm, which is the cell's interior jelly-like space; the DNA, which serves as the genetic makeup of the cell; and the ribosomes.
Arrangements of phospholipids and proteins called lipid bilayers are found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, and they serve as a physical barrier between the interior and exterior environments of the cell.
However, a eukaryotic cell is often bigger than a prokaryotic cell, contains a genuine nucleus, which means that its DNA is encased by a membrane, and includes additional membrane-bound organelles that enable functional categorization.
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Antibiotics are medicines used to treat bacterial infections in humans. Some antibiotics work by interfering with the bacteria’s ribosomes. Other antibiotics work by interfering with the bacteria’s plasma membrane.
a. Describe the function of the ribosomes and explain why interfering with the ribosomes would kill the bacteria.
b. Describe the function of the plasma membrane and explain why interfering with the plasma membrane would kill the bacteria.
Medicines called antifungals are used to treat infections caused by fungi. One way antifungals work is by targeting cell parts that are present in fungal cells but not in human cells.
c. Identify one cell part other than a ribosome or a plasma membrane that human cells and fungal cells have in common.
d. Describe what would happen to a human cell if the cell part you identified in part (c) were affected by an antifungal. Explain your answer based on the function of the cell part.
Answer:
see below
Explanation:
a. The parts of a cell called ribosomes are where proteins are created. They employ messenger RNA's genetic code to construct a chain of amino acids that will eventually fold into a particular protein. By interfering with the ribosomes, the bacteria would be unable to produce the proteins necessary for survival, which would result in their eventual death.
b.The plasma membrane is the cell's outermost layer of lipids and proteins. It serves as a barrier to restrict the flow of substances into and out of the cell. The capacity of the cell to maintain a healthy internal environment and interact with its surroundings would be disrupted by interference with the plasma membrane, which would ultimately result in the death of the bacterium.
c. Mitochondria are not a cell part that is present in both human cells and fungal cells. Fungal cells do not have mitochondria. Instead, they have other organelles called mitochondria-related organelles (MROs) that perform similar functions. I apologize for any confusion caused.
d. Through cellular respiration, mitochondria are organelles that create energy in the form of ATP. An antifungal would interfere with the cell's capacity to create energy and eventually kill it if it were to impact the mitochondria. Without energy, the human cell will perish since its metabolism won't function.
1. (03.06 LC) Match the mixture with its description. (4 points) 1. Solution 2. Emulsions 3. Homogeneous 4. Colloid a. Microscopically insoluble particles that are suspended throughout another substance b. Two or more liquids that are normally not mixable c. A solute that is distributed evenly within the solvent d. A mixture that has its different components mixed evenly within the substance
A particular homogeneous mixture in which the constituents of one or more elements are uniformly distributed throughout another substance. a mixture of two liquids, typically immiscible
What sort of mixing is an illustration of homogeneity?A combination of sugar and water, for instance, or salt and water These mixtures are both instances of homogenous mixtures since they have the same components throughout.
The meaning of homogenousGenerally speaking, homogenous refers to having same parts or components. Homogeneous refers to something that is identical in nature of character throughout. A variety of things that are essentially similar to one another or belong to the same kind can also be referred to as homogenous.
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The proteins of the electron transport chain active in the light-dependent reactions ______ a. are membrane proteins present in the thylakoid b. are free proteins present in the thylakoid lumen c. are considered to be part of the reaction center of photosystem d. absorb the same wavelengths of light as their associated chlorophylls
The thylakoid contains membrane proteins that are involved in the electron transport chain and in the light-dependent processes.
The light-dependent reaction's electron transport chain:Two photosytems (II and I), an electron transport chain, and the light-dependent processes are all included within the thylakoid membrane. An excited electron of the chlorophyll a special pair is transferred from PSI to PSI by light that is gathered from PSII, moving down an electron transport chain (Pq, Cyt, and Pc).
The proteins necessary for processes requiring light:The photosystem, a collection of pigment atom and proteins, is where the light-dependent reactions start. Thylakoids have membranes with photosystems. In the photosystem, a pigment molecule takes in one photon, or "packet," of light energy at a time.
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combination (synthetic estrogen and progestin) hormonal birth control generally works by...?
Estrogen and progestin combinations function by inhibiting ovulation (the release of eggs from the ovaries). They also alter the uterine (womb) lining to prevent conception and alter the mucus at the cervix (uterine entrance) to inhibit sperm (male reproductive cells) from penetrating.
Hormonal birth control treatments that combine estrogen and progestin distribute estrogen and progestin throughout the body. These hormones primarily prevent conception by preventing pregnancy (the release of an egg from one of the ovaries). They also produce changes in the body that aid in the prevention of pregnancy.
The role of estrogen in combination with hormonal birth control is to regulate bleeding. Menstrual bleeding may change if only progestin is used. To make your "withdrawal bleed" look more like a "normal period," synthetic estrogens are added to these types of contraceptives.
COCs, often known as birth control tablets, provide dependable contraception as well as a number of noncontraceptive advantages.
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what are the similarities and differences between the lactase persistence mutations found in african populations and the one found in european populations
Lactase persistence mutations observed in African and European populations are both point mutations that appear in distinct sites on the chromosome. Furthermore, the African gene employs a different method than the activator in the European gene.
Lactose persistence helps people to break down lactose in their bodies. Lactose persistence is caused by a mutation that occurs in African and European populations. The mutations share certain characteristics, including:
Lactose persistence is produced in both groups by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).
In both groups, the polymorphism does not appear in the LCT gene responsible for lactase production; rather, it occurs in the intron region of some other nearby gene that initiates the transcription of the LCT gene.
The following mutations differ in both populations:
Lactose persistence in the European population can be attributed to a single SNP in the intron region.
In the African population, numerous alleles are involved for lactose persistence in the intron region.
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what would be the advantage of using a molecular model that shows the compounds involved during cellular respiration to compare the amounts of carbon released into the atmosphere?(1 point) responses allows the comparison between cellular respiration and photosynthesis in the movement of carbon allows the comparison between cellular respiration and photosynthesis in the movement of carbon allows for the prediction of certain environmental conditions that could affect the process allows for the prediction of certain environmental conditions that could affect the process allows a visual of the process that is not visible to the human eye allows a visual of the process that is not visible to the human eye allows a comprehensive view of the entire carbon cycle allows a comprehensive view of the entire carbon cycle
We can visualise chemical molecules that are invisible to the human eye thanks to molecular models.
Three-dimensional visual representations of molecules are known as molecular models. We can more clearly visualise a molecule's appearance thanks to molecular models. We can gain a better understanding of the potential changes that could take place in a molecule by using a molecular model. The science of numerically representing molecular structures and simulating their behaviour using quantum and classical physics equations is known as molecular modelling.
The benefit of using a molecular model to compare the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere and the compounds involved in cellular respiration is that it provides a visual of the process that is invisible to the human eye.
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Which of the Following organisms Reproduce through Spore Formation?
Many different types of organisms reproduce through spore formation, including:
Fungi: Many types of fungi, such as mushrooms and mold, reproduce through the production of spores.
Algae: Many types of algae reproduce through the formation of spores.
Bryophytes: mosses, hornworts, and liverworts reproduce via spores.
Ferns: Ferns reproduce via spores.
Some bacteria: Some types of bacteria, such as Bacillus and Clostridium, reproduce through the formation of spores.
Note that spore formation is one way of reproducing, but not all organism that can form spores reproduce only via spores. Some may have other ways of reproducing as well.
Answer:
Fungi reproduce through spore formation; for e.g., bread moulds.
Explanation:
quizlt a point mutation in the ligand binding site of a na channel will most likely a. turn a na channel into a k channel b. have no effect c. turn this ligand-gated channel into a voltage gated channel d. prevent channel opening in the presence of the ligand e. prevent channel closing
The correct option is e, that is prevent channel closing. A na channel's ligand binding site mutation will probably prevent the channel from closing.
What occurs when a ligand attaches to a Na channel that is ligand-gated?Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
When a ligand binds to the receptor's of exofacial surface, a conformational change occurs that causes a pore to open, allowing certain ions to pass through the channel and across the plasma membrane.
The function of ligand-gated Na channels :Neurotransmitters are bound via ligand-gated ion channels, which then open in accordance to ligand binding. Synaptic transmission among two neurons either between a neuron and a muscle is regulated by these channels.
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which of the following statements is false? a. organisms placed in the same genus are least closely related. b. the scientific name for humans is homo sapiens. c. moving from species to kingdom, more different species are included in each higher category. d. species that are in the same genus share very specific characteristics. e. taxonomists are biologists who classify organisms.
False statements is a. organisms placed in the same genus are least closely related.
In general, Genus is termed as a group of related species which has more features related to species of other genera. Hence ,Organisms that are placed in the same genus are very closely related.
So, Two species present within the same genus will share a recent common ancestor in their evolutionary history. These two species will be closely related to each other than two species classified into different families. Therefore, members representing the same genus, but different species interbreed, could produce infertile offspring. example include mule, which is the product of a cross between a male donkey and a female horse.
Hence, A is correct option
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D. It has long been known in the field of human genetics that wavy hair is the expression of a heterozygous genotype, while curly (C1C1) and straight (C2C2) hair is the expression of a homozygous genotype. If a man with curly hair marries a woman with wavy hair, what percentage of their children will have curly, wavy, and straight hair
Answer:
50% will have curly hair (C1C1) . 50% will will have wavy hair(C1C2). 0% would have straight hair (C2C2).
Explanation:
given the information the man has C1C1 or curly hair and the woman has wavy hair which should be C1C2. Construct a simple punnet square and solve the genotypic ratio. witch is (C1C1) = 2/4 = 50% And (C1C2) = 2/4 = 50%
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will work closely with legume. will be required to fix nitrogen in exchange for daily carbohydrate allowance
One anticipated advantage of utilizing legumes as a cover crop is to give the cropping system a supply of nitrogen (N).
However, the quantity of real fixed nitrogen may be minimal when legumes are mixed with grasses and broadleaves over a brief length of time. The quantity of fixed N may be less than expected, even when planted as a monoculture or a combination of solely legumes. Rhizobia bacteria in root nodules accelerate the chemical reaction known as "N fixing," which turns atmospheric N (N2) into ammonia (NH3). The energy generated by photosynthesis in the legume plant is used in this process.
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describe the procedure you followed to gram-stain bacteria. what is the purpose of each of the specific reagents?
The most frequent test to determine whether you have a bacterial infection is a Gram stain. The test will indicate whether your infection is Gram-positive or Gram-negative if you do.
What are Gram positive bacteria?If you are exhibiting signs of a bacterial illness, you could require this test. Numerous bacterial illnesses frequently exhibit the symptoms of pain, fever, and weariness.
The type of infection you have and where in your body it is located will determine any additional symptoms.
Depending on the type of illness, your doctor may need to collect a sample from the suspected infection site or from specific body fluids.
Therefore, The most frequent test to determine whether you have a bacterial infection is a Gram stain. The test will indicate whether your infection is Gram-positive or Gram-negative if you do.
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When comparing complete tetanus with unfused tetanus, which is true?A) In complete tetanus, no relaxation occurs between stimuli.B) In complete tetanus, maximum tension is developed.C) In complete tetanus, the muscle fiber is stimulated at a higher frequency.D) A and BE) A, B, and C
The true statement when comparing complete tetanus with unfused tetanus is: (B) In complete tetanus, maximum tension is developed.
Tetanus is a disease of the muscles caused to a bacterium called Clostridium tetani. The bacterium releases harmful toxins in the body that causes painful contractions. In severe conditions, the disease can even lead to death.
Tension in the muscles is the physiological condition where they remain in semi-contracted form for long durations of time. This can result in formation of lumps called muscle knots in the body. It is the situation when the myosin heads remain attached with thin filaments.
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when a muscle is held during a stretch for a prolonged period, the gto is activated, which results in the muscle relaxing. what is this action called?
when a muscle is held during a stretch for a prolonged period, the gto is activated, which results in the muscle relaxing. this action is called as autogenic inhibition.
When the Golgi tendon organ (GTO) and muscle spindles are activated, certain muscles are inhibited from contracting. These two musculotendinous proprioceptors, which are found in and around joints and muscles, respond to changes in muscle tension and length, which aids in the management of muscular control and coordination.
When the muscle contracts or stretches, the GTO, which is located between the muscle belly and the tendon, detects increased tension. When a muscle contracts, the GTO is activated, and it responds by inhibiting the contraction and contracting the opposing (antagonist) muscle group. Autogenic inhibition is the name given to this process.
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tetracycline antibiotic is prescribed for an adult client with chlamydia infection. which is the mechanism of action of the drug if it is able to interfere in the protein synthesis within a bacterium?
The mechanism of action of tetracycline antibiotics that can interfere with protein synthesis in bacteria prescribed for adult clients with chlamydia infection by prevents aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosomal acceptor (A) site, hence inhibiting protein synthesis.
Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are effective against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, unusual microorganisms such chlamydiae, mycoplasmas, and rickettsiae, as well as protozoan parasites.
The 30S ribosomal subunit is selectively inhibited by tetracyclines, which prevents the aminoacyl-tRNA from attaching to the acceptor site on the mRNA-ribosome complex. A cell can no longer retain appropriate functioning and won't be able to expand or continue to duplicate if this process stops. Tetracyclines are referred to as "bacteriostatic" because of the way in which they impede.
Additionally, they are utilized as a preventative measure against mefloquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Tetracyclines continue to play significant roles in human and veterinary medicine, but the evolution of microbial resistance has reduced their efficacy.
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Is the ability to produce milk in both cows and goats a homologous or analogous trait?
The ability to produce milk in both cows and goats is a homologous trait because both species are mammals and it is an intrinsic evolutionary inherited feature of mammals as a taxonomic group.
What are homologous traits?Homologous traits are those types of phenotypic features inherited by different organisms of the same or distinct species due they are derived from a common ancestor, while analogous traits were separately acquired in the course of evolution.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that homologous traits can be traced to a common ancestor while analogous traits were acquired by different ancestors.
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The endocrine system releases chemical messengers called , _________ into the blood stream
Answer: Hormones
Explanation:
Hormones are the chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands in the blood.
Answer:
hormones
Explanation:
which of the following best describes a difference between generalist species and specialist species? responses generalists use a large range of resources, while specialists have a limited range of resources they use to survive.
The following best describes difference between generalist species and specialist species : generalists use large range of resources, while specialists have limited range of resources they use to survive.
What is meant by generalist and specialist species?Generalist species may live in many different environments and eat a number of different things. Specialized species consume a more constrained diet and have considerably narrower ecological niches.
Specialist species are animals that require a certain set of resources. These animals either have a somewhat limited diet or need a specific habitat in order to survive. One example of an expert is the tiger salamander.
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