In economics as it provides insights into the welfare and benefit that consumers derive from the market exchange. It signifies the economic efficiency and value creation for consumers in a market transaction.
The relationship between marginal benefit, value, and demand of a good or service is interconnected and influenced by consumer preferences and utility.
Marginal benefit refers to the additional satisfaction or utility gained from consuming one more unit of a good or service. It is subjective and varies from person to person. As individuals consume more units of a good, the marginal benefit tends to decrease due to the law of diminishing marginal utility. This means that each additional unit provides less additional satisfaction than the previous one.
Value, on the other hand, is the amount of money or worth that an individual is willing to pay for a good or service. It represents the maximum price a consumer is willing to pay based on the perceived benefits and utility derived from the product.
Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price and time. It is influenced by the marginal benefit and value that consumers perceive. Generally, as the price of a good decreases, the quantity demanded increases due to the increase in consumer surplus.
Overall, the marginal benefit, value, and demand of a good or service are interconnected through the subjective perception of utility and preferences of consumers, which ultimately determine the demand and the price consumers are willing to pay.
Consumer surplus refers to the difference between the total amount consumers are willing to pay for a good or service and the actual amount they pay. It is a measure of the economic benefit that consumers receive beyond what they pay for a product.
Consumer surplus is calculated by determining the area between the demand curve and the price paid by consumers. The demand curve represents the willingness to pay, and the price paid is determined by the market equilibrium. The consumer surplus represents the value gained by consumers when they are able to purchase a product at a price lower than their maximum willingness to pay.
To measure consumer surplus, economists often use a graphical representation by plotting the demand curve and the market price. The area under the demand curve and above the market price represents the consumer surplus. Alternatively, it can also be estimated using econometric methods by analyzing consumer behavior and willingness-to-pay data.
Consumer surplus is an important concept in economics as it provides insights into the welfare and benefit that consumers derive from the market exchange. It signifies the economic efficiency and value creation for consumers in a market transaction.
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4. Newcastle Company's beginning and ending inventories for the month of January were as follows: Production data for month follow: Newcastle applies the manufacturing overhead cost to jobs at the rate of 70% of the direct labour cost incurred. This rate has been used for many years. The company does not close underor overapplied manufacturing overhead to the Cost of Goods Sold until the end of the year. The management accountant wants to apply the manufacturing overhead at a rate of 75% of the direct labour. The managing director wants to know how this change will affect the reported profit. (Assuming Newcastle applies the manufacturing overhead cost to jobs at the rate of 70% of the direct labour cost incurred). Newcastle Company's total manufacturing cost for January was:
Newcastle Company's total manufacturing cost for January was $246,150.
Newcastle Company’s beginning and ending inventories for the month of January were as follows:
Beginning inventory = $39,000
Ending inventory = $43,000
Production data for month follow:
Direct material used = $60,000
Direct labour cost = $120,000
Manufacturing overhead = $66,150
Total manufacturing cost = $246,150
The manufacturing overhead cost is applied to jobs at the rate of 70% of the direct labour cost incurred. The rate has been used for many years.
Hence, the applied manufacturing overhead = 70% of $120,000 = $84,000
The total cost of jobs worked on during the month = $84,000 + $60,000 + $120,000 = $264,000
Cost of goods manufactured = $246,150 + $84,000 - $264,000 = $66,150
The managing director wants to know how the change in the manufacturing overhead rate will affect the reported profit.
If the rate of overhead is changed to 75%, then the applied overhead for the month = 75% of $120,000 = $90,000
Total cost of jobs worked on during the month = $90,000 + $60,000 + $120,000 = $270,000
Cost of goods manufactured = $246,150 + $90,000 - $270,000 = $66,150
The cost of goods manufactured will remain the same, so the reported profit will not be affected by changing the manufacturing overhead rate from 70% to 75% of the direct labour cost incurred.
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43. Menu costs refer to: a. the money, time, and opportunity used to change prices to keep pace with inflation. b. the time, money, and effort one has to spend managing cash in the face of inflation c. being penalized via taxes for making more money in dollars, even though real purchasing power hasn't changed at all d. None of these statements is true 44. Unpredictable inflation can cause businesses: a. to have a hard time planning future production b. to cease production until they know how to adjust for inflation c.to restrict output and stockpile inventory. d. None of these statements is true. 45. If the real rate of return is 2 percent, and the inflation rate is 2 percent, then the nominal interest rate must be: a. 4 percent b. 2 percent. c.-2 percent d.-4 percent 46. The Phillips Curve shows that, in general: a. high amounts of unemployment in an economy will coincide with low inflation b. low amounts of unemployment in an economy will coincide with low inflation. c. high amounts of unemployment in an economy will coincide with high inflation d. None of these statements is true.
43: The menu costs refer to the money, time, and opportunity used to change prices to keep pace with inflation. The correct option is a. ; 44. The correct option is b. ; 45. The correct option is c.
43. Unpredictable inflation can cause businesses to have a hard time planning future production. It creates uncertainty, which makes it challenging for businesses to know what prices to charge, what to produce, how much to produce, and when to produce. The correct option is a.
45. The correct option is b. If the real rate of return is 2 percent, and the inflation rate is 2 percent, then the nominal interest rate must be 2 percent. The nominal interest rate is the sum of the real interest rate and the expected inflation rate.
46. The correct option is c. The Phillips Curve shows that high amounts of unemployment in an economy will coincide with high inflation. This trade-off between inflation and unemployment implies that policymakers must choose between two evils - low employment with high inflation or high employment with high inflation. .
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Magpie Ltd has reported the following results for the year ended 31 December 2020. HMRC consider Magpie Ltd to be thinly capitalised and are seeking to make a reduction of £3,000 to the interest paid to an overseas subsidiary. What is the maximum amount of loss that Magpie Ltd can surrender using group relief? 891.000
Thinly capitalised firms refer to businesses that have a relatively high debt-to-equity ratio or a low level of equity compared to debt.
HMRC considers such firms as having a higher risk of insolvency than companies with a more equitable financing mix. Magpie Ltd is thinly capitalised, and HMRC is looking to reduce £3,000 in interest payments to an overseas subsidiary. The maximum amount of loss that Magpie Ltd can surrender using group relief is £891,000.
The UK's corporation tax group relief enables businesses within a group of companies to transfer losses in the form of trading losses and non-trading deficits between the group's members to relieve the losses in different companies by offsetting them against the taxable profits of other firms in the group.
Group relief is a mechanism for tax relief that allows firms in a group of companies to share profits and losses amongst each other to ensure that they pay taxes only on their economic profits.
For Magpie Ltd, this means that it can surrender losses in the form of trading losses and non-trading deficits to other members of the group to offset their taxable profits, up to the maximum amount of £891,000. Therefore, the maximum amount of loss that Magpie Ltd can surrender using group relief is £891,000.
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This means that means that an asset or resource, either raw material, finished product, component, equipment or machinery is not currently in use.
b. This is a value or non-value-added step, is an individual activity that leads to the making of a part, component, or product.
c. This is the movement either a raw material is being moved from one location or workstation to another.
d. This occurs when a work activity slows or stops an operation, the transportation or raw material, equipment, processes, or human labor.
2. transportation
a. This means that means that an asset or resource, either raw material, finished product, component, equipment or machinery is not currently inuse.
b. This is a value or non-value-added step, is an individual activity that leads to the making of a part, component, or product.
c. This is the movement either a raw material is being moved from one location or workstation to another.
d. This occurs when a work activity slows or stops an operation, the transportation or raw material, equipment, processes, or human labor.
3. delay
a. This means that means that an asset or resource, either raw material, finished product, component, equipment or machinery is not currently inuse .
b. This is a value or non-value-added step, is an individual activity that leads to the making of a part, component, or product.
c. This is the movement either a raw material is being moved from one location or workstation to another.
d. This occurs when a work activity slows or stops an operation, the transportation or raw material, equipment, processes, or human labor.
4. storage
a. This means that means that an asset or resource, either raw material, finished product, component, equipment or machinery is not currently inuse .
b. This is a value or non-value-added step, is an individual activity that leads to the making of a part, component, or product.
c. This is the movement either a raw material is being moved from one location or workstation to another.
d. This occurs when a work activity slows or stops an operation, the transportation or raw material, equipment, processes, or human labor
The delay occurs when a work activity slows or stops an operation, the transportation of raw material, equipment, processes, or human labor.
1.
a. Idle Resource
b. Operation
c. Transportation
d. Delay
2.
a. Idle Resource
b. Operation
c. Transportation
d. Delay
3.
a. Idle Resource
b. Operation
c. Transportation
d. Delay
4.
a. Idle Resource
b. Operation
c. Transportation
d. Delay
Explanation:
1.
a. Idle Resource: This means that an asset or resource, either raw material, finished product, component, equipment, or machinery is not currently in use.
b. Operation: This is a value or non-value-added step, is an individual activity that leads to the making of a part, component, or product.
c. Transportation: This is the movement either a raw material is being moved from one location or workstation to another.
d. Delay: This occurs when a work activity slows or stops an operation, the transportation of raw material, equipment, processes, or human labor.
2.
a. Idle Resource: This means that an asset or resource, either raw material, finished product, component, equipment, or machinery is not currently in use.
b. Operation: This is a value or non-value-added step, is an individual activity that leads to the making of a part, component, or product.
c. Transportation: This is the movement either a raw material is being moved from one location or workstation to another.
d. Delay: This occurs when a work activity slows or stops an operation, the transportation of raw material, equipment, processes, or human labor.
3.
a. Idle Resource: This means that an asset or resource, either raw material, finished product, component, equipment, or machinery is not currently in use.
b. Operation: This is a value or non-value-added step, is an individual activity that leads to the making of a part, component, or product.
c. Transportation: This is the movement either a raw material is being moved from one location or workstation to another.
d. Delay: This occurs when a work activity slows or stops an operation, the transportation of raw material, equipment, processes, or human labor.
4.
a. Idle Resource: This means that an asset or resource, either raw material, finished product, component, equipment, or machinery is not currently in use.
b. Operation: This is a value or non-value-added step, is an individual activity that leads to the making of a part, component, or product.
c. Transportation: This is the movement either a raw material is being moved from one location or workstation to another.
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Solid State sells electronic products. The controller is responsible for preparing the master budget and has accumulated the following information: Balances at January 1 are expected to be as follows: Cash Accounts receivable $5,500416,100 Inventories Accounts payable $309,400133,055 The budget is to be based on the following assumptions: 1. Each month's sales are billed on the last day of the month. 2. Customers are allowed a 3% discount if their payment is made within 10 days after the billing date. Receivables are booked at gross. 3. The company collects 60% of the billings within the discount period, 25% by the end of the month after the date of sale, and 9% by the end of the second month after the date of sale; 6% prove uncollectible. 4. It pays 54% of all materials purchases and the selling, general, and administrative expenses in the month purchased and the remainder in the following month. Each month's units of ending inventory are equal to 130% of the next month's units of sales. 5. The cost of each unit of inventory is $20. 6. Selling, general, and administrative expenses, of which $2,000 is for depreciation, are equal to 15% of the current month's sales. 7. Actual and projected sales are as follows: Instructions a. Calculate the budgeted cash disbursements during the month of February. b. Calculate the budgeted cash collections during the month of January. c. Calculate the budgeted number of units of inventory to be purchased during the month of March.
(a) Total Budgeted Cash Disbursements for February is $246,330. (b) Total Budgeted Cash Collections for January is $256,080. (c) Budgeted cost of purchases for March is $269,000
Solid State is a company that sells electronic products.
The company's controller is tasked with preparing the master budget and has accumulated the following information for that purpose:
Cash balances at January 1 are expected to be $5,500, accounts receivable are expected to be $416,100, inventory is expected to be $309,400, and accounts payable is expected to be $133,055.
The following assumptions form the basis for the budget:
Sales from each month are billed on the last day of the month.
A 3% discount is given to customers who pay within ten days of the billing date. Receivables are recorded at gross. The company collects 60% of billings within the discount period, 25% by the end of the month after the sale date, and 9% by the end of the second month after the sale date. 6% of all sales are uncollectible.
In the month of purchase, 54% of all material purchases and selling, general, and administrative costs are paid, with the remaining 46% paid in the following month.
Each month's ending inventory units are equal to 130 percent of the following month's sales.
The cost of each inventory unit is $20. In the current month, selling, general, and administrative expenses are equal to 15% of sales. Depreciation accounts for $2,000 of these expenses.
Actual and forecast sales are presented below:
a. In February, calculate the budgeted cash disbursements.
b. Calculate the budgeted cash collections for January.
c. Calculate the budgeted number of inventory units to be purchased in March.
a. Budgeted Cash Disbursements for February:
Materials purchases for February (54% of $357,000)
= $192,780
Selling, general, and administrative expenses for February (15% of $357,000)
= $53,550
Total Budgeted Cash Disbursements for February = $246,330
b. Budgeted Cash Collections for January:
Gross billings for January = $300,000
Less: 3% discount = ($300,000 × 0.03)
= $9,000 Billings
Net of Discounts = $291,000 60% collected within the discount period
= ($291,000 × 0.6)
= $174,600 25% collected within the month after the discount period
= ($291,000 × 0.25)
= $72,750 9% collected within two months of the discount period
= ($291,000 × 0.09)
= $26,190
Uncollectible amounts (6% of $291,000) = ($291,000 × 0.06)
= $17,460
Total Budgeted Cash Collections for January = $256,080
c. Budgeted Number of Inventory Units to be Purchased in March:
Sales units for March = 34,000 × 1.25
= 42,500 units
Inventory units ending in March = 42,500 × 1.3
= 55,250 units
Inventory units needed to meet sales demand in March = 55,250 – (34,000 × 1.3)
= 13,450 units
Budgeted cost of purchases for March = 13,450 × $20
= $269,000
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Quality management at Chiyeyeye Enterprise LTD. Quality has become a very important dimension of chiyeyeye enterprise operations, a company wholly owned by Zambia and dealing in, production , general trading and hospitality. Producing the items in required quantities at the right time I not enough to satisfy customers. Customer demands that quality be incorporated in the product and in the service that go along with it is a norm at Chiyeyeye Enterprise. People appreciate that without quality every other things that Chiyeyeye enterprise does loses relevance. Thus, quality is a strategy for survival and for expending the markets at Chiyeyeye. Quality is a marketing strategy to enter a market or to compete with exiting producer in the sector in which chiyeyeye enterprise operates. For Chiyeyeye, quality is a foundation for achieving customer satisfaction. Brands at Chiyeyeye get created as a consequence of that.
Answer the question based on case study
1. what are the quality dimensions adopted by Chiyeyeye Enterprise
Limited?
2. Explain the concept of quality quality at source adopted by Chiyeyeye
Enterprise Limited?
3. How has Chiyeyeye used quality as a Competitive tool?
4. what is the quality strategy used by chiyeyeye as a business model?
5. How can chiyeyeye apply quality principles such as Deming 14
principles, Crosby’s absolutes of quality and TQM?
For Chiyeyeye Enterprise Ltd, quality is a strategy for survival and for expanding the markets. The following are the quality dimensions adopted by Chiyeyeye Enterprise Limited:
a) Leadership
b) Continuous Improvement
c) Factual approach to decision making
d) Systematic Approach
Leadership - Create and maintain an internal environment in which people can become fully involved in achieving the organization's objectives.
Continuous Improvement - A continuous improvement approach should be taken to improve the organization's overall efficiency and effectiveness.
People involvement - Involve all employees in the organization's quality improvement efforts.
The customer-oriented approach is to make sure that the customer's needs and requirements are met, and that the organization's services are tailored to meet their requirements.
Factual approach to decision making - Decisions based on the analysis of factual data that is based on actual measurements and not on assumptions or hearsay.
Systematic Approach - The identification of processes and procedures that are critical to achieving quality in the organization is a systematic approach.
2. Quality at the source is a management approach that places quality responsibility on the individuals who generate the work in question, rather than relying solely on the final quality inspection of finished products. This is because it saves time and money by detecting and correcting quality issues early on, which leads to fewer wasted resources and less duplication of work. Chiyeyeye's policy for quality assurance is based on the concept of quality at the source.
3. Chiyeyeye has used quality as a competitive tool by making quality a priority in all areas of its business, including production, general trading, and hospitality. By doing so, they have established themselves as a trustworthy and reliable supplier, and customers are more likely to purchase from them in the future. Chiyeyeye is also able to differentiate itself from its competitors by offering high-quality goods and services at a competitive price.
4. Chiyeyeye's quality strategy as a business model is to make quality a priority in all aspects of the business. The company sees quality as a strategy for survival and market expansion.
5. To apply quality principles such as Deming 14 principles, Crosby’s absolutes of quality, and TQM, Chiyeyeye must:
Involve all employees in the organization's quality improvement efforts.
Adopt a continuous improvement approach, in which all employees strive to improve the organization's overall efficiency and effectiveness.
Collect and analyze data to make informed decisions.
Facilitate communication and collaboration among employees, suppliers, and customers.
Establish quality metrics and evaluate performance regularly.
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On January 1 of the current year, Andy and Barney form a Partnership to invest in property. Andy contributes investment land that he acquired two years ago, and that has a fair market value of $100. Barney contributes $100 in cash. Each partner receives a 50% interest in the partnership's capital, profits and losses.
Assets Liabilities & Capital
Book FMV
Cash $100 $100
Land $50 $100
Capital Accounts
Tax Book
Andy $50 $100
Barney $100 $100
The partnership's assets, liabilities, and capital accounts can be summed up as follows based on the information provided:
Assets: Cash: $100 is in the partnership's cash account. Land: Andy contributes investment land that has a fair market value (FMV) of $100 and a book value of $50.Capital Accounts: The partnership has two capital accounts. Liabilities: The partnership has liabilities. Andy's capital account has a book value of $100 and a tax base of $50. - Barney: Barney's capital account has a $100 book value and a tax basis.The entire liabilities and capital of the partnership are $200 ($100 from Andy's capital and $100 from Barney's capital), while the total assets of the partnership are $200 ($100 cash and $100 land FMV). Equal shares of the partnership's capital, profits, and losses are held by each member.
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An apartment lease is typically set up as an annuity due. True False
An apartment lease is typically set up as an annuity due is true.
An annuity is defined as a series of payments of the same amount made at regular intervals. An annuity due is a type of annuity where the payments are made at the beginning of each period rather than the end.
In the context of apartment leases, the monthly rent is often set up as an annuity due. This means that the renter is required to pay their monthly rent at the beginning of each month, rather than at the end of the month.
An annuity due is preferred for lease agreements because it ensures that the landlord receives payment for the upcoming month before the tenant occupies the space. This provides security and stability for the landlord.
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ou hold 300 shares of boeing, which last traded for $20/share. you also own 1 share of amazon, which last traded for $3,450/share. you own 20 shares of starbucks which last traded for $117/share what is the beta of your portfolio (to two places)? company beta us steel 1.77 ford mo co 1.31 general electric 1.20 gamestop 1.45 boeing 0.94 amazon 0.90 starbucks 0.79 mcdonalds 0.51 walmart 0.26
The beta of your portfolio is 26.8128
To calculate the beta of a portfolio, we need to consider the individual weights of each stock and their respective betas. The weight of a stock in a portfolio represents the proportion of the portfolio's total value that is invested in that particular stock.
Let's calculate the weight of each stock in your portfolio:
For Boeing: You hold 300 shares, and the last traded price is $20/share.
The value of your investment in Boeing = 300 shares * $20/share = $6,000.
Weight of Boeing in the portfolio = ($6,000 / Total Portfolio Value).
For Amazon: You own 1 share, and the last traded price is $3,450/share.
The value of your investment in Amazon = 1 share * $3,450/share = $3,450.
Weight of Amazon in the portfolio = ($3,450 / Total Portfolio Value).
For Starbucks: You own 20 shares, and the last traded price is $117/share.
The value of your investment in Starbucks = 20 shares * $117/share = $2,340.
Weight of Starbucks in the portfolio = ($2,340 / Total Portfolio Value).
To calculate the beta of your portfolio, we multiply the weight of each stock by its respective beta, sum up the results, and round the final value to two decimal places.
Beta of the portfolio = (Weight of Boeing * Beta of Boeing) + (Weight of Amazon * Beta of Amazon) + (Weight of Starbucks * Beta of Starbucks)
Beta of the portfolio = (2.0 * 6000) + (3450 * 3.5) + (1.17 *2340) = 26.8128
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Strong Metalworking borrows $100k to be repaid in 5 years. The interest rate is 11%, and the only payment is at the end of year 5. Compute the present worth of the principal and interest payments at a rate of 7%.
Given that Strong Metalworking borrows $100k to be repaid in 5 years. The interest rate is 11%, and the only payment is at the end of year 5. Compute the present worth of the principal and interest payments at a rate of 7%.Concepts Used:Present Worth of Single Payment.
Formula
PW = FV / (1 + i)ⁿWhere,
PW = Present WorthFV = Future Valuei = Interest Rate (per annum)n = Number of YearsCalculation.
Given that,Amount borrowed = $100kInterest Rate = 11%
Annual Interest payment = $100k * 11% = $11k
Only one payment is due at the end of 5 years.
Present Worth (PW) is to be calculated at an interest rate of 7%.
PW = FV / (1 + i)ⁿ
Here, FV = $100k + $11k = $111k (Amount to be repaid at the end of 5 years)
PW = $111,000 / (1 + 7%)⁵
PW = $111,000 / 1.403PV = $79,072.34 (approx)
Therefore, Present Worth of the principal and interest payments is $79,072.34.
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On April 1, 2020, Jenson Ltd. acquired 2,500 shares of Lam Corp. for $50,000. This investment represents a 18% interest in Lam Corp. Jenson Ltd. has classified this investment as FVTOCI. On October 31, 2020, Lam Corp. paid a $42,000 dividend to its shareholders. At March 31, 2021 Lam Corp.'s shares were valued at $15 per share and Lam Corp. reported net income of $145,000 for the year. On May 15, 2021, Jenson Ltd. sold the shares for $75,000. Both Jenson Ltd. and Lam Corp. have March 31, 2021 year-ends.
Required:
Prepare dated journal entries for the investment on the acquiring company's books from acquisition to disposal. Ignore income taxes. Journal entry descriptions are optional
Journal entries for the investment on the acquiring company's books from acquisition to disposal are given below :Journal Entries April 1, 2020Investment in Lam Corp. - 50,000 Cash - 50,000 (To record the acquisition of 2,500 shares of Lam Corp. for $50,000)October 31, 2020Cash Dividend - 9,000 Investment in Lam Corp.
9,000 (To record cash dividend received on investment)December 31, 2020Investment in Lam Corp. - 7,000 Gain on Investment - 7,000 (To recognize the fair value gain on investment at December 31, 2020)March 31, 2021Gain on Investment - 98,500 Investment in Lam Corp. - 98,500 (To recognize the fair value gain on investment at March 31, 2021)May 15, 2021Cash - 75,000 Investment in Lam Corp. - 50,000 Gain on Investment - 25,000 (To record the sale of 2,500 shares of Lam Corp. for $75,000)Therefore, the correct answer is: April 1, 2020 Investment in Lam Corp. - 50,000 Cash - 50,000 (To record the acquisition of 2,500 shares of Lam Corp. for $50,000)October 31, 2020 Cash Dividend - 9,000 Investment in Lam Corp. - 9,000 (To record cash dividend received on investment)December 31, 2020 Investment in Lam Corp. - 7,000 Gain on Investment - 7,000 (To recognize the fair value gain on investment at December 31, 2020)March 31, 2021 Gain on Investment - 98,500 Investment in Lam Corp. - 98,500 (To recognize the fair value gain on investment at March 31, 2021)May 15, 2021 Cash - 75,000 Investment in Lam Corp. - 50,000 Gain on Investment - 25,000 (To record the sale of 2,500 shares of Lam Corp. for $75,000).
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Explain the differences between horizontal sharding and vertical sharding. What are good applications for both types of sharding, and what are the strengths and weaknesses of each?
Sharding is a technique used in distributed databases to partition a single database into several parts or "shards."
A shard is a portion of the data that has been divided horizontally or vertically.
The two sharding strategies are horizontal sharding and vertical sharding.
Horizontal sharding:
Horizontal sharding divides data into multiple databases, with each database containing a subset of the data.
Because data is spread across several databases, horizontal sharding allows for massive scaling.
The advantages of horizontal sharding are:
Good performance
Fault tolerance
Supports huge data volumes
However, horizontal sharding has a number of drawbacks, including:
Complex and expensive to implement
Difficult to maintain
May have data skewing issues
Vertical sharding:
Vertical sharding, on the other hand, partitions the data at the table level, such that each partition contains a different set of columns.
The main advantages of vertical sharding are:
Lower storage requirements
Reduced I/O load
Simpler architecture
The drawbacks of vertical sharding are:
Difficult to add new attributes
Requires a sophisticated query engine
Less fault-tolerant
Here are some examples of applications that use horizontal sharding:
Applications with high volumes of data (e.g., social networks, e-commerce websites)Applications with many concurrent users
Applications with large amounts of transactions
Here are some examples of applications that use vertical sharding:
Applications that have sparse columns
Applications that require data separation
Applications that do not require horizontal scaling
In summary, horizontal sharding partitions data into multiple databases, while vertical sharding partitions data at the table level.
Horizontal sharding is suitable for applications with high data volumes and many concurrent users, while vertical sharding is suitable for applications that require data separation and do not require horizontal scaling.
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What is the duration of a 9% coupon bond, $1,000 par value that has 3 years left to maturity if the discount rate is 8%?
3 years.
2.82 years.
2.76 years.
3.24 years.
A bond has a par value of $1,000 with a 9% coupon and 3 years left to maturity, and a discount rate of 8%.
We are to determine the duration of this bond.Duration of bondThe duration of bond is a measure of how long, in years, it takes an investor to be repaid the bond's price by its total cash flows. It is often used to calculate the bond's price sensitivity to changes in interest rates.
Using the given formula, we can calculate the bond's duration as follows:
Duration = [∑(t × CFt) ÷ (1 + r)] ÷ B where t = time period (in years)
CFt = cash flow in time period t, r = discount rate, and B = bond price.
Substituting the given values in the above formula:
Duration = [(1 × 90) ÷ (1 + 0.08)] + [(2 × 90) ÷ (1 + 0.08)²] + [(3 × 1,090) ÷ (1 + 0.08)³] ÷ (1,000 × (1 + 0.08)³)
Duration = (1,020 + 1,853.44 + 2,358.06) ÷ 1,319.05
Duration = 4,231.50 ÷ 1,319.05
Duration ≈ 3.204 years (rounded to 3 decimal places)
Therefore, the duration of the bond is 3.204 years (rounded to 3 decimal places).
Hence, option D is correct.
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Why should you set a closing date for your file after you have closed an accounting period?
A. Because without a closing date, the system will not save transactions to the correct period.
B. Because the file will require it before you can generate any reports.
C. To determine the fiscal year for the business.
D. To limit changes to past saved entries.
The correct option is (D) to limit changes to past saved entries. It is important to set a closing date for your file after you have closed an accounting period to limit changes to past saved entries. What is meant by closing date? A closing date is a feature in accounting software that limits the ability to modify transactions.
This is done to ensure that all changes to the transactions of a financial period are documented and to prevent modifications from being made once the accounting period is closed. Setting a closing date on your books prevents unwanted changes. It is a good idea to set a closing date for each year or financial period to protect your data from being modified after it has been entered. How do you set a closing date? To set the closing date in QuickBooks Desktop, follow these steps: Choose Company, then choose Set Closing Date. Select the closing date that you would like to utilize, as well as the closing date password (if you prefer). To lock the previous period and ensure that no one can alter or delete transactions from a prior date, click OK.
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operating in a fast paced environment requires different types of organizational structures. one type is the learning organization which is best described as
A learning organization is a type of organizational structure that is best described as a company that prioritizes continuous learning and development for its employees.
In a fast-paced environment, it is crucial for organizations to adapt quickly to changes and stay ahead of the competition. A learning organization is designed to foster a culture of learning and innovation, allowing employees to continuously acquire new knowledge and skills. One key characteristic of a learning organization is a focus on sharing knowledge and information. In this type of structure, employees are encouraged to freely share their expertise, experiences, and ideas with each other. This promotes collaboration and enables the organization to tap into the collective intelligence of its workforce.
In a fast-paced environment, different types of organizational structures are needed to effectively manage and respond to the challenges and demands of the business. One such structure is the learning organization, which is characterized by a strong focus on continuous learning and development. A learning organization recognizes that in order to thrive in a rapidly changing environment, it is essential to adapt quickly and stay ahead of the competition. To achieve this, the organization fosters a culture of learning, innovation, and collaboration. Employees are encouraged to constantly acquire new knowledge and skills, share their expertise, and experiment with new ideas and approaches. One of the key aspects of a learning organization is the emphasis on knowledge sharing. This means that employees are encouraged to freely share their expertise, experiences, and ideas with each other. This can be done through various channels such as regular team meetings, cross-functional collaboration, knowledge-sharing platforms, and mentoring programs.
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Corey buys 10 Tufflift 4-post, 4.5-ton car hoists for his parking garage at a total cost of $436,000. He finances this with a five-year loan at 7% APR with monthly payments. After he has made the first 20 payments, how much is the outstanding principal balance on his loan? A. $245,767 B. $614,417 C. $307,208 D. $430,092
The monthly interest rate is given by the formula i = r / (12 x 100), where r is the APR and i is the monthly interest rate.i = 7% / (12 x 100) = 0.0058333
The monthly payment (M) is calculated using the following formula:
M = [P x i x (1+i)^n]/[(1+i)^n - 1], where P is the principal, i is the monthly interest rate, and n is the number of months.
M = [436000 x 0.0058333 x (1+0.0058333)^60]/[(1+0.0058333)^60 - 1]M = $8,544.74
After the first 20 payments, Corey has paid $8,544.74 x 20 = $170,894.8 towards the principal balance.
The outstanding principal balance can be calculated as follows:
Outstanding principal balance = P x [(1+i)^n - (1+i)^p]/[(1+i)^n - 1], where P is the initial principal, i is the monthly interest rate, n is the total number of months, and p is the number of payments already made.
Outstanding principal balance = 436000 x [(1+0.0058333)^60 - (1+0.0058333)^20]/[(1+0.0058333)^60 - 1]
Outstanding principal balance = $307,208.
The option that shows the correct answer is Option C.
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sergio vignetto raises cattle and llamas on his land. his land is equally suitable for raising either animal. which of the graphs represent his production possibilities frontier?
In this case, Sergio Vignetto's land is equally suitable for raising cattle and llamas. Therefore, Graph B represents his production possibilities frontier.
The production possibilities frontier (PPF) represents the different combinations of two goods that can be produced with the given resources and technology. In this case, Sergio Vignetto's land is equally suitable for raising cattle and llamas. Therefore, Graph B represents his production possibilities frontier.
Graph B would show a curve that depicts the trade-off between producing cattle and llamas. The x-axis would represent the number of cattle produced, while the y-axis would represent the number of llamas produced. The curve would illustrate the maximum production levels of each animal that can be achieved given the available resources and technology. Any point on or below the curve represents an attainable production combination, while points outside the curve are unattainable.
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Match the scenario with the appropriate test. Each test can only be used once. In order to attract wasps into a trap, a group of researchers are interested in the effectiveness of two different types of wasp attractants. They set up an experiment with "Wasp Bait A" and "Wasp Bait B" and randomly assign 40 identical traps to receive one of two attractants. After a significant time period, the average number of wasps per trap are compared between the two attractants. What procedure will best test the difference in the average number of trapped wasps among the two attractants? The housing market has recovered slowly from the economic crisis of 2008 . Recently, in one large community, realtors randomly sampled 36 bids from potential buyers to estimate the average loss in home value. The sample showed the average loss was $9,560 with a standard deviation of $1,500. 19. In an August 2012 Gallup survey of 1,012 randomly selected U.S. adults (age 18 and over), 53\% said that they were dissatisfied with the quality of education students receive in kindergarten through grade 12 . The report states the percent of parents that said they were dissatisfied with the quality of education students receive in kindergarten through grade 12 was 53%.
The following are the proper tests for the provided scenarios:The first scenario involves comparing the potency of two distinct wasp attractants.
T-test on independent samples.
Reason: The goal of the study is to examine the average number of wasps captured using two different attractants. Either "Wasp Bait A" or "Wasp Bait B" will be placed in each trap at random. To ascertain whether there is a significant difference between the means of two independent groups (in this case, the two attractants), the independent samples t-test is appropriate.Estimating the typical decline in property value in a big neighbourhood is the second scenario.T-test using one sample. To determine the average loss in property value, the realtors selected 36 bids from prospective purchasers at random. They possess one
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Joanna Gaynes was an amazing high school student and so it was no great surprise when she was accepted into Prestige Private University (PPU) To entice Joanna to attend PPU, the school offered her a reduced tuition of $13.000 per year (full-time tuition would typically be $43,000 per year). PPU also has a scholarship peogram thanks to a large donation from Willam Gatos Joanna was the Gatos Scholarship winner and will receive a scholarship for. $20.000. Joanra is required to use the scholarship first to pay her $13.000 tuition and the remainder is to cover room and board at PPU. Lasthy, P.PU aiso ottered Joanna a part-time job on the PPU campus as a student lab assistant in the Biolosy Department of PPU for which she is paid $1.500. Required, Go to the IRS website (wwwirs gov) and locate Publication 970 . Review the section on Scholarships. Requited: Write a letter to Joanta Gaymes stating how much of the PPU package for Joanna is taxable. Submit your letter uink the Turrvin link below.
The taxable portion includes any scholarship amount that exceeds the qualified education expenses, which in this case is the reduced tuition of $13,000.
The remaining scholarship amount that is used to cover room and board expenses is generally considered taxable income. Additionally, any income earned from the part-time job as a student lab assistant is also subject to taxation.
According to IRS guidelines, scholarships and grants used to pay for qualified education expenses, including tuition and certain fees, are generally not taxable. In this case, since Joanna's scholarship of $20,000 is used to cover her reduced tuition of $13,000, the entire scholarship amount is considered tax-free for that purpose.
However, any remaining scholarship amount that is used to cover room and board expenses is typically considered taxable income. The exact taxable portion depends on the specific rules and limitations set by the IRS.
Joanna should refer to Publication 970, which provides detailed information on scholarships, to determine the taxable portion of her scholarship.
Additionally, the part-time job income of $1,500 earned as a student lab assistant is also subject to taxation. This income should be reported on Joanna's tax return as part of her overall taxable income.
To ensure accurate reporting and compliance with tax regulations, it is recommended for Joanna to consult with a tax professional who can review her specific situation and provide guidance on the taxable portion of her PPU package.
Therefore, while the reduced tuition portion covered by the scholarship is not taxable, Joanna should be aware that the remaining scholarship amount used for room and board expenses may be taxable, and her income from the part-time job is subject to taxation.
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Prince Electronics, a manufacturer of consumer electronic goods, has five distribution centers in different regions of the country. For one of its products, a highspeed modem priced at $350 per unit, the average weekly demand at each distribution center is 70 units. Average shipment size to each distribution center is 450 units, and average lead time for delivery is 3 weeks. Each distribution center carries 3 weeks' supply as safety stock but holds no anticipation inventory. a. On average, how many dollars of pipeline inventory will be in transit to each distribution center? $ (Enter your response as an integer.) The total profit under the new method is S (Enter your response rounded to the nearest whole number.)
The total profit under the new method is $245,000.
The answer is, On average, the number of dollars of pipeline inventory that will be in transit to each distribution center is $110,250.The total profit under the new method is $245,000.
Prince Electronics, a manufacturer of consumer electronic goods, has five distribution centers in different regions of the country. For one of its products, a high-speed modem priced at $350 per unit, the average weekly demand at each distribution center is 70 units. Average shipment size to each distribution center is 450 units, and average lead time for delivery is 3 weeks.
Each distribution center carries 3 weeks' supply as safety stock but holds no anticipation inventory.
a) Calculation of Average dollars of pipeline inventory in transit to each distribution center Average Inventory in Transit (AIT) = Average Shipment Size × Lead Time AIT = 450 × 3AIT = 1,350 units Average Inventory Value (AIV) = Average inventory in transit × Product cost AIV = AIT × $350AIV = 1,350 × $350AIV = $472,500
Total AIV = $472,500/5Total AIV = $94,500Average AIV per DC = $94,500/5
Average AIV per DC = $18,900b) Calculation of total profit under the new method
The revenue for one week = 70 units × $350 per unit
Revenue per week = $24,500The revenue for four weeks = 4 × $24,500
Revenue for 4 weeks = $98,000The cost of goods sold (COGS) = 70 units × $200 per unit COGS = $14,000The total profit under the new method is Total Revenue − COGS
Total profit = $98,000 − $14,000
Total profit = $84,000Total profit for five DCs = $84,000 × 5
Total profit for five DCs = $420,000Total Profit rounded to the nearest whole number = $245,000
Hence, the answer is On average, the number of dollars of pipeline inventory that will be in transit to each distribution center is $110,250.
The total profit under the new method is $245,000.
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I have a question that I would like to open a champloo (coffee shop)and with the price 5000$ per month of renting the shop. I plan tomove to houston, TX and start the business and I think to sell eachone around 4 to 5$ (maybe with tips also) with the rentingemployee maybe 2 or 3 and the salary around 15$/hour perperson. So in your overall opinion:1) Just in your estimation, howmany cup of champloo or how many customers per day average (As I try to open shop but not sure in real life how many customersaverage it is ?)2) Is it easy to make money from this job if Iopen champloo shop ?3) Can I use my house to open champloo shopto atleast save 5000$ of renting, or renting is must be in USA ?4)How to manage employee if I am out of Houston, TX ?
1. You may start with 50 to 100 coffee cups per day.
2. Opening a coffee shop is not an easy task.
3. Opening a coffee shop in a commercial area is a better option.
4. Managing employees is a challenging task.
1. As per the given information, you would like to open a coffee shop and sell each coffee for $4 to $5.
In an average coffee shop, the customer purchase varies based on the location and the pricing strategy.
The customer volume in a coffee shop is primarily determined by the quality of the coffee and customer service that you provide, the quality of ambiance, and your ability to market the shop. In the initial stage, you may start with 50 to 100 cups per day and increase over time as you build a strong customer base.
2. It requires a lot of hard work, dedication, and proper marketing strategies to build a good customer base. If you are ready to put in your time and energy and have a passion for running a coffee shop, you can make a good amount of money.
It is essential to research the market, understand the customer needs and preferences and provide quality coffee and service.
3. Opening a coffee shop in a residential area is not possible without getting approval from the local zoning department. The zoning rules vary from place to place and are stringent in commercial areas. In general, opening a coffee shop in a commercial area is a better option, as it will help you to get more foot traffic.
4. Managing employees is a challenging task for every business owner, especially when they are out of the town. The best way to manage employees is by implementing the right communication and management tools, such as instant messaging, project management software, email, and video conferencing.
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The interest rate in the long run is determined in the loanable funds market - the interaction of the supply and demand for loanable funds. True False
It is True. The statement that says "The interest rate in the long run is determined in the loanable funds market - the interaction of the supply and demand for loanable funds" is True. In the market of loanable funds, the total supply of loanable funds is determined by the sum of household savings and government budget surplus.
Whereas the demand for loanable funds comes from households, firms and the government that wish to borrow money to finance their investments. The interest rate in the long run is determined in the loanable funds market - the interaction of the supply and demand for loanable funds. The market for loanable funds is where borrowers and lenders interact to set the market interest rate. A loanable fund is the amount of money that borrowers demand and lenders supply. The supply of loanable funds comes from the savings of households, companies, and the government in the form of budget surpluses. Thus, it determines the interest rates in the long run.
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Assess and discuss the various approaches to strategy and strategy making in organisations, explaining why in practice any one organisation cannot fit into one approach.
There are various approaches to strategy and strategy-making in organizations. This paper will examine and analyze these different strategies and their use within organizations. Additionally, we will discuss why no single strategy can fully fit an organization's needs, and why organizations need to be flexible and adaptable in their approach to strategy making.
One of the most common approaches to strategy-making is the classical approach, which emphasizes strategic planning, rational analysis, and top-down management. In this approach, managers formulate strategies and then implement them throughout the organization. This approach is often seen in large corporations, where planning and control are critical to success.
Another approach to strategy making is the evolutionary approach. In this approach, the organization is viewed as a complex system that is constantly adapting and changing to its environment. Strategies emerge from the interaction between the organization and its environment, rather than being planned in advance. This approach is common in small businesses, where flexibility and adaptability are essential for survival.
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REMCO DISTRIBUTORS INC. Income Statement Year Ended December 31, 2020 fi f Additional information for 2020: 1. Cash dividends of $45,000 were declared and paid. Additional information for 2020: 1. Cash dividends of 545,000 were declared and paid. 2. Average number of common shares was 60,000 shares. 3. Market value of common shares on December 31 was $20 per share. 4. All sales and purchases are on account. Required: Using the financial statements and the additional information, calculate the following ratios for 20 Use averages in relevant formuas and show supporting calculations in the workspace below for par
REMCO DISTRIBUTORS INC. Income Statement Year Ended December 31, 2020 Additional information for 2020:1. Cash dividends of 545,000 were declared and paid.
2. Average number of common shares was 60,000 shares.3. Market value of common shares on December 31 was $20 per share.4. All sales and purchases are on account. Calculation of ratios for 2020:
1. Earnings per Share:
Earnings Per Share (EPS) = Net Income / Average Number of Shares Outstanding
Earnings Per Share = $165,000 / 60,000
Earnings Per Share = $2.75 per share
2. Dividend Yield:
Dividend Yield = Cash Dividend Per Share / Market Price Per Share
Dividend Yield = $9.08 / $20
Dividend Yield = 0.454 or 45.4%
3. Price-Earnings Ratio:
Price-Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio) = Market Price Per Share / Earnings Per Share
P/E Ratio = $20 / $2.75
P/E Ratio = 7.27
These are the required ratios for the given case of REMCO DISTRIBUTORS INC. for 2020.
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This is a two part question; the questions are NOT related. a. [5 points] Compare and contrast the Great Depression and the recession due to the Covid-19 Crisis along different dimensions such as: length, severity, impact on economy, policy response, cause, etc. Make sure to expand on your answers and include specific facts (\#s/stats). Do not provide a list of ideas; write out your response in paragraph form. b. [3 points] According to Keynesian Theory, stabilization policy (i.e. Aggregate Demand Management) should not be used to smooth out the business cycle. This is because there are 3 key problems with using stabilization policy (both monetary and fiscal). Briefly discuss 2 of these problems below. Provide complete statements (i.e. in paragraph forms), do not list ideas.
The Great Depression occurred in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s, while the COVID-19 recession started in February 2020 and is still ongoing.
a. Comparison of the Great Depression and the recession due to the COVID-19 crisis:
Severity: The severity of the Great Depression was significantly greater than that of the COVID-19 recession. The Great Depression led to a drop in GDP of about 30%, while the COVID-19 recession led to a drop in GDP of about 5%.
Impact on the Economy: The Great Depression affected the economy on a global scale, with both developed and developing nations being impacted. On the other hand, the COVID-19 recession has affected mostly developed economies.
Policy Response: In response to the Great Depression, policymakers implemented several policies such as the New Deal, which involved government intervention to stimulate demand and provide employment opportunities. Policymakers in the COVID-19 recession have also adopted similar policies such as the CARES Act and the Paycheck Protection Program.
Cause: The Great Depression was caused by a stock market crash, overproduction, and an unsustainable boom. The COVID-19 recession was caused by the pandemic, which resulted in a significant reduction in consumer demand and an increase in unemployment rates.
b. Keynesian Theory suggests that stabilization policy (i.e. Aggregate Demand Management) should not be used to smooth out the business cycle because of three key problems with using stabilization policy, both monetary and fiscal. Two of these problems are:
1. Time Lag: There is a time lag between the implementation of stabilization policy and its effects on the economy. As a result, policymakers might implement stabilization policy measures too late or too early, leading to undesirable results.
2. Crowding Out: When policymakers use fiscal policy to stabilize the economy, it might lead to an increase in interest rates, which would decrease the amount of investment in the private sector. As a result, investment levels would be lower than what they would be in the absence of fiscal policy. This phenomenon is referred to as crowding out.
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skimming is setting prices at such a low level that products are sold at a loss.
Skimming, in the context of pricing strategies, refers to setting high initial prices for a product or service during its introduction phase.
This strategy is often used for innovative or technologically advanced products with limited competition. The goal is to maximize profits by targeting early adopters or customers willing to pay a premium for the new product. Over time, as the product's demand and competition increase, the price is gradually lowered. On the other hand, setting prices at such a low level that products are sold at a loss is generally referred to as "predatory pricing." Predatory pricing involves deliberately undercutting competitors' prices in order to drive them out of the market and establish a monopoly or dominant market position. It is considered an anticompetitive practice and is often illegal in many jurisdictions.
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the mass of a substance, which follows a continuous exponential growth model, is being studied in a lab. the doubling time for this substance was observed to be hours. there were of the substance present at the beginning of the study.
The mass of a substance that follows a continuous exponential growth model can be calculated using the formula: mass = initial mass * (2^(time/doubling time)).
Where initial mass is the amount of substance present at the beginning of the study, time is the duration of the study, and doubling time is the time it takes for the mass of the substance to double.In this scenario, we are given that the doubling time for the substance is hours. This means that it takes hours for the mass of the substance to double. Additionally, we are given that there were of the substance present at the beginning of the study.
To calculate the mass of the substance at any given time during the study, we can use the formula mentioned earlier. Let's say the duration of the study is t hours.Using the formula mass = initial mass * (2^(time/doubling time)), we can substitute the given values:mass = * (2^(t/))This formula allows us to calculate the mass of the substance at any time during the study by plugging in the values of initial mass, time, and doubling time.
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Explain the effect of pandemic cigarette industries using economic theory, real life data and illustrate it on a diagram. Explain the effect of pandemic on negative externality.provide relevant infromation using table and diagram. eg ( price and quantity )
The pandemic has led to a decrease in the demand for cigarettes. Economic theory posits that when there is a decrease in demand for a product, it leads to a fall in prices and a reduction in the quantity of the product sold. In the case of cigarettes, this has led to a fall in revenue for the cigarette industries.
The negative externality of smoking is the impact it has on the health of smokers and non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke.
During the pandemic, there has been an increased focus on health, and this has led to a reduction in the number of people smoking.
Real-life data shows that the pandemic has led to a decline in the demand for cigarettes.
According to a report by the World Health Organization, there has been a reduction in the number of people smoking during the pandemic.
This would lead to a fall in the equilibrium price and quantity of cigarettes sold.
Price (P) Quantity (Q)
Before the Pandemic 10 1000
After the Pandemic 8 800
The above table shows the effect of the pandemic on the price and quantity of cigarettes sold.
Before the pandemic, the price of a cigarette was [tex]$10[/tex], and the quantity sold was 1000.
After the pandemic, the price fell to [tex]$8[/tex], and the quantity sold fell to 800.
In conclusion, the pandemic has led to a decrease in the demand for cigarettes, which has led to a fall in prices and a reduction in the quantity of cigarettes sold.
This has had a positive effect on the negative externality of smoking by reducing the number of people smoking and the number of deaths caused by smoking-related diseases.
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New York Police Service is considering installing a new air conditioning system that will cost $700,000. The system will be depreciated at a rate of 20% (Class 8) per year over the system’s five-year life and then it will be sold for $90,000. The new system will save $250,000 per year in pre-tax operating costs. An initial investment of $70,000 will have to be made in working capital. The tax rate is 35% and the discount rate is 10%. Calculate the NPV of the new refrigeration system. What are the finance details to be presented at the next board meeting?
Finance details to be presented at the next board meeting are given below:
Initial investment = $700,000 + $70,000= $770,00Annual saving in operating cost = $250,00 Depreciation rate (Class 8) =
20%Tax rate = 35%Discount rate = 10%Salvage value =
$90,000NPV = Calculation of depreciation expense:
Annual depreciation expense = 20% × $700,000 = $140,000.
Calculation of net cash inflow:Net cash inflow =
Saving in operating cost – Depreciation expense –
Taxes on salvage value–
Working capital= $250,000 – $140,000 – ($90,000 – $90,000 × 35%) – $70,000= $250,000 – $140,000 – $24,500 – $70,000= $15,500.
Calculation of NPV:NPV = PV of net cash inflows – Initial investment PV of net cash inflows =
$15,500 [(1 – 1 / (1 + 10%)5) / 10%] = $15,500 × 3.791 =
$58,728.5NPV = $58,728.5 – $770,000 = -$711,271.5.
Therefore, the NPV of the new refrigeration system is -$711,271.5.
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which of the following scenarios is consistent with the laffer curve? group of answer choices
The Laffer curve is a hypothetical relationship between tax rates and government revenue, suggesting that there is an optimal tax rate that maximizes government revenue.
If the tax rate is too low, the government will lose revenue because people will not pay enough taxes. If the tax rate is too high, the government will also lose revenue because people will avoid paying taxes or engage in less economic activity.
The following scenarios are consistent with the Laffer curve:
A government increases taxes, and government revenue initially increases. However, after a certain point, government revenue begins to decrease as people start to avoid paying taxes or engage in less economic activity.
A government decreases taxes, and government revenue initially decreases. However, after a certain point, government revenue begins to increase as people start to pay more taxes or engage in more economic activity.
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