2. New Supply - how do we measure it? How can we calculate it (example/ exercise)?

Globalization refers to the process by which the world becomes more interconnected through technological advancement, international trade, and the creation of international institutions.

Globalization has had a significant impact on individual states, societies, and the environment. The essay discusses the impact of globalisation on the individual state, society, and the environment and provides a critical discussion on the same.(a) Impact of Globalisation on the individual stateGlobalisation has affected individual states in several ways. Some of the positive impacts of globalisation on individual states include improved economic performance and increased trade. This is because globalisation enables countries to specialize in certain goods or services, which increases the efficiency of production and leads to economies of scale. In addition, globalisation has led to increased foreign investment, which has helped some countries to achieve higher levels of economic growth.On the other hand, globalisation has had some negative impacts on individual states. For instance, globalisation has led to increased competition between countries, which can lead to the displacement of workers in some industries. Additionally, globalization has led to increased inequality in some countries. This has helped to reduce the negative impact of economic activity on the environment. On the other hand, globalisation has had some negative impacts on the environment. For instance, globalisation has led to increased consumption and the production of goods and services, which has led to increased greenhouse gas emissions and other forms of pollution. While globalization has brought about many benefits, it has also had some negative impacts that need to be addressed to ensure a sustainable and equitable future for all.

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Jake's decision to approve the revenues is an example of a programmed decision because the underlying problem  is  frequent, repetitive, and routine. option(d)

Jake's decision to approve the revenues based on the finance manager's recommendation can be considered a programmed decision because it falls under the category of a frequent, repetitive, and routine problem. Programmed decisions are those that can be automated or handled using established rules, procedures, or guidelines. In this case, the finance manager has determined appropriate revenue recognition for each of the 55 projects based on company policy and standard procedures. This suggests that the decision-making process is well-defined and follows a set pattern.

The finance manager's statement indicates that the projects have routine revenue accrual, which implies that the process of determining appropriate revenue recognition for each project is a recurring task. Since the manager has prepared financial affidavits for each project and recommends approval based on established procedures, the decision to approve the revenues becomes a repetitive action following a predefined pattern.

Programmed decisions are typically low-risk and do not require much cognitive effort or creativity since they rely on predefined rules and routines. In this scenario, the finance manager's recommendation aligns with the established protocols, making it a programmed decision rather than a novel or unstructured one. option(d)

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Yes, the IBM Company addresses the sustainable development goals framework on their company website and CSR report.

Below are the SDGs addressed by the IBM company:• Quality Education: IBM has created various initiatives to advance quality education around the world, including IBM SkillsBuild and IBM Digital-Nation Africa.• Gender Equality: IBM provides equal opportunities for all workers regardless of gender, and their goal is to achieve gender equality in the workplace.• Decent Work and Economic Growth: IBM provides employees with decent work conditions and contributes to the economic growth of the countries where they operate.

• Responsible Consumption and Production: IBM works to reduce its impact on the environment by developing sustainable and innovative technologies.• Climate Action: IBM has committed to reducing its carbon footprint and promoting sustainability throughout its supply chain.IBM has been a longtime proponent of sustainability, having made significant contributions to the SDG agenda, particularly in the areas of climate action and responsible consumption and production, which are aligned with its business priorities.

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The cost of the bond for the company can be calculated by considering the market price, coupon interest rate, flotation costs, and the corporate tax rate. The correct answer is (c) 7.6%.

To calculate the cost of the bond for the company, we need to take into account several factors. The market price of the bond is $970, which is lower than the par value of $1,000. The coupon interest rate is 10%, and the flotation costs for a new issue are approximately 5%.

First, we calculate the after-tax cost of debt by adjusting the coupon interest rate for the corporate tax rate. Since the tax rate is 33%, the after-tax cost of debt is 10% * (1 - 0.33) = 6.7%.

Next, we consider the flotation costs. Flotation costs reduce the amount of funds raised from the bond issuance. In this case, the flotation costs are 5%, which means the company will receive 95% of the par value.

To calculate the cost of the bond for the company, we combine the after-tax cost of debt with the adjusted market price after accounting for flotation costs. The cost of the bond is ($970 * 95%) / $1,000 = 0.9705. Converting it to a percentage gives us 7.6%.

Therefore, the correct answer is (c) 7.6%.

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Non-traditional media can be a valuable tool for businesses looking to engage their target audience and boost their ROI.

Non-traditional media refers to any new medium used to communicate with the masses besides traditional media such as newspapers, radio, and television. It can be any format such as podcasts, blogs, social media, mobile applications, and more.

Non-traditional media is often more cost-effective, efficient, and easier to access than traditional media, allowing companies to reach a broader audience. They also provide an opportunity for businesses to engage with their target audience by creating more personalized messages, which can result in increased customer loyalty and engagement.

For example, influencer marketing is a type of non-traditional media that utilizes social media platforms to advertise and promote products or services. This form of marketing relies on the use of popular personalities with large followings to drive brand awareness and increase sales.

A well-executed influencer marketing campaign can result in a higher return on investment (ROI) compared to traditional marketing methods. In conclusion, non-traditional media can be a valuable tool for businesses looking to engage their target audience and boost their ROI.

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The statement "The IS vision must be aligned with and reflect the firm's business strategy and will thus be unique and highly specific for a company" is true.

A company's information systems (IS) vision should align with and mirror the company's business strategy. A company's IS plan should be exclusive and highly specific since it should reflect the company's objectives, mission, and goals.The connection between a firm's business strategy and its information systems strategy is crucial. Information systems strategy must reflect business strategy because information systems are a key enabler of business strategy. A company's information system vision must align with and reflect the company's business strategy, meaning that information systems must enable the execution of business strategy.The development of information systems strategy must be a vital part of the business strategy development process. The reason is that a company's information systems strategy will enable and support its business strategy. The alignment of these two strategies would result in achieving the company's goals and objectives.

In this context, the answer is true.In summary, an IS vision must be aligned with and reflect the firm's business strategy, and it should be unique and highly specific for a company. This is because a company's IS plan should reflect its objectives, mission, and goals.

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Service level is defined as the probability of not running out of stock when the demand is high, so this question is asking for the safety inventory needed to satisfy this probability of not running out of stock. The correct option is (A) 4266 units.

The standard deviation is used as a measure of variability of the demand of wine bottles. Service level is defined as the probability of not running out of stock when the demand is high. In other words, it is the probability of fulfilling customer orders without delay. It represents the percentage of demand that the system can meet through the available inventory at a given time. For example, a 90% service level implies that the company can meet 90% of the total demand at a specific time. Safety inventory is the quantity of stock held in reserve to protect against uncertainty in demand or lead time. It is the buffer stock that ensures customer orders can be fulfilled without delay. Since we are looking for the area to the left of the mean, we subtract 0.5 (50%) from 0.9 (90%) to get 0.4 (40%). Using the standard normal distribution table, we find that the z-score for 0.4 is 1.28. The safety inventory needed to achieve a service level of 90% for Vino's warehouse can be calculated using the formula:

Safety inventory = z-score × standard deviation of demand

Substituting the given values, we get:

Safety inventory = 1.28 × 3333

Safety inventory = 4262.4

Rounding up to the nearest whole number, we get the answer as 4266 units.

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The estimation of the cost of equity using the CAPM model is 12.3%.

1. Cost of Equity using CAPM modelThe CAPM model stands for Capital Asset Pricing Model. It helps in the computation of the required return on any asset given the risk-free rate of return, market risk premium, and asset's beta. The formula for CAPM is as follows:

r = Rf + Beta (Rm - Rf)

Here, r represents the cost of equity, Rf is the risk-free rate, Beta is the systematic risk or equity risk of the company, Rm is the expected market risk premium.In this case, the long term historical average return on European government bonds is the risk-free rate, which is 4.5%.

The systematic risk or beta for equity B is 1.20

The risk premium expected for the market is 6%

Plugging the values in the formula:

r = 4.5 + 1.20(6) = 12.3%

Therefore, the estimation of the cost of equity using the CAPM model is 12.3%.

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Information management is an essential aspect of a modern business that is facilitated by Information Technology (IT). It involves collecting, processing, storing, and disseminating data within an organization. This process provides relevant information that enables managers to make informed decisions on strategic and operational issues.

This essay will explain why it is important for general managers to be directly involved in information technology decision-making and convince the managing director why he needs to be involved.
Firstly, general managers should be directly involved in IT decision-making as they are responsible for managing the organization's strategic and operational activities. They need to ensure that information management aligns with the business's goals and objectives. They also need to make sure that the IT infrastructure meets the organization's needs. For instance, they need to ensure that data is secure, and the IT system is reliable to support the organization's operations.
Secondly, general managers need to be involved in IT decision-making as it helps to ensure that the IT system supports the organization's operations. The managers understand the organization's processes and how technology can be used to improve efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness. For instance, they can identify areas where technology can be used to automate tasks, eliminate redundancies, and streamline workflows. This can help to improve the organization's performance and competitive advantage.
Thirdly, the general manager needs to be involved in IT decision-making as it helps to ensure that the organization complies with regulatory requirements. The managers need to ensure that the IT system meets legal and regulatory requirements. For instance, they need to ensure that data is stored and processed in compliance with data protection laws.
In conclusion, general managers need to be directly involved in IT decision-making to ensure that information management aligns with the business's goals and objectives, to improve efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness, and to ensure regulatory compliance. The managing director also needs to be involved in IT decision-making as he has overall responsibility for the organization's performance and needs to ensure that IT infrastructure supports the business's goals and objectives.

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When auditing the sales and collection cycle for the Hospital Cahaya, the auditor will examine how sales are recorded in the financial statements.

The cycle starts with the sale of medical services, with the subsequent issuance of invoices to patients or their insurance providers. Patients or their insurers then pay the invoices. An auditor's main concern is to verify that all sales and cash collections are correctly recorded and accounted for in the financial statements. They must also ensure that all amounts recorded in the financial statements are genuine, accurate, and complete.
The hospital's reputation for excellent medical services and poor record-keeping can pose a significant risk to the audit process. Given the shortage of accounting personnel, there is no time for internal verification or careful performance. As a result, misstatements in billings, cash receipts, and accounts receivables have been found in previous years. As a result, the auditor will need to be more careful in verifying the accuracy of the financial statements. This means they will need to conduct more detailed testing procedures to ensure that there are no material misstatements.

Auditing sales and collection cycles are vital as the two largest assets of any hospital are account receivable and property, plant and equipment. Hence, there is a higher chance of errors and misstatements. The auditor will need to plan their audit procedures carefully, given the hospital's poor record-keeping and the past misstatements that have been discovered. The auditor may consider developing and implementing an internal control framework that will help in improving the hospital's record-keeping and prevent future errors.
To minimize the risks of material misstatements, the auditor may consider conducting more substantive tests of transactions to ensure that all sales are appropriately recorded and that all cash collections are accurately accounted for in the financial statements. They may also want to scrutinize the hospital's billings, cash receipts, and account receivables records thoroughly to identify any misstatements that may exist. Further, the auditor may also want to evaluate the hospital's accounting personnel and provide recommendations on hiring more staff to improve the record-keeping process.

In conclusion, auditing the sales and collection cycle for a hospital such as Hospital Cahaya is crucial, given the hospital's two largest assets are account receivable and property, plant, and equipment. Given the hospital's reputation for excellent medical services and poor record-keeping, the auditor must be more careful in their audit procedures to identify and prevent material misstatements. The auditor may consider implementing an internal control framework, conducting substantive tests, scrutinizing the hospital's records thoroughly, evaluating accounting personnel, and making recommendations for future improvements.

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(i) To calculate the size of Mobius' month-end mortgage payment, we can use the formula for the monthly payment on a mortgage:

M = P * r * (1 + r)ⁿ / ((1 + r)ⁿ - 1)

Where:

M = Monthly payment

P = Loan amount

r = Monthly INTEREST rate

n = Number of payments

In this case:

P = $9,000,000 - (40% * $9,000,000) = $5,400,000 (Loan amount after the down payment)

r = 6% / 12 = 0.005 (Monthly interest rate)

n = 20 * 12 = 240 (Number of payments)

Plugging these values into the formula:

M = $5,400,000 * 0.005 * (1 + 0.005)²⁴⁰ / ((1 + 0.005)²⁴⁰ - 1)

M ≈ $40,438.56

So, Mobius' month-end mortgage payment is approximately $40,438.56.

(ii) To calculate the outstanding loan balance after the 80th loan repayment, we can use the formula for the remaining loan balance:

B = P * ((1 + r)ⁿ - (1 + r)ᵐ) / ((1 + r)ⁿ - 1)

Where:

B = Remaining loan balance

P = Loan amount

r = Monthly interest rate

n = Number of payments

m = Number of payments made

In this case:

P = $5,400,000 (Loan amount after the down payment)

r = 0.005 (Monthly interest rate)

n = 240 (Number of payments)

m = 80 (Number of payments made)

Plugging these values into the formula:

B = $5,400,000 * ((1 + 0.005)²⁴⁰ - (1 + 0.005)⁸⁰) / ((1 + 0.005)²⁴⁰ - 1)

B ≈ $3,279,171.14

So, the outstanding loan balance after the 80th loan repayment is approximately $3,279,171.14.

(iii) To calculate the size of the interest payment in the 81st loan repayment, we can subtract the principal repaid in the 81st repayment from the total monthly payment.

Interest payment = Monthly payment - Principal repaid

(iv) To calculate the size of the principal repaid in the 81st loan repayment, we can subtract the interest payment in the 81st repayment from the total monthly payment.

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The correct answer is d). all are correct. the Tiananmen Square events occurred in China, they are not directly related to the labor market in the Japanese economy.

Explanation: The labor market in the Japanese economy has fewer labor unions than the US, has a paternalistic attitude towards labor, and has a lower level of foreign workers. All three statements are correct. In Japan, labor unions have historically been less prevalent compared to the United States, with a smaller percentage of the workforce being unionized. The Japanese employment system often emphasizes a paternalistic relationship between employers and employees, with a focus on long-term employment, company loyalty, and job security.

Additionally, Japan has relatively lower levels of foreign workers compared to some other countries. Therefore, options a), b), and c) are all correct statements about the labor market in the Japanese economy, making option d) the correct answer. Option e) is not correct since it combines options b) and c), which are both correct.

Please note that while the Tiananmen Square events occurred in China, they are not directly related to the labor market in the Japanese economy.

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The correct option is D) $705.03. The predicted new price of the bond (including convexity) can be calculated by using the formula given below:Change in bond price = (- Modified duration x ∆y x P) + (Convexity x ∆y² x P).

Where,Modified duration (Dm) = 10.5 Convexity (C) = 128.75 Initial bond price (P) = $805.76∆y = Change in yield in decimal form = 0.02 Firstly, calculate the price change due to modified duration:Change in bond price due to modified duration= (- Modified duration x ∆y x P)=- (10.5 x 0.02 x $805.76)=- $168.99. Secondly, calculate the price change due to convexity:Change in bond price due to convexity= Convexity x ∆y² x P= 128.75 x (0.02)² x $805.76= $68.26. Lastly, add up the results of both calculations:Predicted new price of the bond = Initial bond price + Change in bond price= $805.76 - $168.99 + $68.26= $705.03.

Therefore, the predicted new price of the bond (including convexity) when the interest rate is increased 200 basis points is $705.03.

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As the Marketing Manager of Makro, some of the quick actions that can be taken in response to COVID-19 are; Communicating with Customers: Makro can quickly communicate with its customers through email, SMS, or social media, reassuring them of the steps being taken to ensure their safety and well-being.

Makro can also provide updates about any changes to store hours, policies, or services offered, as well as any new safety protocols that are being implemented. Creating an Online Shopping Platform: Makro can quickly establish or improve its online shopping platform for customers to shop from home. This will help Makro to increase sales as customers are able to shop for essential items while in isolation. Implementing Safety Measures: Makro can introduce various safety measures such as temperature checks for employees, hand sanitizers, and the use of face masks, to make customers feel safe.

Makro can also put up posters and signs about health guidelines provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) throughout the stores. Educating Employees: Makro can educate employees on the symptoms of COVID-19 and how to prevent its spread. Makro can also provide training on how to handle customers who may have symptoms of the virus and establish protocols on how to handle any suspected or confirmed cases within the store. Makro can also implement remote working to reduce the number of employees in stores. Avoiding Exploitative Practices: Makro can avoid price gouging or taking advantage of the current situation to make excessive profits. Instead, Makro can maintain fair pricing and offer discounts where possible to make essential items more affordable for customers. Finally, Makro can use its platforms to educate customers about the virus and encourage them to follow health guidelines provided by WHO. By following these quick actions, Makro will be able to effectively respond to the pandemic while also continuing to meet the needs of its customers.

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1. Credit rating systems and credit scoring models as measures of credit risk: comparison and contrastCredit scoring models and credit rating systems are two mechanisms that are used to measure credit risk.

Credit scoring models are commonly used in personal lending, whereas credit rating systems are primarily used in corporate lending. Although they both measure credit risk, the information they provide is different. A credit rating system determines the creditworthiness of a borrower, while a credit scoring model assesses the likelihood of default on a loan. Credit scoring models use a borrower's credit history, income, and other factors to calculate a score. Credit rating systems, on the other hand, assess the financial health of a company and its ability to repay loans. Credit rating systems are used primarily by credit rating agencies to assign a credit rating to a borrower. These agencies have different criteria that they use to assess credit risk, but they all focus on the borrower's financial health, operating environment, and creditworthiness.

2. Approaches used to conduct risk-adjusted performance measurement in commercial banks: critical evaluation

Risk-adjusted performance measurement (RAPM) is used to assess the performance of a commercial bank by taking into account the risk associated with the bank's operations. RAPM allows for the evaluation of a bank's performance after adjusting for the risk it takes on. The approaches used to conduct RAPM in commercial banks include: Economic Value Added (EVA), Return on Risk-Adjusted Capital (RORAC), and Risk-Adjusted Return on Capital (RAROC). Each approach has its strengths and weaknesses, and a bank must choose the approach that best suits its needs. The main sources of risk in commercial banks are credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, and operational risk. Credit risk is the risk of default by a borrower. Market risk is the risk of loss from changes in market conditions. Liquidity risk is the risk of loss from the inability to meet financial obligations. Operational risk is the risk of loss from inadequate or failed processes, systems, or people. A bank must have systems in place to manage each of these risks to ensure its long-term viability.

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Mobil should accept the project that has a higher net present value (NPV) because it will generate more value for the company.

The NPV takes into account the present value of cash inflows and outflows over the life of the project, discounted by the company's cost of capital. Therefore, the project with the higher NPV represents the one that will create more value for the company. To determine which project has a higher NPV, Mobil needs to evaluate both projects' cash flows and discount them to the present value. The project with a higher NPV should be accepted, and the other one should be rejected.

However, Mobil should also consider other factors such as the feasibility and risk associated with each project. It is essential to assess whether the company has the necessary resources and expertise to execute the project successfully. Additionally, the company should evaluate the project's potential impact on the environment and society. Ultimately, Mobil should select the project that aligns with its values and goals while maximizing shareholder value.

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The people who will purchase one of the three beachfront parcels based on their willingness and capacity to purchase as seen in the table.

These people have the biggest offers from interested parties, with Darnell offering $700,000, Eleanor offering $630,000, and Jacques offering $590,000.It seems conceivable that one of the remaining possible bidders will buy the oceanfront parcel if a second, almost similar one becomes available for sale at a minimum price of $560,000. They might not be able to purchase the plot though since their willingness to pay is less than the required amount. The lot might stay if no other buyers emerge with a higher willingness to pay.

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Marquez will recognize a $4,714 ordinary gain on the sale of the equipment.

To calculate the gain or loss, we need to compare the selling price of the equipment to its adjusted basis. The adjusted basis is determined by subtracting the accumulated depreciation from the original cost of the equipment.

The original cost of the equipment was $58,750, and the accumulated depreciation for 2020 and 2021 was $6,964. Therefore, the adjusted basis of the equipment is $58,750 - $6,964 = $51,786.

Since Marquez sold the equipment for $56,500, we subtract the adjusted basis from the selling price to calculate the gain or loss. $56,500 - $51,786 = $4,714.

The gain or loss is classified as ordinary because the equipment was held for less than one year. In this case, Marquez will recognize a $4,714 ordinary gain on the sale of the equipment.

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the setup of accounts and recording of transactions for Tragger Toting Company, as well as the three financial statements produced:

Setting up accounts and recording transactions:

Problem 1. The accounts set up for Tragger Toting Company include:

Cash

Accounts Receivable

Supplies

Truck

Accounts Payable

Capital Stock

Retained Earnings

Opening balances for each account are not given, so they are assumed to be zero at the start of January 2022.

The transactions for the month of January 2022 are recorded as follows:

Transaction (a): Tammy sold $14,700 worth of capital stock and opened a checking account for the business. The amount is recorded as an increase in Cash and Capital Stock.

Transaction (b): $900 worth of supplies were bought for cash, resulting in a decrease in Cash and an increase in Supplies.

Transaction (c): A truck was purchased for $25,000, with a 25% down payment made in cash and the rest put on account. This results in a decrease in Cash and an increase in Truck and Accounts Payable.

Transactions (d) to (i): Deliveries were made to customers, some on account and some for cash, resulting in an increase in Accounts Receivable and revenue earned. There are no cash payments received for the accounts receivable yet.

Transaction (h): Employee wages of $1,890 for January were paid, resulting in a decrease in Cash.

Transaction (i): A utility bill for January electricity amounting to $620 was received but will be paid in February.

Transaction (j): Cash of $1,950 was collected on account, resulting in an increase in Cash and a decrease in Accounts Receivable.

Transaction (k): Dividends of $250 were paid to the owners, resulting in a decrease in Cash and Retained Earnings.

The transactions are recorded in a column format, and the totals for each column are calculated to check for proper balance.

Problem 2. Financial statements for January 31, 2022:

Income Statement: The income statement summarizes the revenue earned and expenses incurred during the month. It shows that the company generated $6,000 in total revenue from deliveries on account and cash sales. The expenses, including supplies and employee wages, amounted to $2,590, resulting in a net income of $3,410.

Statement of Retained Earnings: The statement of retained earnings shows the changes in the retained earnings account during the month. It starts with an opening balance of $0 and adds the net income of $3,410. Dividends of $250 are then deducted to arrive at a closing balance of $3,160.

Balance Sheet: The balance sheet presents the financial position of the company as of January 31, 2022. It shows the assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity. The assets include cash, accounts receivable, supplies, and the truck. Liabilities consist of accounts payable. The stockholders' equity section includes capital stock and retained earnings. The total liabilities and stockholders' equity balance with the total assets.

These statements provide a snapshot of Tragger Toting Company's financial performance, retained earnings, and financial position at the end of January 2022.

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He can invest the entire amount, $90,000 in X2 and $10,000 in X1.

Let X1, X2, and X3 be the stock options being considered. Their characteristics are given below:X1: Cost = $100

Risk measure = 8

Price annual growth rate = 9%

Annual return = $14X2:

Cost = $120

Risk measure = 10

Price annual growth rate = 13%

Annual return = $15X3: Cost = $80

Risk measure = 7

Price annual growth rate = 8%

Annual return = $20

The investment manager has established the following priorities:

Total amount invested must be $90,000 or more.

Minimum annual average growth rate in stock prices is 12%.

The average risk factor of all stocks should not exceed 5.

Total annual return should be $15,000.

The objective function for goal programming is as follows:

Min P1d1+, P2d2+, P3d3-, P4d4-Min P1d1-, P2d2-, P3d3-, P4d4-Min P1d1-, P2d2-, P3d3+, P4d4-Min P1d1-, P2d2-, P3d3+, P4d4+Min P1d1+, P2d2-, P3d3+, P4d4

Solution:X1 X2 X3

Total Cost 100 120 80 300

Risk measure 8 10 7 25

Price annual growth rate 9% 13% 8% —Annual return 14 15 20 —Let X be the amount invested in each stock.

Then, the objective function is Min P1d1+, P2d2+, P3d3-, P4d4-(X1 + X2 + X3) ≥ 90,000 … (1)0.09X1 + 0.13X2 + 0.08X3 ≥ 0.12(X1 + X2 + X3) … (2)8/25 X1 + 10/25 X2 + 7/25 X3 ≤ 5 … (3)0.14X1 + 0.15X2 + 0.20X3 = 15,000 … (4)

The objective function to be minimized is: P1d1+, P2d2+, P3d3-, P4d4-.

Substituting (1), (2), and (3) in the objective function, we getP1(90000 - X1 - X2 - X3)+ P2(0.12(X1 + X2 + X3) - 0.09X1 - 0.13X2 - 0.08X3)+ P3(5 - 8/25 X1 - 10/25 X2 - 7/25 X3) - P4(15000 - 0.14X1 - 0.15X2 - 0.20X3)

Simplifying and rearranging, we get0.34P1 X1 + 0.22P2 X1 - 0.20P2 X2 - 0.12P3 X1 + 0.10P3 X2 - 0.28P3 X3 + 0.14P4 X1 + 0.15P4 X2 + 0.20P4 X3 ≤ 15000 - 90000 P1 + 0.12P2 + 5P3 + 15000 P4

The objective function for this is Min P1d1+, P2d2+, P3d3-, P4d4-. The investment manager needs to invest in X1 and X2. He can invest the entire amount, $90,000 in X2 and $10,000 in X1.

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Without access to Appendix A or the financial statements of Apple, it is not possible to provide specific s to questions 1, 2, 3, and 4.

1. To compute the net cost of goods purchase for the year ended September 28, 2019, we need to find the difference between the opening and closing inventories.

Unfortunately, without access to Appendix A or the financial statements of Apple, I cannot provide the exact figures for the inventories. However, the net cost of goods purchased can be calculated using the formula:

Net Cost of Goods Purchased = Opening Inventory + Purchases - Closing Inventory

By subtracting the closing inventory from the sum of the opening inventory and purchases, we can determine the net cost of goods purchased.

2. The current ratio is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities. The acid-test ratio, also known as the quick ratio, is calculated by subtracting inventory from current assets and then dividing the result by current liabilities. The current ratio and acid-test ratio for September 28, 2019, and September 29, 2018, can only be determined by referring to the financial statements provided in Appendix A.

3. To determine if Apple's 2019 current ratio outperforms or underperforms the assumed industry average of 1.5, we need to compare Apple's current ratio to the industry average. If Apple's current ratio is higher than 1.5, it would indicate that they are performing better in terms of liquidity compared to the industry average. Conversely, if Apple's current ratio is lower than 1.5, it would suggest that they are underperforming in terms of liquidity.

4. Similarly, to determine if Apple's 2019 acid-test ratio outperforms or underperforms the assumed industry average of 1.0, we need to compare Apple's acid-test ratio to the industry average. If Apple's acid-test ratio is higher than 1.0, it would indicate that they have a stronger ability to meet short-term obligations without relying on inventory. On the other hand, if Apple's acid-test ratio is lower than 1.0, it would suggest that they are underperforming compared to the industry average in terms of their ability to meet short-term obligations.

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There are several policies that can be implemented to minimize the damaging impact of global climate change. One effective policy is the implementation of a carbon tax.

A carbon tax is a tax on carbon emissions that would incentivize individuals and companies to reduce their carbon footprint. The revenue generated from the tax can be used to fund climate change mitigation efforts.

Another policy that can be implemented is the promotion of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro power. Governments can provide incentives and subsidies for the adoption of renewable energy, as well as penalties for the use of fossil fuels.

Furthermore, international agreements and regulations can also be put in place to address global climate change. The Paris Agreement, for example, aims to limit global temperature increase to below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Countries can work together to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and achieve this goal.

Overall, a combination of policies and efforts are needed to minimize the damaging impact of global climate change. It is important for governments, businesses, and individuals to take action to address this critical environmental and economic issue.

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The bargaining goals and strategies of a union may differ from those of the employer in several ways.

The unions' goal is to ensure that their members' benefits and wages are maintained or increased, while the employer's primary goal is to maximize profits. For example, a union might bargain for better health benefits or a wage increase in the collective bargaining agreement. The union's strategy for achieving these goals might include strikes, collective bargaining, and lobbying for policy changes. For example, a union may negotiate a higher wage for its members by threatening to go on strike if the employer refuses to agree to their demands. The union can also try to influence public policy by lobbying lawmakers to pass laws that favor workers' rights, such as minimum wage laws. On the other hand, the employer's bargaining strategy may include minimizing wages and benefits for employees to maximize profits. The employer may also resist unionization efforts, leading to legal disputes between the union and the employer. Employers may also try to influence public policy to favor their interests by lobbying lawmakers to pass laws that reduce regulations or taxes on businesses. Therefore, the bargaining goals and strategies of a union differ from those of the employer, with the union aiming to maximize workers' benefits and the employer aiming to maximize profits.

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Journal entries should be used for various types of transactions in accounting. These transactions include:

Initial recording of business transactions: When a business engages in any transaction, such as purchasing inventory, selling products, paying expenses, or receiving income, journal entries are used to record the details of these transactions.

Adjusting entries: At the end of an accounting period, adjusting entries are made to ensure that revenues and expenses are recognized in the correct period and that account balances reflect accurate financial information. Examples include recording accrued expenses or recognizing prepaid expenses.

Closing entries: At the end of an accounting period, closing entries are made to transfer temporary account balances (such as revenue and expense accounts) to the retained earnings or owner's equity account. This process helps reset the accounts for the next accounting period.

Reversing entries: In certain cases, reversing entries may be used to cancel out accruals or deferrals that were recorded in the previous accounting period, simplifying the subsequent period's accounting process.

These are just a few examples of the types of transactions that typically require journal entries. The specific transactions will depend on the nature of the business and its accounting practices.

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True: Credit spreads, which represent the difference in yields between bonds with higher credit risk and those with lower credit risk, tend to contract during economic recovery.

As economic conditions improve, investors become more optimistic about the ability of borrowers to repay their debts, leading to a decrease in credit spreads.

True: The yield curve has historically tended to invert prior to economic recessions. In an inverted yield curve, short-term interest rates are higher than long-term interest rates.

This inversion is often interpreted as a signal of market expectations for future economic weakness, as investors seek the safety of long-term bonds, driving their yields down.

True: Yield to worst is the minimum yield an investor could expect in a callable bond. Callable bonds give the issuer the right to redeem the bonds before their maturity date.

Yield to worst considers the lowest potential yield if the bond is called, which is typically the scenario that results in the least favorable outcome for the investor.

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The company's contribution format income statement for April is as follows:

Sales: $161,000

Variable expenses: $80,700

Contribution margin: $80,300

Fixed expenses: $57,600

Net income: $22,700

The contribution format income statement provides a useful analysis of a company's profitability by separating costs into variable and fixed categories. In this case, Mechem Corporation sold 2,500 units in April, generating total sales of $161,000. The variable expenses, which vary with the level of sales, amounted to $80,700. These include costs such as direct materials, direct labor, and variable manufacturing overhead.

To calculate the contribution margin, we subtract the variable expenses from the sales revenue. In this case, the contribution margin is $80,300. This represents the amount that contributes towards covering the fixed expenses and generating a profit.

The fixed expenses, which remain constant regardless of the level of sales, amounted to $57,600. Examples of fixed expenses include rent, salaries, and depreciation.

By subtracting the fixed expenses from the contribution margin, we can determine the net income. In this case, the net income for April is $22,700. This represents the profit generated by the company after covering both variable and fixed expenses.

In summary, Mechem Corporation's contribution format income statement for April shows that the company achieved a net income of $22,700 by selling 2,500 units with a total sales revenue of $161,000. The contribution margin of $80,300 covers the fixed expenses of $57,600 and contributes to the company's profitability.

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To find the equilibrium production (Y), we need to set the total spending (C + I + G + X) equal to the production output (Y).

Given:

C = 100 + 0.9Yd

I = $200 million

G = $200 million

X = $100 million

ubstituting the values into the income identity equation:

Y = C + I + G + X

Y = (100 + 0.9Yd) + $200 million + $200 million + $100 million

To find Y, we also need to determine Yd (disposable income). We can calculate Yd by subtracting taxes (T) from Y:

Yd = Y - T

Since T is not explicitly given in the information provided, we need to calculate it using the tax rate (t).

T  t * Y

T = 0.2 * Y

Now we can substitute the value of Yd into the consumption function:

C = 100 + 0.9Yd

C = 100 + 0.9(Y - T)

C = 100 + 0.9(Y - 0.2Y)

C = 100 + 0.9(0.8Y)

C = 100 + 0.72Y

Substituting the values back into the income identity equation:

Y = (100 + 0.72Y) + $200 million + $200 million + $100 million

Simplifying the equation:

Y = 500 + 0.72Y

Now, we can solve for Y:

0.28Y = 500

Y = 500 / 0.28

Y ≈ 1785.7

Therefore, the equilibrium production (Y) is approximately 1785.71

The multiplier represents the change in equilibrium production resulting from a change in autonomous spending (such as investment, government spending, or net exports). The formula for the multiplier is:

Multiplier = 1 / (1 - b(1 - t)

In this case, we need to calculate the multiplier using the sum of the absolute values of investment, government spending, and net exports

Multiplier = 1 / (1 - |b|(1 - t)

Given that b = 0.9 and t = 0.2, we can substitute the values into the formula

Multiplier = 1 / (1 - |0.9|(1 - 0.2))

Multiplier = 1 / (1 - 0.9(0.8))

Multiplier = 1 / (1 - 0.72)

Multiplier ≈ 3.57

Therefore, the multiplier in this economy is approximately 3.57.

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Understanding the time value of money is essential in making sound financial decisions. It allows us to analyze and compare different investment opportunities, assess the profitability of projects, and accurately value financial assets.

The time value of money is a fundamental concept in finance, and it is important for three key reasons. Firstly, it explains how the value of money changes over time due to inflation or interest rates. This is important because it enables individuals and businesses to make informed decisions about investment and borrowing. Secondly, it helps to calculate the present value of future cash flows, which is crucial in determining the profitability of projects or investments. Lastly, it helps in determining the fair price of financial assets such as stocks, bonds, and options, by factoring in the time value of money.

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Option D) society as a whole. In stage 2 of the evolution of an organization's social responsibility, there is a recognition that businesses have a responsibility beyond just serving the interests of their stockholders or employees.

In stage 2 of the evolution of an organization's social responsibility, the emphasis shifts towards adopting a more comprehensive and proactive approach to address the concerns and impacts on society as a whole. This entails going beyond legal compliance and incorporating ethical considerations into business practices. Organizations recognize the interconnectedness between their operations and the well-being of society, and they strive to minimize any negative consequences while maximizing positive contributions.

To fulfill their responsibility to society, organizations may engage in various initiatives such as promoting sustainable practices, supporting community development projects, investing in social causes, and implementing fair and inclusive employment policies. They may also prioritize the production and delivery of safe products or services that meet the needs and expectations of consumers. By actively considering the broader societal implications of their actions and integrating social responsibility into their core values and strategies, organizations in stage 2 aim to create a positive impact on society while maintaining their financial viability.

Overall, stage 2 of the evolution of an organization's social responsibility marks a significant shift towards a more holistic and stakeholder-oriented approach, recognizing the importance of societal well-being alongside financial success.

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Covert observation is necessary when there is a need to conceal or hide the act of observing. This is typically done in situations where public behavior is being observed and when the observation needs to occur over a longer time period.

Covert observation refers to the act of observing without the knowledge or awareness of the individuals being observed. It is employed when it is essential to maintain secrecy in order to obtain unbiased and natural behavior from the subjects. One scenario where covert observation is necessary is when observing public behavior. Public behavior can be influenced by the awareness of being observed, leading to altered or modified actions. By conducting covert observations, researchers can gather more authentic and unfiltered data about how people behave in public settings.

Additionally, covert observation may be required when the observation needs to occur over a longer time period. Continuous and prolonged observation can be challenging if the subjects are aware of being observed, as they might modify their behavior or become self-conscious. Covert observation allows researchers to maintain a discreet presence, enabling them to observe and record behavior over an extended period without disrupting the natural flow of events.

In summary, covert observation is necessary in situations where the act of observing needs to be concealed. This includes scenarios involving public behavior and observations over longer time periods, as it ensures the authenticity and naturalness of the observed behavior.

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