3. spontaneous reactions: once you give them a little they will on their own. they tend to energy and give it their surroundings. a. total energy ( ), which is enthalpy. in biology our energy is in b . in a spontaneous reaction it gets smaller or b. entropy ( ) is a measure of the d /randomness of a system. in spontaneous reaction, entropy . c. temperature (t), if we i the temperature the spontaneous reaction is more likely to happen.

For such excited state 1s22s22p13s1, the greatest wavelength is necessary. The Bohr model proposes that energy is absorbed by an atom, which causes it to jump from one energy level to another.

A structural representation of an atom is the Bohr Model. Niels Bohr, a physicist, put forth the hypothesis in 1913. According to this idea, electrons orbit the atomic nucleus within an atom in discrete circular shells. The atomic planetary model is another name for the model.

Answer: 1) Elections move in circular, constant-energy orbits around the nucleus. 2) The only stable electron orbits are those in which h/2Pi is a multiple of the electron's angular momentum. 3) An electron moving of one orbital to another causes a photon to be either emitted or absorbed.

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To react with Ethane, we need 84 moles of oxygen are required.

The reaction is depicted as follows:

2C₂H₆ + 7O₂ → 4CO₂ + 6H₂O

According to the reaction, the mole ratio of ethane (C₂H₆) to oxygen (O₂) is 2:7.

We have to find the moles of oxygen.

Given that 24 moles of ethane.

24 x 7/2

= 84

As a result, it takes 84 moles of oxygen to react with 24 moles of ethane.

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900J energy is required to raise the temperature of from 273K to 298K.

Knowing the mass of the substance, the change in the system's temperature, and the substance's specific heat capacity will allow you to compute the quantity of heat transmitted in a given system.

Given in the question:

Specific heat capacity, c = 0.24J/[tex]g^{0}[/tex]c

Mass, m = 150.0g

initial temperature, [tex]T_{1}[/tex] = 273K = [tex]0^{0}C[/tex]

Final temperature, [tex]T_{2}[/tex] = 298K = [tex]25^{0}C[/tex]

The heat absorbed (q) by the system is calculated as follows:

=> [tex]q = cm(T_{2}-T_{1})[/tex]

=> [tex]q = 0.24J/g^{0}C \times 150.0g(25^{0}C-0^{0}C)[/tex]

=> [tex]q = 900J[/tex]

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London dispersion forces are the only intermolecular forces that exist between fluorine and chlorine because they are both non-polar covalent compounds.

The coulombic interaction between instantaneous dipoles lead to London dispersion forces.All molecules (and atoms) exhibit dispersion forces, which are typically higher for heavier, more polarizable, and molecules with wider area areas.

The intermolecular forces or attraction that hold molecules together are known as London forces.Although they are a vander waal's force, they are the only one found in substances without polar dipole molecules.

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(a)The standard enthalpy of formation of H2O(g) is -249.3 kJ/mol

(b)The standard enthalpy of formation of CO2 is -187.25 kJ/mol

ΔHrxn = ΔHf(products) - ΔHf(reactants)

(a) Standard enthalpy of formation of the following is:-

Fe2O3(s) = -824 kJ/mol

H2(g) = 0 kJ/mol

Fe3O4(s) = -1118.4 kJ/mol

H2O(g)= Let it be x kJ/mol

Putting these values in the given equations, we get:-

-14.1 = [ 2(-1118.4) + 1(x) ] - [ 3(-824) + 1(0) ]

-14.1 = (-2236.8 + x) - (-2472)

-14.1 = -2236.8 + x + 2472

-14.1 = x + 235.2

x = -14.1- 235.2

x = -249.3

Hence, standard enthalpy of formation of H20(g) is -249.3 kJ/mol

(b) Standard enthalpy of formation of the following is:-

H2CO(g) = -109.15 kJ/mol

02(g) = 0

CO2(g) = Let it be x kJ/mol

H2O(l) = −285.8 kJ/mol

Putting these values in the given equations, we get:-

-582.2  = [ 1(x) + 1(−285.8) ] - [ 1(-109.15) + 1(0) ]

-582.2 = x −285.8 + 109.15

x = -582.2 + 285.8 + 109.15

x = -187.25

Hence, standard enthalpy of formation of CO2 is -187.25 kJ/mol

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N-Chloromethylamine is the name given to the molecule. The provided molecule contains the highly electronegative components nitrogen and chlorine, as can be seen. Hydrogen bonding is not visible because of the enormous size of chlorine, whereas it is visible because of the lower size of nitrogen.

Because it is too big, the chlorine atom in chloromethane cannot form hydrogen bonds. In chloromethane, the hydrogen atoms are not sufficiently electropositive and are not linked to an electronegative atom. As a result, chloromethane and water molecules are unable to establish hydrogen bonds.

An abundant biopolymer called chitin stabilises the exoskeleton of insects and gives plants their shape. These intermolecular connections, which connect the polymer strands in a complicated network of hydrogen bonds, are the source of the material's macroscopic characteristics.

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Use the grams to moles formula to calculate the number of moles, n, of a substance with a given mass, m, (in grams) accurately. n = m / M, where M is the substance's molar mass

The number of atoms, molecules, or ions (or any other entity) in a substance is measured in gram moles. 6.022 x 1023 is what it is in all entities. It is equivalent to 6.022 x 1023 molecules of H 2 S or, in the case of an atom, 6.022 x 1023 atoms (in case of a molecule )

In chemistry, a mole, sometimes spelled mol, is a common scientific measurement unit for huge amounts of little things.

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The formal concentration of butanoic acid in water phase = 0.060 M.

The formal concentration of butanoic acid in benzene phase = 0.0157 M.

given that :

volume of aqueous phase = 100 mL

volume of benzene = 25 mL

pH = 4

partition coefficient = 3

pH = - log [H⁺]

[H⁺]  =  10⁻⁴ M

distribution coefficient is given as :

D = K [H⁺] /  [H⁺] + Ka

Ka for the butanoic acid is 1.52 × 10⁻⁵

D = 93 × 10⁻⁴ / 10⁻⁴ +) 1.52 × 10⁻⁵

D = 2.60

fraction of the butanoic acid in water phase :

q = v1 / v1 + Dv2

q = 100 / 165

q = 0.60

concentration of the water phase = 0.60 × 0.10 M

                                                        = 0.060 M

moles of benzoic acid = (0.10 × 100) / 100

                                     = 0.010 mol

mole fraction fraction of benzene phase :

1 - 0.060 = 0.394 mol

moles in benzene phase = 0.394 × 0.01 = 0.0039 mol

concentration = 0.0039 / 0.025

                       = 0.157 M

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(a) higher quantum number , n2 = 2

(b) lower quantum number of the transition producing this emission, n1 = 1

(c)  the name of the series that includes the transition, n = 2 to n = 1

Given that :

wavelength of light = 121.6 nm

wave number = 1 / λ

                       = 1 / 121.6 × 10⁻⁹ m

                      = 8.22 × 10⁶ m⁻¹

the Rydberg equation is given as :

1 / λ = R ( 1 / n1² - 1 / n2² )

n1 =

n2 = 2, 3, 4...

1 / λ = R ( 1 / n1² - 1 / n2² )

1 / λ  = 1.097 × 10⁷ ( 1 / 1 - 1 / 2² )

1 / λ = 8.22 × 10⁶ m⁻¹

it is clear from the above equation , n1 = 1 and n2 = 2

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In set 1 Thus the order of reactivity is C > B > A. in set 2Thus the order of reactivity is C > A > B.order each of the sets of compounds with respect to sn2 reactivity.

In Set 1 all the compounds have same carbon skeleton. Thus the difference in reactivity of the substrates is due to difference in the leaving groups. A substrate with a better leaving group is a better substrate for SN2 reaction when the carbon skeleton is identical. The order of the leaving group character is OTs > Br > OH.  Thus the order of reactivity is C > B > A. In Set 2 all the compounds have same leaving group. Thus the difference in reactivity of the substrates is due to difference in the carbon skeletons. A substrate with an easily accesible carbon skeleton is a better substrate for SN2 reaction when the leaving group is identical. The order of the reactivity of alkyl halides towards SN2 reaction is Methyl > 1o > 2o > 3o.  Thus the order of reactivity is C > A > B.

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The oxidation number sulfur in H₂S is -2.

A compound's total number of oxidations must be zero.

The two hydrogen atoms in the chemical hydrogen sulfide, H₂S, each have an oxidation number of +1, making a total of +2. As a result, the compound's sulfur has an oxidation number of -2, and the total number of oxidations is 0.

Assume that the sulfur atom in H₂S has an oxidation number of x.

S be x.

Now,

2+x=0

⇒x=−2

The total number of electrons that an atom either receives or loses in order to create a chemical connection with another atom is known as the oxidation number, also known as the oxidation state.

Depending on whether we are taking into account the electronegativity of the atoms or not, these phrases can occasionally have a distinct meaning. Coordination chemistry commonly makes use of the phrase "oxidation number."

In contrast to the oxidation state, which indicates how oxidised an atom is in a molecule, the oxidation number describes the charge that the core metal atom will retain once all ligands have been removed.

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Please note that all of these elements are non-metals: h, b, r, o, i.As a result, it will be a molecular molecule, and this first component just so happens being an acid.

Ionic bonding will typically be present in compounds where a metal is bound to either a quasi or a semi-metal.

Because the electronegativity of the bromine atom is significantly higher than that of the hydrogen atom, electrons are (somewhat) more attracted to it.

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The structure of 2-ethyl-3-hexyne

H3C–CH2–CH2–CH2–C2H5–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3

2-Ethyl-3-hexyne is an alkene with the chemical formula C7H12. It has a single carbon-carbon double bond, located between the second and third carbon atoms. The rest of the molecule consists of two ethyl groups (C2H5) attached to the first and fourth carbon atoms, and five methyl groups (CH3) attached to the third through seventh carbon atoms. The compound has a total of twelve hydrogen atoms attached to its carbon atoms. Its structure can be written as follows:

H3C–CH2–CH2–CH2–C2H5–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3

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When measured at the same temperature and pressure, the molar volumes of all gases are the same. Different gases will have different molar masses, though. This implies that the densities of various gases will vary (different masses per unit volume).

The volume occupied by one mole of a chemical element or chemical compound at standard temperature and pressure (STP) is known as the molar volume (Vm). By dividing the mass density () by the molar mass (M), it can be calculated. One mole of any gas has a fixed volume when it is at a particular temperature and pressure.

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K2SO4 has the most ions out of the options, which means its freezing point will degrade the most. A collective attribute that depends on the quantity of particles is the depression in freezing point.

How do melting and freezing points differ?

The temperature at which a material becomes liquid or solid is known as the melting or freezing point of that substance. Various solids have various melting points.

What in chemistry is the freezing point?

Definition of the freezing point The temperature at which a liquid, under atmospheric pressure, transitions from a liquid to a solid is known as the freezing point. Both the solid and liquid states coexist at the freezing point because these two phases, liquid and solid, are in balance there.

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C. The absorption of a free-moving neutron by the atom's nucleus

In a nuclear fission reaction, the nucleus of an atom becomes unstable when it absorbs a free-moving neutron. This can cause the nucleus to break apart into two or smaller fragments, releasing a large amount of energy in the process. Other factors, such as the temperature and pressure of the surrounding environment, can also affect the stability of the nucleus, but the absorption of a neutron is typically the primary cause of instability in a nuclear fission reaction. Control rods, which are used to regulate the rate of the reaction, do not directly cause the nucleus to become unstable, and the absorption of protons by the nucleus is not typically a factor in nuclear fission reactions.

In a 34S2-, the number of protons is 16, number of electrons is 18, and number of neutrons is 18.

Sulphur 34 is the stable isotope of sulfur. Sulfur has an atomic number of 16 and relative atomic mass of 34. Atomic number refers to the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element. Hence, the number of protons would be 16 for Sulphur 34. Atomic mass refers to number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom. Hence, the number of neutrons would be 18 for Sulfur 34.  The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of protons. However, in the give ion, 34S2- which is negatively charged to negative two implying that it has two extra electrons, hence the number of electrons is 18.

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A solid's volume can be determined. Solids are difficult to compress. Solids don't take on the shape of their container; instead, they have a distinct shape.

Structure stiffness and resistance to changes in volume or shape define solids. It is impossible for a solid object to flow into the shape of its container.

Has a solid shape that can not shift readily and can change shape to fit a container is composed of ions and electrons that are in motion. is more easily squeezed than other states has particles that can move but not jiggle has particles with some degree of mobility will increase until it fully fills a closed container.

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An ionic compound consisting of a cation of a base and an anion of an acid can be called a salt. Base is a proton (H+) acceptor.

acid ionizes in water, releasing one negative ion other than hydrogen ions and hydroxide (OH-). NaF, BaSO4, and KBr are salts.

Salts are ionic compounds composed of a cation from a base and an anion from an acid.

What is salt?

In chemistry, a salt is a compound composed of an ionic arrangement of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, resulting in a compound with no net charge. A common example is table salt, which contains positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions.

The ions in salt compounds can be either inorganic, such as chloride (Cl-), or organic, such as acetate (CH3COO-). Each ion is either a monoatomic like fluoride (F-) or a polyatomic like sulfate (SO2-4).

Therefore, An ionic compound consisting of a cation of a base and an anion of an acid can be called a salt. Base is a proton (H+) acceptor.

acid ionizes in water, releasing one negative ion other than hydrogen ions and hydroxide (OH-). NaF, BaSO4, and KBr are salts.

Salts are ionic compounds composed of a cation from a base and an anion from an acid.

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a) SbF4+ Shape: tetrahedral shape, Hybridization: sp3 hybridization, Ideal bond angle(s): 109.5,  b) AsC14, Shape: seesaw shape, Hybridization:sp3d hybridization Ideal bond angle(s): 120, 90,180 , C) Se042, Shape: tetrahedral shape, Hybridization:sp3 hybridization, Ideal bond angle(s): 109.5, Deviation from ideal angle(s): < 109.5, d) BiF52-, Shape:square pyramidal shape, Hybridization:sp3d2 hybridization, Ideal bond angle(s): 90 Deviation from ideal angle(s): < 90, (e) BrO3-, Shape:trigonal pyramidal shape, Hybridization:sp3 hybridization, Ideal bond angle(s): bond angle 109.5 Deviation from ideal angle(s): bond angle <109.5

The process of hybridization known as sp3 hybridization involves the mixing and recasting of the 1s and 3p orbitals of the same element to create new hybrid orbitals with the same energy, symmetry, and fixed orientation in space. The molecule of methane is one example.  One 2s orbital and three 2p orbitals are mixed to produce four hybrid orbitals with similar properties, which is referred to as "sp3 hybridization." The sp3 hybridization of an atom requires the presence of three p orbitals in addition to one s orbital.

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Option (d) is correct. Because in tetrahedral gheomtry there forming 4 bonds and must be all are bond pairs and no lone pairs of electrons.

A carbon atom with tetrahedral geometry there are 4 bond pairs of electrons. In a tetrahedral molecular geometry, a central atom is located at the center with four substituents that are located at the corners of a tetrahedron. Because it is forming 4 bonds, these must all be bonding pairs. Four electron pairs arrange themselves in space in what is called a tetrahedral arrangement. This molecule is made up of 4 equally spaced  sp3 hybrid orbitals forming bond angles of 109.5o. Some of these molecules include methane (CH4), phosphate (PO4), Ammonium(NO4).

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The electronic configuration of cobalt 27 is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7  

That is here. 1s 2s. 2p. 3s. 3P. 4S, 3d. So, let's plot this against energy, so here it is lowest is 1, so it is 1 as 2 or later we can denote the electrons here. It is 2s the. It is 2p, 3s, there will be 3p, and here is 3 d, and here it is for p like this, it will go and let's write the electrons here. It is 1s2. So it is 1s2 2s2. Then 2p6, so here will be 3s2, then 3p6, then 4s2, then 3d7,

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Although the water molecule incorporates no internet electric powered fee, its 8 electrons aren't disbursed uniformly; there may be barely greater terrible fee (purple) on the oxygen cease of the molecule, and a compensating tremendous fee (green) on the hydrogen end.

Each hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to the oxygen through a shared pair of electrons. Oxygen additionally has unshared pairs of electrons. Thus there are four pairs of electrons surrounding the oxygen atom, pairs concerned in covalent bonds with hydrogen, and unshared pairs on the alternative aspect of the oxygen atom. The one and most effective electron ring across the nucleus of every hydrogen atom has most effective one electron.

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Answer: To solve this problem, we can use the given information to set up a proportion. The ratio of oxygen to nitrogen in the reaction is 16 g : 7.0 g, or 8 : 3.5. We can set up a proportion using these ratios as follows:

(3.5) x = (8) 0.554 kg

We can solve this proportion by cross multiplying to find the value of x, which is the amount of nitrogen needed:

3.5 * 0.554 kg = 8 * x

1.947 kg = 8 * x

x = 0.24125 kg

We can convert this value to milligrams by multiplying it by 1,000,000:

x = 0.24125 kg * 1,000,000 mg/kg

= 241,250 mg

Therefore, the amount of nitrogen needed for the chemical reaction is approximately 241,250 milligrams.

The correct name for HF (aq) is Hydrofluoric acid which means option b is the correct choice.

Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. Solutions of HF are colorless, acidic and distinctly corrosive. It is used to make maximum fluorine-containing compounds; examples consist of the usually used pharmaceutical antidepressant medicine fluoxetine and the fabric PTFE. The nature of this acid is highly corrosive due the hydrogen ions of the acid and it is toxic in nature due to the presence of flouride ions. Hydrofluoric acid or Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) is deadly if inhaled, if swallowed, or in touch with pores and skin. It reasons intense pores and skin burns and eye damage.

Therefore, option b is the correct choice.

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Molecule in which we find bond angles of 109.5° is CCL4. The structure of CCL4 will be tetrahedral.

There are four covalent bonds between the central carbon atom and four chlorine atoms  for this compound

Carbon tetrachloride is an organic compound with the chemical formula CCl4 and is a colorless liquid with a sweet smell that can be detected even at low levels.

It is incombustible at lower temperatures. It was earlier widely used in fire extinguishers as a precursor to refrigerants and as cleaning agent, but has  been phased out because of environmental and safety concerns.

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Therefore, 800ml of a 1.25m aqueous ammonia solution contains 1000moles of ammonia.

Ammonium hydroxide appears as an aqueous solution with no color. Ammonia concentrations might reach as high as 30%. The eyes become irritated by the solution's ammonia fumes. Ammonium hydroxide is created when ammonia is dissolved in water. A solution of ammonia in water is referred to as ammonia solution, ammonia water, ammonium hydroxide, aqua ammonia, aqueous ammonia, or ammonia. The symbols for it are NH3 and NH4.

Making an Aqueous Ammonia Solution: Ammonia is dissolved in water to create an aqueous solution. Ammonia dissolves in water at a relatively rapid pace, making water back suction a possibility. Rubber tubing is used to link a funnel to the delivery tube's exterior end in order to prevent this.

Ammonia produced by industry is used as fertilizer in agriculture to the tune of 80%. In addition to these uses, ammonia is made into plastics, explosives, textiles, pesticides, dyes, and other chemicals. Additionally, it is used to clean water sources.

Concentration (C) = number of moles (n) / volume (v)

number of moles (n) = concentration × volume

Concentration = 1.25M

Volume =800 L = 800dm³

n = 1.25 × 800

n = 1000 moles

There are 1000 moles of ammonia in the solution.

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The molarity of a KOH solution if 24.6 mL of it neutralizes 44.0 mL of a 0.211 M HCl would be 0.38 M.

KOH reacts with HCl to produce salt and water according to the following balanced equation:

[tex]KOH + HCl --- > KCl + H_2O[/tex]

From the balanced equation of reaction, the ratio of KOH to HCl is 1:1. In other words, for every 1 mol of KOH that reacts, 1 mole of HCl is required for complete neutralization.

Recall that, mole = molarity x volume.

Thus, the mole of 44.6 mL, 0.211 M HCl would be:

44.6/1000 x 0.211 = 0.0094 mol

Note: 1 mL = 0.001 L, thus, 44.6 mL would be equivalent to 44.6/1000 L

Going by the stoichiometric mole ratio which is 1:1, the equivalent mole of the KOH would also be 0.0094 mol.

Also, molarity = mol/volume

                       = 0.0094/0.0246

                       = 0.38 M

In other words, the molarity of the KOH solution needed to neutralize 44.0 mL, 0.211 M HCl would be 0.38 M.

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When a single Lewis structure is insufficient to properly explain the bonding, resonance structures are used. A resonance hybrid, which depicts the total delocalization of electrons inside the molecule, is defined as the mixture of possible resonance structures.

As shown in the diagram below, resonance delocalization limits rotation around the C-N bond in the peptide bond. The carbonyl group's lone pairs on nitrogen can be delocalized, giving the C-N bond a partial double bond structure. Rotation is hampered by this double bond nature.

Most carbon-carbon single bonds have an energy barrier that prevents rotation, which is typically in the range of 3-5 kcal/mol. These connections can freely rotate due to the low barrier.

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