30 causes of drought in southe Africa​

The dark-colored productive grassland soils are known as mollisols. Mollisols are commonly found in temperate grasslands around the world, including the Great Plains in North America. These soils are known for their high fertility, organic matter content, and ability to retain moisture, making them ideal for agriculture.

They are characterized by a deep, dark-colored surface horizon, rich in humus and minerals, that forms under grassland vegetation. While other soil types like andisols, aridisols, vertisols, and gelisols can also support grassland ecosystems, they have different properties that make them less productive or less suitable for agriculture. In summary, if you are looking for a dark-colored, highly productive soil for grassland agriculture, mollisols are the way to go.

These soils are commonly found in regions with grasslands, such as the Great Plains in the United States and the Pampas in South America.

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There are several countries in the world that have a large percentage of land suitable for agriculture, but the country with the greatest percentage is Ukraine. Approximately 70% of the country's land area is suitable for agriculture, with fertile soils and a favorable climate for growing crops such as wheat, corn, and sunflowers.

Other countries with high percentages of agricultural land include India, China, and the United States. However, it's worth noting that just because a country has a high percentage of land suitable for agriculture doesn't necessarily mean that it is being utilized efficiently or sustainably. Many factors, such as government policies, infrastructure, and access to technology, can affect a country's agricultural productivity and food security.

The country with the greatest percent of land suitable for agriculture is Bangladesh. With approximately 59% of its land area dedicated to agricultural activities, it has the highest percentage globally. Bangladesh's fertile land, favorable climate, and abundant water resources make it highly suitable for agricultural production, mainly focusing on rice, wheat, and vegetables. As agriculture is vital for the country's economy, it contributes significantly to food security, employment, and rural development.

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During the 1960s, the City of Vancouver, Canada attempted to improve the Downtown Eastside (DTES) neighborhood through a variety of urban renewal and social welfare initiatives.

Here are some of the key efforts made by the city during this time:

Urban Renewal: The city launched several urban renewal projects in the DTES during the 1960s, aimed at improving the physical infrastructure of the neighborhood. These included the construction of new social housing projects, such as the Strathcona Gardens development, and the expansion of community services like the Carnegie Community Centre.

Zoning Changes: The city implemented new zoning regulations in the DTES to try to limit the number of hotels and rooming houses in the area. The goal was to reduce the concentration of poverty and improve the overall livability of the neighborhood.

Social Welfare Programs: The city also invested in a range of social welfare programs during the 1960s, aimed at improving the quality of life for DTES residents. These included increased funding for mental health and addiction services, as well as the creation of job training and employment programs.

Policing: The city also increased its policing presence in the DTES during the 1960s, with the goal of reducing crime and improving public safety. This included the creation of a new police precinct in the neighborhood and the implementation of new policing strategies.

While some of these initiatives were successful in the short term, many have been criticized for their negative impacts on the DTES and its residents over the long term. For example, the urban renewal projects often involved the displacement of low-income residents and the destruction of historic buildings and cultural landmarks, while the increased policing presence led to a disproportionate targeting of marginalized communities. Today, the City of Vancouver continues to grapple with the complex social and economic issues facing the DTES and its residents.

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A summer sea breeze is a local wind system that develops in coastal areas as a result of the differential heating of land and water.

During the day, land heats up faster than water, which causes air to rise over the land and cool, creating an area of low pressure. This low pressure draws in cooler air from over the water, creating a sea breeze. The sea breeze tends to be strongest in the late afternoon, around 4 p.m., when land temperatures have reached their peak and the temperature difference between land and water is greatest. By evening, the sea breeze tends to weaken as the land cools off and the temperature difference between land and water decreases.

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Indirect detection is the condition in which an extra-solar planets cannot be observed but its presence is deduced from the activity of its host star. Direct detection occurs when the exoplanet is observable through a telescope.

In order to find extrasolar planets, astronomers have typically had to use indirect techniques. As of 2016, a variety of indirect detection has been successful. By analyzing the impacts the planet has on its parent star, scientists deduce its presence rather than actually finding the planet.

Compared to the distances between stars, the extrasolar planet's separation from its star is extremely small. The light reflected from any extrasolar planet circling a star similar to the sun is approximately a billion times brighter than the star itself. Due to diffraction, telescopes also distort starlight. Since their parent stars are significantly brighter than our sun, extrasolar planets are just too close to them to be directly observed from interstellar distances.

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Dust storms capable of covering the entire planet and seasonal changes in the polar caps were observed from Earth prior to spacecraft missions to Mars that is option A.

Mount Olympus is a Martian volcano and was not observed from Earth. Dust storms on Mars can be massive and last for weeks or months, covering the entire planet and affecting the planet's climate. Seasonal changes in the polar caps are caused by the seasonal cycle of the planet and can be observed from Earth using telescopes. These observations provided important insights into the Martian environment and informed future spacecraft missions to the planet.

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A magma chamber, after the conduit has solidified and been exposed by erosion, is called a pluton.

A magma chamber is a large underground reservoir of molten rock that fuels volcanic eruptions. It is located beneath the Earth's surface and is typically formed by the melting of rocks due to the intense heat and pressure in the Earth's mantle. However, after a volcanic eruption, the conduit that connects the magma chamber to the surface can solidify and become exposed to erosion. Over time, the forces of erosion can wear away at the solidified conduit, revealing the now-empty magma chamber. When this happens, the exposed magma chamber is typically referred to as a volcanic neck or volcanic plug. These features are often made of solidified magma that was once part of the chamber, and they can be found in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on the size and shape of the original magma chamber. In short, a magma chamber exposed by erosion is typically referred to as a volcanic neck or volcanic plug.

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The tropics and the windward side of mountains receive more rainfall because of the convergence of trade winds, which brings moist air to these regions.

The moist air rises and cools, causing condensation and precipitation. This process is enhanced by the fact that these regions receive more direct sunlight, leading to warmer temperatures and increased evaporation. In contrast, the areas around latitudes 30 degrees north and south and the leeward side of mountains receive less rainfall because the descending air is drier and warmer, resulting in less moisture and a reduced likelihood of precipitation. Additionally, the cold ocean currents on the western coast of continents can also contribute to aridity in these regions.

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When a wave approaches the beach at an angle, the part of the wave closest to the shore encounters shallow water before the rest of the wave.

This slows down the wave front, causing the wave to refract, or bend, toward the shallower water. As a result, the wave crest becomes more parallel to the shoreline. When the depth of the water is about 1.3 times the wave height, the wave breaks, which means that the crest of the wave topples forward and forms a breaker. The wave energy is then dissipated as turbulence and currents in the surf zone. This breaking of the wave parallel to the beach is called a spilling breaker.

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In order for an alpine glacier to advance, snow accumulation must exceed ablation, which is the loss of ice due to melting, sublimation, and calving.

When the amount of snow accumulation is greater than the amount of ablation, the glacier's mass balance becomes positive, leading to ice buildup and glacier advance. The opposite happens when ablation exceeds accumulation, resulting in a negative mass balance and glacier retreat. Factors such as temperature, precipitation, and topography play important roles in determining the balance between snow accumulation and ablation, and hence the advance or retreat of alpine glaciers.

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Changes in topography, water chemistry, and gas output all are used to help predict a) volcanic eruptions.

Changes in topography, water chemistry, and gas output are all important indicators used in monitoring and predicting volcanic eruptions. Here's how these factors play a role:

Topography: Monitoring changes in the shape and elevation of the volcano can provide valuable information. Swelling or deformation of the volcano's surface, measured using techniques like GPS and satellite-based interferometry, can indicate the movement and accumulation of magma beneath the surface. Bulges, fissures, or changes in the volcano's shape may suggest increased volcanic activity and the potential for an eruption.

Water Chemistry: Monitoring changes in water chemistry, particularly in geothermal areas or volcanic lakes, can provide insight into volcanic activity. Rising magma can interact with groundwater or surface water, leading to changes in the composition and temperature of the water. An increase in the concentration of certain chemicals, such as sulfur compounds or volcanic gases, can serve as a precursor to an eruption.

Gas Output: Volcanoes emit various gases, including sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and others. Monitoring changes in the amount and composition of volcanic gases can help assess volcanic activity. Increasing gas emissions, particularly sulfur dioxide, can indicate the movement and ascent of magma towards the surface. Gas measurements can be done using ground-based stations, aerial surveys, or satellite-based remote sensing.

By analyzing these indicators along with other monitoring techniques like seismic activity, ground temperature measurements, and volcanic tremors (which could be referred to as harmonic tremors), scientists and volcanologists can gain a better understanding of volcanic behavior and make informed predictions about potential eruptions. These monitoring systems help in assessing the level of volcanic hazard and providing timely warnings to at-risk populations, aiding in mitigation efforts and ensuring public safety.

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Answer:The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

Explanation:The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), defined in Article 12 of the Protocol, allows a country with an emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to implement an emission-reduction project in developing countries. Such projects can earn saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets.

The international dateline is measured approximately from 180° longitude.

The international date line, which was established in 1884, basically parallels a 180 degree longitudinal north-south line on Earth and passes through the center of the Pacific Ocean. It is approximately halfway around the world from the prime meridian, that is the 0 degrees longitude line at Greenwich, England.

The international date line is a "line of delineation" that divides two following calendar dates. As you pass the date line, you sort of go through time! It will be the day after if you cross to the west; if you go back, it will be the day before. Unlike the term, there is no formal worldwide authority over the international date line, and countries are free to choose which dates they observe.

Option D is the correct answer.

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The FALSE statement about the Copernican model is "a. used epicycles."

The Copernican model, proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century, revolutionized our understanding of the solar system. It placed the sun at the center of the solar system (b) instead of Earth, which was the prevailing geocentric model at the time.

The Copernican model also correctly placed the planets in the order from the sun (c) and provided an explanation for the retrograde motion of planets (d) observed in the night sky. However, the Copernican model did not rely on the use of epicycles (a) like the previous geocentric Ptolemaic model did. Epicycles were small circles upon which planets were believed to move in order to explain their irregular motion. Therefore, option e, which states that all the statements are true, is incorrect.

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Answer: Deforestation – plants and trees release water into the atmosphere, which creates clouds and then rain.

Explanation:  Bad agricultural practices like intense farming not only contribute to deforestation in the first instance but also affect the absorbency of the soil, meaning it dries out much quicker.

Three renewable energy sources are solar power, wind power, and hydropower.

While it is challenging for any single renewable energy source to completely replace the use of fossil fuels, a combination of these sources can significantly reduce our dependence on them. Solar power harnesses energy from the sun, wind power utilizes wind turbines to generate electricity, and hydropower converts the energy of flowing or falling water into electricity. Advancements in technology, increased efficiency, and supportive policies can enhance their viability as alternatives to fossil fuels. Regarding President Trump's decision to waive environmental reviews for oil drilling in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), it ultimately depends on personal perspective. However, it is important to note that such a decision can have significant environmental consequences. The ANWR is a unique and ecologically sensitive area that supports diverse wildlife and fragile ecosystems. Disrupting this pristine habitat for the sake of oil drilling raises concerns about environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and potential long-term impacts. Some argue that prioritizing sustainable energy alternatives and preserving sensitive ecosystems is crucial for a more sustainable future.

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Answer:

Eastern Orthodox religion was adopted by amajority of Russians

Explanation:

False. The Cassini gap refers to a gap in Saturn's rings, discovered by the Cassini spacecraft, between the A ring and B ring. It has nothing to do with the asteroid belt between Mars and Earth.

The asteroid belt is located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, and contains numerous asteroids and minor planets. It is a region of the solar system where the gravitational forces of the planets prevented the formation of a planet. The Cassini spacecraft, on the other hand, was sent to study Saturn and its moons, and made many discoveries about the planet's rings and atmosphere.

This belt contains numerous irregularly shaped bodies called asteroids, which are remnants from the early formation of our solar system. However, the term Cassini Gap is not associated with the asteroid belt or any region between Mars and Earth.

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A major contributing factor to the lack of precipitation in the Namib and Atacama deserts is their location and geography.

The Namib desert is located along the southwestern coast of Africa, while the Atacama desert is located along the western coast of South America. These regions are situated in the subtropical high-pressure belt, where descending dry air masses lead to a lack of precipitation. In addition to this, both deserts are surrounded by mountain ranges that block moisture-laden winds from reaching these areas, exacerbating the lack of precipitation.
Furthermore, the Atacama desert is known to be one of the driest places on earth due to the presence of the Andes mountains. The mountains act as a barrier, preventing the moisture from the Pacific Ocean from reaching the desert. The combination of these factors makes it extremely difficult for rain to form and fall in these regions. As a result, both the Namib and Atacama deserts have unique ecosystems that have adapted to the extreme conditions of aridity and lack of water.
In conclusion, while several factors contribute to the lack of precipitation in the Namib and Atacama deserts, the location and geography of these regions play a significant role in shaping their arid climates.

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The first inhabitants of North America were nomads.

The first inhabitants of North America were nomads. Nomads are people who do not have a fixed settlement and regularly move from one place to another in search of food, water, and resources. They lived a mobile lifestyle, following the migration of animals and adapting to various environments. Modern advancements and changes in lifestyle have significantly impacted nomadic cultures, leading to the sedentarization of some groups. However, there are still communities around the world that continue to maintain their nomadic traditions and ways of life. Nomadic lifestyles offer a unique perspective on human adaptation, resilience, and sustainable resource management. They provide insights into different ways of organizing societies and interacting with the natural environment. Studying and understanding nomadic cultures can shed light on the diversity of human experiences and the complexities of human-nature relationships.

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This feature, as well as the features in 18a (baymouth bar), are evidence of depositional type of coastline. Option C is the correct answer.

Despite the power of the waves and ocean currents, the amount of sediment present along depositional coastline causes net sediment deposition and the formation of new coastal landforms. A wide variety of landforms, such as extensive beaches, barrier islands, enormous coastal marshes, and mudflats, may be found along depositional coasts. Option C is the correct answer.

In mature, tectonically inert continental borders where adequate geologic time has elapsed for big drainage basins and rivers to emerge, they are most common. These regions may create significant volumes of silt, which can be distributed by waves and tides close to the shore. A baymouth bar is a depositional formation that results from longshore drift. It is a sandbank that completely or partially blocks a bay's entrance.

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The complete question is, "This feature, as well as the features in 18A (Barmouth bar), are evidence of what type of coastline?

A. Eustatic

B. Erosional

C. Depositional

D. Biological

E. Tectonic"

Answer:

oxygen and carbon.

Explanation:

they are the major elements.

d. the age of one feature with respect to another within a sequence of events and deduced from the positions of rock strata above and below one another.

Relative age refers to the age of one geological feature relative to another within a sequence of events. It is determined by examining the positions of rock strata in relation to one another. The principle of superposition states that in an undisturbed sequence of rock layers, the youngest rocks are found on top, and the oldest rocks are found at the bottom.

By observing the relative positions of different rock layers, geologists can establish a relative age relationship. This allows them to create a chronological order of events and assign approximate ages to geological features based on the period or epoch in which they occurred.

Relative age dating does not provide specific numerical ages but instead focuses on the relative order of events and the relative ages of rocks and features within a given geological context.

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True. The large, lava-covered areas on the Moon are indeed called maria.

The term "maria" (singular: mare) is derived from Latin, meaning "seas." However, despite their name, maria are not actual bodies of water but vast basaltic plains formed by ancient volcanic activity. These dark, flat regions on the Moon's surface are visible to the eye and were mistaken for bodies of water by early astronomers. The maria were created by volcanic eruptions billions of years ago when magma from the Moon's interior flooded the low-lying areas and solidified into basalt. They are characterized by their relatively smooth texture compared to the heavily cratered highlands surrounding them. Today, the maria serve as important landmarks for lunar observations and studies.

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The wispy clouds found at middle elevations are known as cirrus clouds. These clouds are formed at an altitude of around 6,000 to 20,000 feet, which is why they are often referred to as middle-level clouds.

Cirrus clouds are created in the middle of the sky because they form in the upper troposphere where the air is cold enough to freeze water droplets into ice crystals.

These ice crystals then combine to form the wispy, feathery appearance that is characteristic of cirrus clouds. The cirrus clouds are often associated with fair weather, but they can also be a sign of an approaching storm system.

The wispy appearance of cirrus clouds is due to their high altitude and the fact that they are composed of ice crystals rather than water droplets. As sunlight passes through the ice crystals, it is refracted and scattered in various directions, creating the characteristic wispy appearance of cirrus clouds.

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The fundamental process on Earth that involves different processes releasing carbon into the atmosphere is called the carbon cycle.

The carbon cycle includes processes such as respiration, combustion of fossil fuels, and decomposition of organic matter. These processes release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. The different processes that add carbon to long-term storage locations are called carbon sinks. Carbon sinks include oceans, soils, and forests, which absorb CO2 from the atmosphere through processes like photosynthesis and oceanic absorption. The balance between carbon sources and sinks is crucial for maintaining a stable climate. However, increased carbon emissions from human activities have caused an imbalance in the carbon cycle, leading to climate change.

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For a set of sedimentary rocks that are folded in a syncline, the oldest rocks are found in the center of the syncline.

A syncline is a type of fold in which the layers of rock dip downward to form a trough-like structure. The oldest rocks are found at the bottom of this trough, as they were the first to be deposited on the sea floor or other sedimentary environment.

As new layers of sediment were deposited on top of the older layers, the weight of the overlying sediment caused the layers to compress and fold into the syncline structure. The rocks on the outer edges of the syncline are younger, as they were deposited later and have been folded over the older rocks.

Therefore, geologists can use the position of rocks within a syncline to determine their relative ages and the order in which they were deposited.

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Chert is a chemical sedimentary rock composed of silica (SiO2).

Chert is a type of chemical sedimentary rock that is primarily composed of microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline silica, which is the mineral form of silicon dioxide (SiO2). It forms from the accumulation of microscopic silica particles, such as from the remains of marine organisms or from the precipitation of dissolved silica in water.

Chert is typically dense, hard, and brittle, and it often exhibits a conchoidal fracture. Its color can range from white to gray, brown, or black, depending on impurities present in the silica. Chert can occur in various forms, including nodules, concretions, or layers within sedimentary rocks.

The presence of silica in chert distinguishes it from other sedimentary rocks listed in the options. Breccia is a clastic sedimentary rock composed of angular fragments, gypsum is a evaporite mineral composed of calcium sulfate, and coquina is a clastic sedimentary rock made up of shell fragments. Chert, on the other hand, is a chemical sedimentary rock specifically composed of silica.

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The reservoir of nutrients in the soil is the largest reservoir of nutrients in the ecosystem.

Nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential for plant growth and are cycled through the ecosystem as plants are consumed by animals and decompose back into the soil. The soil acts as a reservoir for these nutrients, holding them until they are needed by plants.

This is why maintaining healthy soil is so important for sustaining healthy ecosystems and agriculture. Soil fertility can be maintained by practices such as crop rotation, composting, and minimizing soil erosion.

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Wind shear is the phenomenon of wind traveling in different directions or at different speeds at different levels.

This can cause a sudden change in wind speed and direction, which can be dangerous for airplanes during takeoff and landing. Wind shear can also cause orographic lifting, which occurs when wind flows up and over a mountain, resulting in cooler temperatures and increased precipitation on the windward side. Orographic lifting is an important factor in weather patterns, as it can lead to localized areas of heavy rain or snowfall. Wind shear is not responsible for lightning caused by wind, as lightning is typically caused by the buildup of electrical charges within a thunderstorm. In conclusion, wind shear and orographic lifting are important meteorological concepts that play a significant role in weather patterns and aviation safety.

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