5. There are two types of bond cleavage: homolytic and heterolytic. In homolytic cleavage,
the two electrons in the bond are divided equally between the products. In heterolytic
cleavage, one atom gets both of the shared electrons. Show how the electrons in the
C-X bond in the compound L below are distributed in the bond cleavage to form:

a) Free radical
b) Carbocation
c) Carbanion

[6 marks]

The empirical formula of a compound gives the whole number ratio of atoms of various elements. The molecular formula of the compound is S₂O₈.

The molecular formula of a compound is defined as the formula which gives the actual number of atoms of various elements present in one molecule of the compound.

Here 33.38 % 'S' = 33.38 g

66.62 % 'O' = 66.62 g

Number of moles (n) = Given mass / Molar mass

'n' of 'S' = 33.38 / 32 = 1.04 moles

'n' of 'O' = 66.62 / 16 = 4.16 moles

The ratio of number of atoms of 'S' and 'O' = 1 : 4

So empirical formula is SO₄.

Since the molar mass = 192.14g

Molecular formula = (SO₄)ₙ

192.14 = n × (32 + 4 × 16)

n = 2

Thus the molecular formula is S₂O₈ .

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Answer:

The energy released as the mercury vapor cools from 356°C to 25°C can not be determined from the information provided. The amount of energy released depends on various factors such as the heat capacity of the substance, the mass of the substance, and the specific conditions in which it is cooling.

Explanation:

Answer:

807 cal

Explanation:

To determine the energy released as the mercury vapor cools from 356°C to 25°C, we need to determine the change in its internal energy. The internal energy of a substance is given by the equation ΔU = q + w, where ΔU is the change in internal energy, q is the heat absorbed or released by the substance, and w is the work done by the substance.

In this case, the heat absorbed by the mercury as it is heated from 25°C to 356°C is 110 cal, and the heat absorbed to vaporize the mercury is 697 cal, so the total heat absorbed is 110 + 697 = 807 cal. As the mercury vapor cools from 356°C to 25°C, it releases heat, so the heat released can be calculated as q = -807 cal.

Since no work is done in this process (the substance is not expanding or contracting against an external pressure), the work term can be ignored. Therefore, the change in internal energy of the mercury vapor as it cools from 356°C to 25°C is ΔU = q = -807 cal.

So, the mercury releases 807 cal of energy as it cools from 356°C to 25°C.


Tell me if you still confuse

ALLEN

the molarity of the final solution is 0.045 M If 60. 0 ml of a 1. 5 m hcl solution is put into a flask and diluted with water to make 2000 ml of solution.

To solve this problem, we can use the formula:

M1V1 = M2V2

Where M1 is the initial molarity, V1 is the initial volume, M2 is the final molarity, and V2 is the final volume.

We are given that the initial volume is 60.0 ml and the initial molarity is 1.5 M. We are also given that the final volume is 2000 ml (which is the sum of the initial volume and the volume of water added).

Using the formula above, we can solve for the final molarity:

M1V1 = M2V2

(1.5 M) (60.0 ml) = M2 (2000 ml)

M2 = (1.5 M) (60.0 ml) / (2000 ml)

M2 = 0.045 M

Therefore, the molarity of the final solution is 0.045 M.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Quantum numbers are a set of numbers that describe the state of an electron in an atom. There are four types of quantum numbers:

Principal quantum number (n): This quantum number determines the energy level of an electron in an atom. The larger the value of n, the higher the energy level and the farther the electron is from the nucleus.

Azimuthal quantum number (l): This quantum number determines the shape of the electron orbital. The value of l can range from 0 to n-1, and it describes the angular momentum of the electron.

Magnetic quantum number (m): This quantum number determines the orientation of the electron orbital in space. The value of m can range from -l to +l, and it describes the orientation of the orbital.

Spin quantum number (s): This quantum number describes the intrinsic angular momentum, or spin, of an electron. The value of s is always ±1/2.

These four quantum numbers together describe the state of an electron in an atom, including its energy, shape, orientation, and spin. Understanding these quantum numbers is essential for understanding the behavior of electrons in atoms and for predicting the properties of chemical compounds.

Answer:

All molecules have same speed.

Explanation:

Molecules of an ideal gas move randomly with different speeds.

One mole of a substance is equal to 6.022 × 10²³ units of that substance The number 6.022 × 10²³ is known as Avogadro's number or Avogadro's constant.

Hence, the first conversion is the number fundamentally which is 6.022x1023 particles 1 mole to convert an integer of moles to particles and the other one is the reciprocal of Avogadro's number which is 1 mole 6.022x1023 particles to convert a number of specks to a number of moles.

The word mole mentions Avogadro's number of a substance. For example, a mole of carbon-12 atoms happens to be 12 grams. Moreover, a mole of hydrogen particles is 2 grams while a mole of hydrogen conversion atoms occurs to be 1 gram.

So we can conclude that conversion allying Avogadro's Number of Atoms to Moles and Vice Versa

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The two possible conversion factors using Avogadro's number are:

1 mole = Avogadro's number of particles

So, the conversion factor is Avogadro's number of particles/mole.

1 mole = Avogadro's number of particles

So, the conversion factor is 1 mole/Avogadro's number of particles.

Avogadro's number is described as the number of atoms, ions, or molecules in one mole of a substance.

The Avogadro constant has defining constant with an exact value of 6.02214076×10²³ reciprocal moles.

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Answer:

The coefficient of oxygen in the balanced equation is 2.

Explanation:

Answer:

0.01999 g

Explanation:

To find the mass of HCl in 45.0 mL of the solution, we need to first find the volume of the solution and then convert that volume to mass.

First, we can convert 45.0 mL to liters by dividing by 1000:

45.0 mL ÷ 1000 = 0.045 L

Next, we can find the mass of the solution by multiplying the volume by the density:

0.045 L × 1.19 g/cm³ = 0.05365 g

Now that we have the mass of the solution, we can find the mass of HCl by multiplying the mass of the solution by the concentration of HCl expressed as a decimal:

0.05365 g × 0.3721 = 0.01999 g

So, there is approximately 0.01999 g of HCl in 45.0 mL of the solution.

It has a metallic sheen that denotes the presence of lead sulphide and gold (Au). However the fact that it is unaffected by a hammer shows that quartz may also be present.

As sample W is an excellent electrical conductor and does not melt when heated with a Bunsen burner, the presented findings of the research indicate that it is gold (Au). When Sample X breaks into several pieces when struck with a hammer and dissolves in 6 MHNO3, it is lead sulphide (PbS). Since Sample Z is unaffected by hammer blows and does not melt when heated with a Bunsen burner, yet does not dissolve in 6 MHNO3, it is a combination of gold (Au), lead sulphide (PbS), and quartz (SiO2). It also exhibits a metallic shine, which denotes the presence of lead sulphide and gold. Nonetheless, the fact that a hammer has no effect on it shows that quartz may also be present.

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It is a greenhouse gas. The greenhouse effect is caused by the absorption by the surface of the Earth and re-absorption by the atmosphere of the greenhouse gases (CH₄, CO₂, NO, CFCs ) in the environment.

What is the greenhouse effect?

The greenhouse effect is a natural process by which certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere, known as greenhouse gases, trap heat from the sun and prevent it from escaping into space. The greenhouse gases, which include carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and others, act like a blanket around the Earth, absorbing and re-emitting infrared radiation that would otherwise be lost to space. This process helps to keep the Earth's temperature within a range that is suitable for supporting life. However, human activities such as burning fossil fuels have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect and causing the Earth's temperature to rise, a phenomenon known as global warming.

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The complete question and the labelled answer respectively, is as follows:

In order for 30mL of sodium hydroxide solution to completely react, 0.061 grams of potassium hydrogen phthalate are required.

A measurement of the amount of matter in an item, mass is a fundamental attribute of matter. It is a scalar quantity, usually expressed in grams (g) or kilograms (kg) (kg).

We must first develop and balance the chemical equation for the interaction between the two chemicals in order to determine the mass of potassium hydrogen phthalate needed to react with 30mL of sodium hydroxide at 0.01M. The correct answer is:

NaKC8H4O4 + H2O = KHC8H4O4 + NaOH

One mole of KHC8H4O4 combines with one mole of NaOH to create one mole of NaKC8H4O4 and one mole of water, as shown by the equation.

The number of moles of NaOH used in the reaction may then be calculated using the supplied NaOH concentration (0.01M) and the volume of NaOH used (30mL), using the formula:

volume x concentration equals moles of NaOH.

NaOH moles= 0.01 mol/L x 0.03 L x 0.0003 mol

We know that 0.0003 moles of KHC8H4O4 are required to thoroughly react with the NaOH utilized in the process because there is a 1:1 ratio in play.

Finally, using the formula: we can utilize the molar mass of KHC8H4O4 (204.22 g/mol) to determine the mass of KHC8H4O4 required.

mass = moles X molar mass

mass = 0.0003 mol X 204.22 mol = 0.061 g

Therefore, 30mL of 0.01M sodium hydroxide requires 0.061 grams of potassium hydrogen phthalate to completely react.

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The new temperature of the gas can be calculated using the ideal gas law: PV = nRT. Rearranging the equation to solve for temperature, we get: T = (PV)/(nR). With a volume of 400 ml, a pressure of 1 atm, and a constant R of 0.08206 L·atm/K·mol, the new temperature of the gas is 59.95°C.

Answer:

88.42°C

Explanation:

The temperature change of a gas can be calculated using Gay-Lussac's law, which states that the pressure-volume ratio of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature. The equation is:

P1/V1 = P2/V2 = (nRT)/V = constant

where P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume, P2 and V2 are the final pressure and volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

Given the initial volume and temperature, we can rearrange the equation to solve for the final temperature:

T2 = (P1V1)/(nR) * (V2/P1)

Since the pressure is constant, we can simplify the equation to:

T2 = T1 * (V2/V1)

We can convert the temperature to Kelvin:

T1(K) = 45 + 273.15 = 318.15 K

T2(K) = T1 * (400/350) = 318.15 * (400/350) = 361.57 K

Finally, we can convert back to Celsius:

T2(°C) = 361.57 - 273.15 = 88.42 °C

The new temperature is 88.42°C.


ALLEN

Combination reaction, decomposition reaction , single displacement reaction and double displacement reactions are taking place in picture .

Define combination reaction.

When two or more compounds combine to create a single new substance, this reaction is called a combination reaction. Synthesis reactions are another name for combination reactions. A+B⇒AB is the standard format for a combination reaction. Two components combining to create a compound is an example of a combination reaction.

When a less reactive element is pushed out of a compound that also contains a more reactive ingredient, the result is a displacement reaction. Decomposition reactions occur when complex chemical entities split apart into smaller components. Decomposition reactions often demand energy input. For instance, the thermal breakdown of potassium chlorate (KClO3) is a typical technique used in laboratories to generate oxygen gas.

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Consider 1.00 mole of hydrogen gas, H₂. The number of molecules in  H₂ is12.044 × 10²³  molecules. The number of hydrogen atoms is 12.044 × 10²³  molecules and the mass of the sample is 2 g.

The moles of the hydrogen = 1 mol

The one mole of the substance = 6.022 × 10²³ atoms / molecules

The number of the hydrogen atoms in H₂ = 2 × 6.022 × 10²³ atoms

The number of the hydrogen atoms in H₂ = 12.044 × 10²³  atoms

The number of the hydrogen molecules in H₂ = 12.044 × 10²³  molecules

The molar mass of the  H₂ = 2 g/mol

The moles of the  H₂  = mass / molar mass

The mass of the  H₂  = moles × molar mass

The mass of the  H₂  = 1 ×2

The mass of the  H₂  = 2 g

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13.8 kJ [tex]mol-1\\[/tex] is  strain energy for the conformer pictured below, using strain energy increments from the table.

The problem is based on the concept of used strain energy  in the conformers.

When two non bonded groups approach each other, it results in repulsion and causes steric strain in the molecule.

Structure of conformer in eclipsed form in Newman projection is as follows:

4.0 kJ mo is energy of eclipsed H-H bond

Energy of eclipsedН-СH, 3 bond is 5.8 kJ mol

Total strain energy of conformer (S,)

E 2x eclipsed (H-H)+ eclipsed (H-CH,)

Replace eclipsed (H-H) with 4.0 kJ mol and eclipsed (H-CH) with 5.8 kJ mol to get

E 2x4.0 kJ mol +5.8 kJ mol =13.8 kJ mol

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The total pressure of the mixture is 356585 Pa.

First  we can use the formula:

partial pressure = mole fraction * total pressure

where the mole fraction is the number of moles of a gas divided by the total number of moles in the mixture.

The total number of moles in the mixture is:

n_total = n_He + n_Ne + n_Ar = 0.765 mol + 0.330 mol + 0.110 mol = 1.205 mol

The mole fraction of each gas in the mixture is:

X_He = n_He / n_total = 0.765 mol / 1.205 mol = 0.6357

X_Ne = n_Ne / n_total = 0.330 mol / 1.205 mol = 0.2743

X_Ar = n_Ar / n_total = 0.110 mol / 1.205 mol = 0.0909

The total pressure of the mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas:

P_total = P_He + P_Ne + P_Ar

To calculate each partial pressure, we can use the formula:

partial pressure = mole fraction * total pressure

P_He = X_He * P_total = 0.6357 * P_total

P_Ne = X_Ne * P_total = 0.2743 * P_total

P_Ar = X_Ar * P_total = 0.0909 * P_total

We can now use the ideal gas law to calculate the total pressure of the mixture. The ideal gas law is:

PV = nRT

where

Converting the volume and temperature to the appropriate units, we get:

V = 10.00 L = 0.01 m³

T = 25 °C = 298 K

Substituting the given values and solving for P, we get:

P_total = n_total * R * T / V = 1.205 mol * 8.314 J/(mol·K) * 298 K / 0.01 m³ = 356585 Pa

Therefore, the partial pressure of each gas in the mixture is:

P_He = 0.6357 * 356585 Pa = 226789 Pa

P_Ne = 0.2743 * 356585 Pa = 97782 Pa

P_Ar = 0.0909 * 356585 Pa = 32414 Pa

And the total pressure of the mixture is:

P_total = P_He + P_Ne + P_Ar = 356585 Pa

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Ml without changing the temperature,The pressure of the gas is [tex]16.8atm[/tex]

The pressure of a gas is related to its volume and temperature by the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT

n is the number of moles of gas, P is the pressure, V is the volume, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature.

Since we know the initial pressure, volume, and temperature, we can rearrange the equation to solve for n:

[tex]n =\frac{ PV}{RT}[/tex]

Now that we know the amount of gas, we can use the same equation to calculate the pressure when the gas is compressed to 10. Ml without changing the temperature:

[tex]P = \frac{nRT}{V}\\\\P = (\frac{PV}{RT}) * (\frac{RT}{V})\\\\P = (2.0 atm * 200. Ml) / (0.08206 L atm K ^{-1} mol^{-1} * 298.15 K) \\\\P = 16.8 atm[/tex]

Therefore the pressure of the gas is [tex]16.8atm[/tex]

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Answer: Boiling Water enhances the texture of foods and tougher proteins, making them more edible.

It's also hot enough to kill microbes, firm meats and fish, and soften vegetables

Answer:

Chromium(III) phosphate trihydrate

Explanation:

The correct IUPAC name for CrPO4 · 3H2O is Chromium(III) phosphate trihydrate.

The distance between the two hydrogen atoms in a molecule of water is 0.00000000172 m, 1.72x10⁻⁹ m is the distance in scientific notation.

Scientific notation is defined as a way of writing very large or very small numbers. A number is written in a very scientific notation when a number between 1 and 10 is multiplied by a power of 10. Let's consider for example, 650,000,000 can be written in scientific notation as 6.5 × 10⁸.

Distance is basically defined as the distance, or separation, between two objects. An example distance is 5 feet between two tables. Distance is a scalar quantity.

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The circumstances listed below would accelerate diffusion within cells: 1. Boost the temperature. b. High concentration gradient e.

The spontaneous movement of particles from a high concentration area to a low concentration area is known as diffusion. In gases, liquids, and solids, it happens spontaneously as a passive transport mechanism. Temperature, concentration gradient, particle size, and the existence of barriers or impediments are some of the variables that affect the rate of diffusion. Several biological activities, such as the flow of gases into and out of cells, the transportation of nutrients and waste products across cell membranes, and the control of ion concentrations in cells, all depend on diffusion. Diffusion theory is fundamental to many disciplines, including chemistry, biology, physics, and engineering.

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283.875 mL of ethanol are in a 0.750gallon sample of the gasohol. Therefore, the correct option is option A.

Ethanol, sometimes known as ethyl alcohol, is a chemical liquid having the formula C2H5OH. Its primary application is as a solvent. To comprehend the chemical composition of ethanol, you must first grasp what alkenes are.

Alkenes are carbon and hydrogen molecules containing at at least one double bond between two carbons. Ethene is an example of an alkene.

1 gall = 3.785 L

0.750gallon =?

0.750gallon ×3.785 L / 1 gallon

= 2838.75 ml

10% of  2838.75 ml= 283.875 mL

Therefore, the correct option is option A.

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The chemical equation given above is an example of double replacement reaction (option D).

Chemical reaction is a process, typically involving the breaking or making of interatomic bonds, in which one or more substances are changed into others.

A chemical reaction can be of various types as follows:

A double replacement reaction involves the substitution of two substances in the reaction. In the above equation, silver and sodium is replaced.

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Answer:

The relationship between concentration and density is straightforward: the more solute that is dissolved in a solvent, the greater the density of the solution. In the case of a 50% solution of ethylene glycol in water, the density of the solution would be higher than that of pure water due to the presence of the ethylene glycol, which is denser than water. By measuring the density of the solution, it is possible to determine the concentration of ethylene glycol in the solution.

At 20 °C, the density of pure ethylene glycol is 1.135 g/mL while the density of water is 1.000 g/mL. So a solution that is 50% ethylene glycol would have a density that is intermediate between these two values, and its density could be used to determine the concentration of ethylene glycol in the solution. The greater the concentration of ethylene glycol, the greater the density of the solution, and vice versa. By measuring the density of the solution, it is possible to determine the concentration of ethylene glycol, and hence its suitability as antifreeze in an automobile radiator.

Explanation:

1) The relationship between the temperature and the pressure of the gas is directly proportional

2) The volume and the pressure graph are inversely related

3) The particles and pressure graph are directly related.

The temperature-pressure graph for gases is a graphical representation of the relationship between the temperature and pressure of a gas. This relationship is described by the ideal gas law, which states that the pressure of a gas is proportional to its temperature and the number of gas particles (provided the volume of the container is constant).

The temperature-pressure graph for gases can be plotted using data from experiments or simulations. In general, the graph will show that as the temperature of a gas increases, its pressure also increases. Conversely, as the temperature decreases, the pressure will also decrease.

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Group 1 (Alkali Metals)

Group 2 (Alkaline Earth Metals) 

Group I: Lithium and sodium make up the elements.

Chlorine and bromine are the elements in Group I7.

Neon and argon are the elements in Group I8.

What are halogens?

The only periodic table group with elements in all three of the primary states of matter at standard pressure and temperature—though not much above room temperature—is the group of halogens. In groups 1 and 15, the same holds true if white phosphorus is assumed to be the standard state.

All of the halogens react with hydrogen to create acids.

Minerals or salts are often used to manufacture the majority of halogens.

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Answer:

C1H1

Explanation:

The empirical formula of a hydrocarbon can be determined by analyzing the products of its combustion reaction. To do this, we first need to convert the masses of CO2 and H2O produced to moles. The number of moles of CO2 is 6.47 g / 44.01 g/mol = 0.1469 mol. The number of moles of H2O is 2.98 g / 18.02 g/mol = 0.1654 mol.

Next, we can use the number of moles of CO2 and H2O to determine the number of moles of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) present in the original hydrocarbon. The balanced equation for the combustion of a hydrocarbon is:

CxHy + (x + y/4)O2 -> xCO2 + (y/2)H2O

Since one mole of CO2 is produced from one mole of carbon in the hydrocarbon, the number of moles of carbon is equal to the number of moles of CO2: 0.1469 mol.

Since two moles of H2O are produced from one mole of hydrogen in the hydrocarbon, the number of moles of hydrogen is equal to half the number of moles of H2O: 0.1654 mol / 2 = 0.0827 mol.

Finally, we can divide each number of moles by the smallest number of moles to obtain the mole ratio. In this case, both carbon and hydrogen have the same number of moles, so the mole ratio is 1:1.

C = 0.1469 mol / 0.1469 mol = 1

H = 0.0827 mol / 0.1469 mol = 0.56

The empirical formula for the hydrocarbon is C1H0.56, which can be simplified to C1H1 by rounding the subscript to the nearest whole number. The empirical formula for the hydrocarbon is therefore C1H1.

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Answer The reaction shown below is a chemical reaction between aqueous calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl):

Explanation:

Ca(OH)2(aq) + HCl(aq) -> CaCl2 + H2O

This reaction is an example of a neutralization reaction. Neutralization reactions occur when an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water. In this reaction, the hydrogen ions from the hydrochloric acid react with the hydroxide ions from the calcium hydroxide to produce calcium chloride (CaCl2) and water (H2O). The reaction results in the neutralization of both the acid and the base, hence the name "neutralization reaction."

Answer:

81mg ÷ 1000 = 0.081g

0.081g ÷ 1.40g/cm3 = 0.058cm3

Explanation:

Firstly convert milligrams to grams. Use the mass to divide the density and find the volume in cm3