To prevent pathogen sample contamination or transmission.
Why is the loop flamed both before and after use?Why should the loop be flamed before use? after usage? Before usage, flame it to eliminate any bacteria on the loop that could contaminate your culture. Any bacteria from your bacterial transfer operations that were left on the loop are destroyed by flaming after use.
Why is it crucial to torch the tube's mouth before and after each injection?Flame the culture tube's lip very briefly. As a result, a convection current forms, forcing air out of the tube and keeping airborne contaminants out. Insert the inoculating loop and remove a loopful of inoculum while maintaining the culture tube's inclination.
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tracking the inheritance of two genes is possible if the genotypes of the parents are known. if two parents are heterozygous for phenylketonuria (a recessive disorder in which a person cannot metabolize phenylalanine) and albinism (a recessive disorder in which a person does not produce the skin pigment, melanin), what are the chances that they will have a child who is also heterozygous for both conditions?
The inheritance of two genes is feasible if the genotypes of the mother and father are known. if two dads and moms are heterozygous for phenylketonuria a recessive ailment 1:16.
Linked genes are genes that might probably be inherited together because they're bodily close to one another on the same chromosome. at some stage in meiosis, chromosomes are recombined, resulting in gene swaps among homologous chromosomes.
linked genes are inherited together as their alleles are located near every difference and are less possibly to be separated with the aid of crossing over. Linkage explains why positive characteristics are regularly inherited collectively.
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in negative control of gene expression, the site where the repressor binds and blocks transcription is called the
In negative control of gene expression, the site where the repressor binds and blocks transcription is called operator region .
What is transcriptional negative regulation?transcription is put under negative control when a protein called a repressor binds to the DNA and prevents transcription. Attenuator control: When transcription is under attenuator control, mechanisms work to cut back on the amount of product produced but do not completely turn the gene off.
What does negative gene expression regulation entail?inverse control of gene expression
any procedure that reduces gene expression's frequency, pace, or volume. The transformation of a gene's coding sequence into a mature gene product is known as gene expression (protein or RNA).
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Quick clays are very fine-grained, loosely packed sediments. Water fills the pore spaces between the grains, which are glued weakly together by.
The water molecule has a effective and poor charge. The surfaces of clay minerals are negatively charged forming covalent bond.
When subjected to immoderate pressure, a sure type of clay regarded as "quick clay" completely disintegrates and starts to move alongside its floor in a liquid-like fashion. The maximum not unusual place for brief clay are Norway and Sweden; however, it may additionally be determined in Russia, Finland, Canada, and Alaska.
Quick clay, are touchy sediments that were deposited in marine and brackish water all through the late glacial and postglacial periods. Due to the removal of salt, their cappotential to be reshaped has end up less, and as a result, they now reply like liquids while they're disturbed.
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how does the electron transport chain use energy that was originally in glucose to generate atp chemiosomos
A chemiosmotic gradient causes hy drogen ions to flow back across the mitochondrial membrane into the matrix, through ATP synthase, producing ATP
What is electron transport chain ?The oxidative phosphorylation process, which produces ATP, is made up of a series of four protein complexes called the electron transport chain that couple redox processes to produce an electrochemical gradient. Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis take place in mitochondria.
The ETC is a group of proteins that are affixed to the inner mitochondrial membrane along with organic molecules. During a series of redox reactions, the electrons move through the ETC and release energy. The protein ATP-synthase uses the energy liberated to create a proton gradient, which is then utilised in chemiosmosis to produce a significant amount of ATP.Learn more about Electron transport chain here:
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How has scientific understanding about the composition of the universe changed over time.
NASA asserts that the expansion of the cosmos continued after inflation, albeit more slowly (opens in new tab). The universe cooled as it expanded, and matter began to form.
The universe was full of neutrons, protons, electrons, anti-electron, photons, and neutrinos one second after the Big Bang. According to the widely accepted universe model, dark energy makes up 70% of the universe, followed by dark matter at 25% and normal matter at 5%. Two entirely different distributions of the universe's structure result from the expansion of primordial perturbations in hot and cold dark matter. In hot dark matter models, the most massive structures emerge first and then break up into smaller and smaller structures.
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a cell in g1 is diploid and has 34 chromosomes. what is the ploidy of the daughter cells after this cell goes through mitosis?
A diploid cell in G1 has 34 chromosomes. The number of daughter cells produced after this cell goes through mitosis is 2n=34.
The cells produced when a single cell undergoes mitosis or meiosis to reproduce.
Each daughter cell is haploid and has only one set of chromosomes, or half as many as the mother cell's total number of chromosomes.
Mitosis produces diploid offspring cells that are identical to the parent cell. Meiosis I is where the majority of the variations between mitosis and meiosis occur. The homologous chromosomal pairs connect and are bonded together by the synaptonemal complex during meiosis I.
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rising sea levels would affect more than coastlines. what factor might increase enough in freshwater wetlands to affect plant and animal life?
Rising sea levels would affect more than coastlines as they can cause erosion of beaches flooding and loss of many marshes.
Rising sea levels are more destructive than coastlines
The factor which might affect plant and animal life is salinity
salinity affects plant life and animal life as it interferes with the uptake of nitrogen reducing growth and hence reducing crop production and death of native vegetation leading to declining in biodiversity through the dominance of salt-resistant vegetation.
salinity refers to the concentrations of salts in water it is also important as it helps determine many aspects of the science of natural waters and the biological steps in them
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true or false: genes code for chromosomes and chromosomes are responsible for the individual traits we observe. true correct! false
False, because chromosomes are architecturally very compact and genetic code for them, they are not responsible for the specific features we witness.
Contrary to appearance, chromosomes are very compressed physically, allowing for the containment of these enormous DNA structures within the cell nucleus. A human's chromosomes. The genetic code refers to the set of guidelines that living cells employ to convert data from genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. The ribosome does translation by linking genetic code amino acids in the order dictated by messenger RNA (mRNA) and employing transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to transport amino acids.
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A student is asked to create models of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They will use materials to represent the cell membrane, cytoplasm, dna, and other internal cell structures. Which structures will be modeled in both cell types? select all that apply.
The cells of all prokaryotes and eukaryotes own two basic features: a plasma membrane, additionally referred to as a cellular membrane, and cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells each use deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as the basis for his or her genetic information. This genetic cloth is needed to regulate and tell cellular function via the advent of RNA via transcription, accompanied by the generation of proteins thru translation.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, a membrane-sure chamber in which DNA is stored, at the same time as prokaryotic cells do not. this is the function that formally separates the two companies. Eukaryotes typically have other membrane-certain organelles in addition to the nucleus, while prokaryotes don't.
Eukaryotic cells incorporate membrane-certain organelles, which include the nucleus, whilst prokaryotic cells do now not. differences in cell shape of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the mobile wall, and the shape of chromosomal DNA.
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the distinct characteristics of different cell types in a multicellular organism result mainly from the differential regulation of the group of answer choices transcription of housekeeping genes. transcription of genes transcribed by rna polymerase ii. replication of specific genes. proteins that directly bind the tata box of eukaryotic genes.
Distinct characteristics of different cell types in a multicellular organism result mainly in transcription of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.
RNA polymerase II is a 12-subunit DNA dependent RNA polymerase that is transcribes nuclear genes that encode mRNAs and many other small nuclear RNAs.
RNA polymerase II functions for uncoupling the genetic mechanisms in the process of protein-coding mRNAs and some small non-coding RNAs. RNA polymerase II is an essential, multi-subunit that is DNA-dependent nucleotide transferase.
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How can proteins interact with dna and recognize dna sequences without unwinding the dna double helix?.
Answer: they bind to specific nucleotide sequences like enhancers, repressor
Explanation:
What important clues about DNA did Franklin's X-ray pattern reveal?
The important clues about DNA which Franklin's X-ray pattern reveal are that DNA has the structure of a double helix.
DNA is the data molecule. It stores directions for creating alternative giant molecules, known as proteins. These directions are keep within every of your cells, distributed among forty six long structures known as chromosomes. Rosalind Franklin's application of radiation science was actually historic. Her work with x-ray physics confirmed the double helix structure of the DNA molecule.
Created by Rosalind Franklin employing a technique known as X-ray physics, it disclosed the coiling form of the DNA. Watson and Crick realised that polymer was created of 2 chains of ester pairs that encrypt the genetic data for all living things.
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why one should not sleep under a tree at night.
if the parathyroid glands were accidentally removed during thyroid surgery, a condition that could result is called .
Using the theories of glands, we got that if the parathyroid glands were accidentally removed during thyroid surgery, a condition that could result is called hypoparathyroidism.
Parathyroid glands are actually located in the neck just behind the thyroid gland. There are typically the four parathyroid glands that regulate blood calcium levels. Hypoparathyroidism is the rare but serious condition that can result after the removal of all the four parathyroid glands. It may happen during neck or the thyroid surgery when the pea-shaped gland is resected by mistake. In this condition, the blood calcium actually levels drop suddenly and may cause the dangerous heart rhythm irregularities and seizures. The condition happens due to extremely low blood calcium level and needs the immediate correction of the calcium levels.
Hence, if the parathyroid glands were accidentally removed during thyroid surgery, a condition that could result is called as hypoparathyroidism.
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what causes a pulse in an artery
The pulse rate in an artery is caused by the pressure of the blood in the blood vessel walls when the heart pumps blood to different parts of the body.
What is the pulse rate?The pulse rate in the blood vessels can be defined as the force of the blood pumped by the heart when it moves through the blood vessels and exerts pressure.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the pulse in the blood vessels is associated with heart pumping and it is a force against blood vessel walls.
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Photosynthesis transforms molecules of water and
carbon dioxide into molecules of
A. carbohydrate and oxygen
B. carbohydrate and nitrogen
C. polypeptide and oxygen
D. polypeptide and nitrogen
Photosynthesis transforms molecules of water and carbon dioxide into molecules of carbohydrates and oxygen. Option A.
Light energy triggers a chemical reaction that breaks down carbon dioxide and water molecules and rearranges them to produce sugar and oxygen gas. The process by which green plants and certain other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants.
Light energy is captured and used to convert water carbon dioxide and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds. Photosynthesis is a reaction that produces glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Chemicals in plant cells absorb the radiant energy of the sun. During photosynthesis, radiant energy is converted into chemical energy and stored in chemical bonds in glucose molecules that plants use for food.
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Which hormones help the body resist stress and make stored nutrients available to prepare the body for action?.
Answer:
cortisol
Explanation:
provides the body with glucose by tapping into protein stores via gluconeogenesis in the liver. This energy can help an individual fight or flee a stressor.
Cortisol hormones help the body resist stress and make stored nutrients available to prepare the body for action.
What are hormones?Hormones are defined as chemical messengers that are immediately secreted into the blood, where they are transported to the body's organs and tissues to carry out their duties. Specialized glands that are a part of your endocrine system manufacture and release the bulk of the hormones in your body. A gland is an organ that secretes hormones, digestive juices, sweat, or tears. Endocrine glands immediately release hormones into the bloodstream.
Because it aids in the body's response to stress, cortisol is commonly referred to as a stress hormone. As your body responds to stress, your adrenal glands generate and release cortisol into your bloodstream. Cortisol, the "stress hormone," is known to raise blood pressure and heart rate.
Thus, cortisol hormones help the body resist stress and make stored nutrients available to prepare the body for action.
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After the oil spill, marine microbes consumed the oil under the surface but also removed ________ from the water, killing both plants and animals and creating dead zones.
Marine bacteria ate the subsurface oil removing oxygen from the water, creating dead zones and the death of both plants and animals.
What kind of microorganisms live in the ocean?Marine microorganisms are tiny, water-dwelling organisms that can only be seen under a microscope. They consist of viruses that live with cellular creatures such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and plankton.
What type of bacteria inhabit the ocean most frequently?The most common organism in the oceans—and possibly on the entire planet—belongs to the SAR11 family of single-celled marine bacteria. These tiny, drifting organisms, which resemble jelly beans, have evolved to outcompete other bacteria for the scarce nutrients in the ocean.
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A researcher determined that a strain of e. Coli is producing a shortened version of a protein required for glucose metabolism. What type of mutation could be responsible for this shorter than normal protein?.
Nonsense mutation could be responsible for this shorter than normal protein synthesis. This mutation forms a protein which is generally smaller in size.
What is Nonsense mutation?A nonsense mutation or stop mutation, is a change in the DNA sequence that causes a protein to terminate or end its translation much earlier than that expected in a normal protein. This is a common form of mutation in humans and in animals which causes a shortened or nonfunctional protein to be expressed.
Some of the common genetic disorders that are associated with nonsense mutation are thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Cancers, etc.
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green and blue coral snakes are found in even numbers on an isolated island. a hurricane hits the island, killing the majority of blue coral snakes. the few remaining coral snakes repopulate the island, with green snakes now the predominant color morph. this scenario is best described by:
The scenario is best described by Bottleneck Effect.
What is bottleneck effect?
The bottleneck effect happens when the population number is dramatically decreased as a result of natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and other natural disasters. The new population is made up of the organisms that were able to survive the disasters.
Population bottlenecks play an important role in conservation biology and in the context of agriculture.
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which of these processes require a membrane? choose one or more: generation of atp by oxidative phosphorylation generation of energy by mitochondria generation of atp by photosynthesis in bacteria generation of atp by glycolysis generation of atp by photosynthesis in plants
The processes that require a membrane are the generation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, the generation of energy by mitochondria, and the generation of ATP by photosynthesis in plants (Options a, b and e).
What is oxidative phosphorylation?Oxidative phosphorylation is the third step of cellular respiration which generates ATP in the mitochondria by creating a differential potential gradient in the inner membrane, in a similar way to the potential used by plants in photosynthesis (in this case in the chloroplast).
Therefore, with this data, we can see that oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP by a gradient using the mitochondrial membrane.
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Read the excerpt from “The Gift of the Magi” by O. Henry. Which sentence uses an auxiliary verb to express certainty?
Answer:
'This dark assertion will be illuminated later on'. We use 'will' when we believe that a future state is certain to occur.
For the second sentence with an auxiliary verb, it is 'But if you'll unwrap that package, you may see why you had me going a while at first'.
Explanation:
what's an auxiliary verb?
An auxiliary verb is a verb this is used as an assisting verb alongside the facet of the primary verb in a sentence to make it more widespread. its miles used to modify the worrying, mood, or voice of the sentence.
something in the manner of a haircut or a shave or a shampoo that could make me like my girl any much less. but if we unwrap that package, you may see why you had me going a while at the beginning.
The auxiliary has helps to explicit the ideal component alongside the participle, completed. some sentences comprise a series of two or more auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary verbs also are referred to as helping verbs, helper verbs,auxiliaries. research has been carried out into break up inflection in auxiliary verbs.
Answer:
.
Explanation:
53) Which of the following is not an extrinsic eye muscle?
A) inferior rectus
B) rectus abdominis
C) lateral rectus
D) medial rectus
E) superior oblique
The muscles of the abdomen are not external eye muscles. The Rectus Abdominis, sometimes known as your "six-pack," is the top layer of the abdominal muscles.
Rectus abdominis: What is it?rectus abdominis, which is located at the front of pelvic between the pubic bone and the ribs. When this muscle contracts, it produces the distinctive lumps or bulges known as "the six pack." The rectus abdominis' primary job is to shift the body between both the pelvis and the ribs.
How does it feel to have your rectus abdominis pulled?An damaged abdominal muscle can be painful and uncomfortable, especially when moving. People may experience the following signs around the stomach if they have torn a muscle: discomfort or soreness. pain.
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If pyruvate processing is blocked, what will happen to the levels of oxaloacetate and citrate in the citric acid cycle?.
There will be an increase in oxaloacetate and a decrease in citrate.
What happens if a cell doesn't have enough oxaloacetate?Since pyruvate cannot produce oxaloacetate, it is diverted to alternative pathways instead, which result in the production of lactic acid and alanine. Oxaloacetate is necessary for the urea cycle and gluconeogenesis to occur.
The citric acid cycle's importance of oxaloacetate is explained.Response and Justification: One of the crucial intermediates of the Krebs cycle is oxaloacetate. It reacts with acetyl-CoA to produce citrate as a byproduct.
When the citric acid cycle is complete, what happens to the malate or oxaloacetate?Malate is dehydrogenated to create the new oxaloacetate required for the cycle's final reaction, which allows acetyl coA to enter.
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all life forms currently have a basic cell membrane so we hypothesize that the earliest cells also had membranes. it is likely that the primordial environment was acidic. in order for a cell to function in this type of environment, the cell membrane would have to include
In order for a cell to function in acidic type of environment, the cell membrane would have to include a proton (H⁺) pump.
A cell membrane is present surrounding the cell in all the cell types. It is composed of a lipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol and carbohydrates. The cell membrane separated the cell from outer environment as well as also regulates the traffic of molecules that cross the cell membrane. Thus, the membrane is semi-permeable.
Proton pumps function to build a proton gradient across the cell membrane by transporting the H⁺ ions. For cells to be in acidic environment, the proton pump needs to build the gradient inside the cell because higher the concentration of H⁺ ions, lesser is the pH.
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Press the hotspot of the component that indicates the hydrophilic head of the plasma membrane.
A phosphate and a choline molecule (blue) make up the hydrophilic head (orange).
What is plasma membrane?Plasma membrane is defined as a biological membrane that keeps all cells' interiors private and shields them from the outside world. A cell is protected by its cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane. Additionally, it maintains a constant environment inside the cell, and that membrane serves a variety of purposes.
A phosphate and a choline molecule (blue) make up the hydrophilic head (orange). This head is joined to a glycerol (green) that has two fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic (purple). (D) This image reveals the precise atoms that make up each of the phosphatidylcholine molecule's sub regions.
Thus, a phosphate and a choline molecule (blue) make up the hydrophilic head (orange).
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FILL IN THE BLANK. utah's great salt lake has an average salinity seven times higher than that of the oceans. very few multicellular organisms live in this harsh environment. an example is the brine shrimp, which must devote a large portion of its metabolic energy to osmoregulation. these brine shrimp must ____ . view available hint(s)
These Brine shrimp have to work hard to pump water back.
What are brine shrimp used for?A sizable colony of brine shrimp of the Artemia salina species, which are valuable commercially, can be found in Utah's Great Salt Lake. Young brine shrimp that hatch from dried eggs are regularly fed to fish and other tiny animals in aquariums.
Can people eat brined shrimp?These small creatures are also essential to the regional economy. The industry of brine shrimp fishing brings in between 70 and 100 million dollars annually. Brine shrimp cysts, which are sold all over the world, are given to fish and shellfish that are bred for human consumption.
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mutations are a. usually detrimental. b. usually neutral. c. usually beneficial. d. necessary for evolution. e. usually weeded out of a population.
Answer:
The answer to your question is d. necessary for evolution
Explanation:
In horses, buckskin is color is dominant to chestnut and trotting gait is dominant over pacing gait. A horse that is homozygous for buckskin fur and heterozygous for trotting gait is bred with a horse that is heterozygous buckskin fur and is a pacer. What is probability of the foal being a buckskin trotter?.
Answer: %50
Explanation:
when the cumulative effects of an infection cause damage or disrupt tissues and organs, the pathologic state that results is called
Disease is the pathologic state that develops when the cumulative effects of an infection harm or disturb tissues and organs. By cloning and cultivating physiologically intriguing molecules.
it is possible to investigate and produce pertinent compounds. tissues producing chemicals of interest must be disturbed tissues, aside from expelled molecules. Various techniques are covered on this page. Cell unroofing is another type of disruption.
A disease is a specific aberrant state that adversely affects an organism's overall structure or function and is not immediately brought on by an external harm. Medical conditions with specific signs and symptoms are frequently known as diseases.
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