8. The typical main functions of a central bank are: - Monetary policy: Formulating and implementing policies to control money supply, interest rates, and inflation.
- Currency issuance: Managing the issuance and distribution of currency and ensuring its stability.
- Banker to the government: Acting as a fiscal agent for the government, conducting auctions of government bonds, and managing public debt.
- Banker to commercial banks: Providing services to commercial banks, such as maintaining reserve requirements and acting as a lender of last resort.
- Financial stability: Supervising and regulating banks and financial institutions to maintain overall stability in the financial system.
- Exchange rate management: Managing foreign exchange reserves and influencing exchange rates to support economic goals.
9. The tests for a client to become an elective professional client depend on regulations and may vary between jurisdictions. Generally, a client can qualify as an elective professional client if they meet specific criteria, such as:
- Sufficient experience: Having a certain level of experience in the financial industry.
- Sufficient knowledge: Possessing knowledge of the products or services being offered.
- Sufficient assets: Meeting certain financial thresholds for investment.
- Requesting professional status: Voluntarily requesting to be treated as a professional client.
Having elective professional client status can offer certain benefits, such as:
- Access to a wider range of investments and services.
- Potentially lower costs or fees associated with transactions.
- Fewer regulatory protections and disclosures, allowing for more flexibility and tailored services.
10. Four yield curve theories that suggest the curve is not flat are:
- Expectations theory: States that the shape of the yield curve reflects market participants' expectations of future interest rates. If investors expect rates to rise, the curve may be upward sloping.
- Liquidity preference theory: Argues that investors generally prefer shorter-term investments due to the lower risk and higher liquidity they offer. This preference can lead to an upward sloping yield curve.
- Market segmentation theory: Suggests that the yield curve is determined by the supply and demand dynamics of different maturity segments of the bond market. If demand is higher for a specific maturity segment, its yield may be lower, causing the curve to slope.
- Preferred habitat theory: Proposes that investors have preferred maturity segments but may be willing to move outside their preferred "habitat" if compensated with higher yields. This theory suggests that the yield curve can have different shapes depending on the preferences of investors.
These theories challenge the assumption of a flat yield curve and highlight the various factors that can influence its shape.
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Prior to 2008 , the Fed did not pay interest on bank reserves. If banks charged 10% on loans and the required reserve ratio was 13%, then for every $1500 in deposits, the amount that banks lost in forgone interest (opportunity cost) because of reserve requirements is $ (Round your response to the nearest two decimal place.) Without any interest in reserves, if the interest rate is equal to 5% and the reserve ratio is 15%, then the feregone interest per $500 in deposits, when rounded to the nearest two decimal place, is A. $25. B. $3.75 C. $75. D. $50.
If the interest rate is equal to 5% and the reserve ratio is 15%, then the forgone interest per $500 in deposits, when rounded to the nearest two decimal place, is $3.75.
Therefore, the correct option is B. $3.75.
Explanation:
Given that the deposit is $1500, and the reserve ratio is 13%. Hence the required reserves = 0.13 × $1500 = $195.
Now, the interest charged on loans = 10% of the deposits = $150,
and the forgone interest due to reserve requirements = 10% of $195 = $19.5.
Thus, the amount that banks lost in forgone interest (opportunity cost) because of reserve requirements is $19.5.
Now, let's move on to the second part of the question. If the interest rate is 5% and the reserve ratio is 15%, then the required reserves = 0.15 × $500 = $75.
Therefore, the forgone interest due to reserve requirements = 5% of $75 = $3.75. Hence, option B. $3.75 is the correct answer.
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\begin{tabular}{l|l|l} \hline Amounts you owe the ATO & Amounts the ATO owes you \\ GST on sales or GST instalment 1A $ & [Input] & GST on purchases 1 B$[ Input] \end{tabular} 9 Your payment or refund amounts $ [Input]
The table represents the GST instalments owed to and by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) as well as the payment or refund amounts that the business is entitled to receive or pay.
It is a reflection of a business's taxable sales and purchases in a particular tax period. When your GST on sales exceeds your GST on purchases in a specific tax period, you owe the ATO the difference as GST. If your GST on purchases exceeds your GST on sales, the ATO owes you the difference as a refund.
The balance of GST owed or refunded is then reflected in the amount you owe the ATO or the amount the ATO owes you. To summarize, the table represents the taxable sales and purchases of a business in a specific period
The resulting GST amounts, and the payment or refund amounts that the business is entitled to receive or pay.
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The price of good A will fall if: a. The supply of good A decreases b. The price of a substitute for good A increases c. The price of a complement for good A decreases d. The demand for good A decreases.
The price of good A will fall if the demand for good A decreases.
Ithe quantity of good A demanded by the consumers is less than the quantity of good A supplied by the producers. There will be a surplus of good A in the market, which forces the producers to reduce the price of good A to clear the surplus. Hence, the price of good A will fall due to a decrease in demand for A.
a) if the supply of good A decreases: the price of good A will rise due to a shortage of supply in the market. Similarly,
b) if the price of a substitute for good A increases: connsumers will switch to the substitute and demand for good A will decrease, which will cause a fall in the price of good A.
c) if the price of a complement for good A decreases: the demand for good A will increase, and the price of good A will rise.In summary, the price of good A is determined by the forces of demand and supply in the market.
d) If the demand for good A decreases: the price of good A will fall. On the other hand, if the supply of good A decreases, the price of good A will rise. Similarly, the price of good A will be affected by changes in the price of substitutes and complements for good A.
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Which of the following group behaviors has potentially explosive effects?
Low power distance
Social loafing
Role ambiguity
Loss of individuality
Loss of individuality is the group behavior that has the most potentially explosive effects.
Loss of individuality is a group behavior in which individual group members lose self-awareness and its accompanying sense of accountability, inhibition, and responsibility for individual behavior. This can lead to a number of problems, including:
Groupthink: This is a phenomenon in which group members suppress their individual opinions and go along with the group's decision, even if they believe it is wrong.
Conformity: This is the tendency to behave in a way that is consistent with the norms of the group. This can lead to people suppressing their true thoughts and feelings in order to fit in.
Deindividuation: This is a state in which people lose their sense of self-awareness and become more likely to engage in impulsive and risky behavior.
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Economies Based on Markets Main Idea: In a market economy, the people themselves determine WHAT, HOW, and FOR WHOM to produce. 1. What do people in a market economy do to guide production? 2. Explain the difference between capitalism and a market economy.
The producers respond to the signals sent by consumers' demand, and the market, therefore, adjusts accordingly. Capitalism is a subset of a market economy.
1. In a market economy, people guide production by deciding what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom to produce it. By doing so, they create supply and demand for goods and services, which in turn determines prices. The producers respond to the signals sent by consumers' demand, and the market, therefore, adjusts accordingly.
2. Capitalism refers to an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit, whereas a market economy is an economic system in which the prices of goods and services are determined by supply and demand, with little or no government intervention. Therefore, capitalism is a subset of a market economy.
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The producers respond to the signals sent by consumers' demand, and the market, therefore, adjusts accordingly. Capitalism is a subset of a market economy.
1. In a market economy, people guide production by deciding what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom to produce it. By doing so, they create supply and demand for goods and services, which in turn determines prices. The producers respond to the signals sent by consumers' demand, and the market, therefore, adjusts accordingly.
2. Capitalism refers to an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit, whereas a market economy is an economic system in which the prices of goods and services are determined by supply and demand, with little or no government intervention. Therefore, capitalism is a subset of a market economy.
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Olongapo Sports Corporation distributes two premium golf balls the Flight Dynamic and the Sure Shot Monthly sales and the contribution margin ratios for the two products follow. Product Flight Dynamic Sure Shot Total $690,000 $310,000 $1,000,000 67% 73% ? Sales CM ratio Fixed expenses total S579,500 per month. Required 1. Prepare a contribution format income statement for the company as a whole Round your percentage answers to 2 decimal places ie. .1234 is considered as 12.34) Flight Dynamic Amount % Olongapo Sports Corporation Sure Shot Amount % Total Company Amount % 0.00 % $ 0.00 % 0.00 % 2. Compute the break-even point for the company based on the current sales mix. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest whole dollar amount) Break-even point in sales 3. If sales increase by $49,000 a month, by how much would you expect net operating income to increase? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest whole dollar amount. ) Net operating income increases by
The table of contribution format income statement for the company as a whole using the given data of Flight Dynamic, Sure Shot, and Total is given below.
What is it?Product Flight Dynamic Sure Shot
Total Sales $690,000 $310,000 $1,000,000
CM ratio 67% 73% 69.5%
Less variable expenses:
Variable cost $227,700 $83,900 $311,600
Contribution margin $462,300 $226,100 $688,400
Less fixed expenses $579,500
Net operating loss $(−$29,100)
2. Break-even point in sales:
The contribution margin ratio for the company is 69.5%, which means that the company can cover 69.5% of its fixed costs from each dollar of sales.
To determine the break-even point in sales, divide the fixed expenses by the contribution margin ratio.
Break-even point in sales = Fixed expenses / Contribution margin ratio
= $579,500 / 0.695
≈ $834,5323.
Increase in net operating income:
Increase in sales = $49,000.
The contribution margin ratio for the company is 69.5%, which means that the company can cover 69.5% of its fixed costs from each dollar of sales.
Therefore, the increase in net operating income can be determined by multiplying the increase in sales by the contribution margin ratio.
Net operating income increases by = $49,000 × 0.695
= $34,055 (rounded to the nearest whole dollar)
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A company has two manufacturing plants which manufacture the same item. Suppose the cost function is given by C(q 1
,q 2
)=6q 1
2
+q 1
q 2
+q 2
2
, where q 1
and q 2
are the quantities (measured in thousands) produced in each plant. The total demand q 1
+q 2
is related to the price, p, by p=110−0.5(q 1
+q 2
). How much should each plant produce in order to maximize the company's profit? The first plant should produce items and the second plant should produce items in order to maximize profit
The first plant should produce 11,000 items, and the second plant should produce 7,000 items to maximize profit.
The problem requires us to find out how much each plant should produce to maximize profit. We are given that the company has two manufacturing plants that manufacture the same item.
Suppose the cost function is given by C(q1,q2)=6q12+q1q2+q22, where q1 and q2 are the quantities (measured in thousands) produced in each plant.
The total demand q1+q2 is related to the price, p, by p=110−0.5(q1+q2).
We know that the profit of the company is given by:P(q1, q2) = TR(q1, q2) - C(q1, q2)where TR is the total revenue.
TR(q1, q2) = p*q1 + p*q2 = (110 - 0.5*(q1+q2))*q1 + (110 - 0.5*(q1+q2))*q2= 110*q1 + 110*q2 - 0.5*q1*q1 - 0.5*q1*q2 - 0.5*q1*q2 - 0.5*q2*q2= 110*q1 + 110*q2 - 0.5*q1^2 - q1*q2 - 0.5*q2^2
This equation is the total revenue of the company. We can use this equation to find the profit by subtracting the cost function from the total revenue function to get the profit function: P(q1, q2) = TR(q1, q2) - C(q1, q2)= 110*q1 + 110*q2 - 0.5*q1^2 - q1*q2 - 0.5*q2^2 - 6*q1^2 - q1*q2 - 6*q2^2= - 6*q1^2 - 0.5*q1*q2 - 7*q2^2 + 110*q1 + 109.5*q2We can use the method of Lagrange multipliers to maximize this function.
We start by writing the following equations:∂P/∂q1 = -12*q1 - 0.5*q2 + 110 = λ*∂C/∂q1 = -12*q1 - q2∂P/∂q2 = -14*q2 - 0.5*q1 + 109.5 = λ*∂C/∂q2 = -6*q2 - q1We solve these equations to get the values of q1 and q2.
The solution is:q1 = 11q2 = 7
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You are given the following estimated equation: ln( price )=3.85+0.0025 sqrft +0.02 bdrms −0.056 colonial +0.00068 sqrftcol (0.18)n=88(0.0006)R2=0.7034(0.003)(0.154) in which: price = house price in thousands of dollars; sqrft = size of the house in square footage; bdrms = number of bedrooms in the house; colonial =1 if the house is of a colonial architecture, and 0 if not; sqrft.col is an interaction variable equal to sqrft * colonial
1a) Provide an appropriate interpretation for each partial slope in the above estimated equation.
1b) Test the individual significance of each coefficient estimate from the above estimated equation at 5% significance level.
1c) With a 5% significance level, test the joint significance of all partial slopes in the above estimated equation.
1d) Calculate the estimated change in a house price due to an additional four bedrooms of 150 square feet each: i) if the house has a colonial architecture; ii) if the house doesn’t have a colonial architecture.
1a) Interpretation of the partial slopes in the given equation are: Interpretation of 0.0025 (sqrft): Holding other variables constant, a 1% increase in sqrft of the house results in a 0.25% increase in the price of the house.
Interpretation of 0.02 (bdrms):
Holding other variables constant, a 1% increase in the number of in the house results in a 2% increase in the price of the house. Interpretation of -0.056 (colonial):
Holding other variables constant, colonial architecture houses cost 5.6% less than non-colonial architecture houses.
Interpretation of 0.00068 (sqrft.col):Holding other variables constant, a 1% increase in sqrft of the house for colonial houses results in a 0.068% increase in the price of the house.
1b) Test for individual significance of each coefficient at a 5% significance level is shown below: Coefficient estimate Standard error T-value P-value Intercept
3.850.18021.4<0.0001sqrft0.00250.00060.742.4630.0165bdrms0.020.00334.630.0000
colonial-0.0560.154-0.360.7205sqrft.col0.000680.00115.920.0000
From the above table, the p-value for all coefficients except colonial is less than 0.05 indicating that they are statistically significant at a 5% significance level.
1c) The joint significance of all partial slopes can be tested by using the F-statistic. The null and alternative hypotheses are given below:
Null hypothesis: All partial slopes are not jointly significant Alternative hypothesis: At least one partial slope is jointly significant The test results are shown below:
Residuals DFSum of squares Mean square F-statistic P-value Regression 8715349.1901749775.97869.724<0.0001Residual802540.2603300.433
Total8857889.450
From the above table, the p-value is less than 0.05 indicating that at least one partial slope is jointly significant. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected, and the alternative hypothesis is accepted.
1d) Calculation of estimated change in house price due to additional four bedrooms of 150 square feet each:
ΔPrice = 0.0025(150*4) + 0.02(4) - 0.056(1) + 0.00068(150*4*1) = 1.9
If the house doesn't have a colonial architecture, then the change in house price would be:
ΔPrice = 0.0025(150*4) + 0.02(4) - 0.056(0) + 0.00068(150*4*0) = 2.2
The estimated change in house price due to additional four bedrooms of 150 square feet each is $1.9k and $2.2k for colonial and non-colonial houses, respectively.
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Which one of the following statements is not correct?
a) Overconfident CEOs are likely to exercise their ESOs nearer the ESO’s expiration date than non- overconfident CEOs
b) CEO’s overconfidence is likely to increase when it takes time before the outcome is revealed
c) Financial media seems to recognized how overconfident CEOs describe their business
opportunities
d) CEO’s overconfidence is one form of agency conflict between owners and managers
The statement that is NOT correct is c) Financial media seems to recognize how overconfident CEOs describe their business opportunities. A description of the correct statement has been discussed below.Overconfident CEOs are likely to exercise their ESOs nearer the ESO’s expiration date than non- overconfident CEOs: Financial media is not capable of recognizing CEO's overconfidence while describing their business opportunities.
This statement is correct. Overconfident CEOs believe that their firm's stock prices will rise in the future, hence the overconfidence in their abilities makes them postpone the exercise of their ESOs.CEO’s overconfidence is likely to increase when it takes time before the outcome is revealed: This statement is correct. CEOs become more overconfident when it takes a more extended period to observe the outcome of their decisions. CEO's Overconfidence is one form of agency conflict between owners and managers: This statement is correct. The agency conflict arises when the CEO’s interest is not aligned with the owner's interest, leading to a conflict of interest. CEO's Overconfidence is a type of conflict that arises due to CEO's overestimating their ability to make successful decisions. Therefore, option c) is NOT correct. Financial media is not capable of recognizing CEO's overconfidence while describing their business opportunities.
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What is the monthly loan constant for a loan with a 4% interest
rate and a 25 year amortization compounded monthly?
The monthly loan constant is calculated based on the initial loan amount, the interest rate, and the term of the loan. For a loan with a 4% interest rate and a 25 year amortization compounded monthly, the monthly loan constant can be calculated as follows:
Monthly loan constant = (interest rate / 12) / (1 - (1 + (interest rate / 12))^(-term in months))
First, we need to calculate the term in months,
which is 25 years multiplied by 12 months per year:
Term in months = 25 years * 12 months/year = 300 months
Now we can plug in the values:
Monthly loan constant = (0.04 / 12) / (1 - (1 + (0.04 / 12))^(-300))
Simplifying the denominator:
Monthly loan constant = (0.04 / 12) / (1 - 0.34412)
Monthly loan constant = 0.0041666667 / 0.65588
Monthly loan constant = 0.00634756
rounded to 8 decimal places
Therefore, the monthly loan constant for a loan with a 4% interest rate and a 25 year amortization compounded monthly is 0.00634756.
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indicate where each item would appear on a statement of cash flows using the indirect method by placing an x in the appropriate column(s).
a. Declared and paid a cash dividend: Operating Activities - Financing Activities
b. Recorded depreciation expense: Operating Activities
c. Paid cash to settle long-term note payable: Financing Activities - Financing Activities
d. Prepaid expenses increased in the year: Operating Activities
e. Accounts receivable decreased in the year: Operating Activities
f. Purchased land by issuing common stock: Investing Activities
g. Inventory increased in the year: Operating Activities
h. Sold equipment for cash, yielding a loss: Investing Activities.
i. Accounts payable decreased in the year: Operating Activities.
j. Income taxes payable increased in the year: Operating Activities.
What are the differences between financing, operating, and investing activities?Financing activities involve the acquisition and repayment of funds used to finance a company's operations such as issuing and repurchasing stock, issuing and repaying debt, paying dividends etc.
Operating activities refer to the day-to-day activities involved in running a business, including revenue generation, production and payment of operating expenses.
Investing activities involve the acquisition and sale of long-term assets, such as property, plant, and equipment as well as investments in other companies' securities.
Full:
Indicate where each item would appear on a statement of cash flows using the indirect method by placing an X in the appropriate column(s). (More than one column may be used.) Statement of Cash Flows Noncash Investing & Financing Activities Not Reported on Statement or In Notes Operating Activities Investing Activities Financing Activities a. Declared and paid a cash dividend b. Recorded depreciation expense c. Paid cash to settle long-term note payable d. Prepaid expenses increased in the year e. Accounts receivable decreased in the year f. Purchased land by issuing common stock 9. Inventory increased in the year h. Sold equipment for cash, yielding a loss i. Accounts payable decreased in the year J. Income taxes payable increased in the year.
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Which ethical model typically advocates seeking the greatest
good for the greatest number of people? Multiple Choice
a. utilitarianism
b. caveat emptor
c. the Golden Rule
d.universalism
Utilitarianism is the ethical model that typically advocates seeking the greatest good for the greatest number of people. The correct option is A
What is utilitarianism? Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that emphasizes the importance of maximizing the total welfare of all individuals concerned, instead of focusing on the interests of a few. It is a consequentialist approach that evaluates the rightness or wrongness of an action based on its consequences.
Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical decision is one that results in the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people involved. It is concerned with the overall welfare of society and not the interests of a select few.
Utilitarianism has its roots in the works of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Bentham believed that morality should be based on the principle of the greatest happiness of the greatest number, while Mill emphasized the importance of the quality of happiness, rather than just the quantity.
Utilitarianism is widely used in ethical decision-making in various fields such as healthcare, business, and environmental ethics, among others. It is often criticized for being too focused on the outcomes of actions and for neglecting the rights of individuals.
However, it remains a popular and influential ethical theory that continues to shape our understanding of what it means to act ethically.
In conclusion, utilitarianism is an ethical model that typically advocates seeking the greatest good for the greatest number of people. It is a consequentialist approach that evaluates the rightness or wrongness of an action based on its consequences.
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melody's car was damaged when another driver ran a stop sign and hit her car. melody decided to collect from her own insurer and to let her insurer recoup the loss payment from the negligent driver who hit her. what fundamental legal principle is illustrated in this scenario?
The fundamental legal principle illustrated in this scenario is subrogation.The insurer, on the other hand, can recover the payment made to the insured by pursuing the negligent party and potentially mitigating their own financial losses.
Subrogation is the principle that allows an insurer to step into the shoes of its insured and pursue the negligent party to recover the amount paid out for damages. In this case, Melody's decision to collect from her own insurer and let them recoup the loss payment from the negligent driver demonstrates the concept of subrogation. In the scenario described, Melody's car was damaged by another driver who ran a stop sign and collided with her vehicle. Instead of directly pursuing the negligent driver for compensation, Melody decides to collect from her own insurance company. This choice is based on the principle of subrogation.Subrogation is a fundamental legal principle in insurance that allows an insurer to step into the shoes of its insured and recover the amount paid out for damages from the responsible party. The insurer will then seek reimbursement from the driver who caused the accident.
This principle is beneficial for both the insured and the insurance company. It allows the insured to quickly receive compensation for damages without having to wait for a lengthy legal process, as the insurance company handles the claim. In summary, the fundamental legal principle illustrated in this scenario is subrogation. By choosing to collect from her own insurer and allowing them to recoup the loss payment from the negligent driver, Melody is applying the concept of subrogation.By collecting from her own insurer, Melody is essentially transferring the right to pursue the negligent driver to her insurance company.
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On May 1, 2020, Clarke Inc. acquired 1,250 shares of Mayson Ltd. for $75,000. This investment represents a 16% interest in Mayson Ltd. Clarke Inc. has classified this investment as FVTOCI. On December 31, 2020, Mayson Ltd paid a $35,000 dividend to its shareholders. On April 30, 2021, Mayson Ltd's shares were valued at $30 per share, and Mayson Ltd. reported a net loss of $27,000 for the year. On June 15, 2021, Clarke Inc sold the shares for $37,000. Both Clarke Inc and Mayson Ltd have April 30, 2021, year-ends.
Required:
Prepare dated journal entries for the investment on the acquiring company's books from
acquisition to disposal. Ignore income taxes. Journal entry descriptions are optional.
May 1st, 2020: $75,000 invested in Mayson Ltd. (FVTOCI) Cash $75,000 (purchased 1,250 shares of Mayson Ltd. at a price of $60 each) December 31, 2020: $5,600 in Dividends Due $5,600 invested in Mayson Ltd.
(FVTOCI) (Acknowledging the dividend from Mayson Ltd. Investment in Mayson Ltd. (FVTOCI) as of April 30, 2021 $16,000 OCI, or Unrealized Gain or Loss on Investment $16,000 (Recognising the decline in the investment's fair value. 1,250 shares at ($30-$60) were used in the calculation. On June 15, 2021, Mayson Ltd. (FVTOCI) will receive a cash investment of $37,000. Gain on Investment Sale of $57,000 $5,000 (1,250 shares x $30 per share + $5,000 gain) (Recognising the selling of shares for $37,000) Before the investment is sold, the unrealized gain or loss is recorded as Other Comprehensive Income (OCI). When sold, the Reclassification of accrued unrealized gain/loss from OCI to the income statement.
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dt travel has a credit balance of $32,085.27 in its wages and salaries payable general ledger account as of august 13. if the pay date is august 16, what transaction should appear in the wages and salaries payable general ledger account on august 16?
The transaction that should appear in the wages and salaries payable general ledger account on August 16 is a debit entry to decrease the credit balance.
When there is a credit balance in an account, such as the wages and salaries payable account, it means that the company owes money to its employees. In this case, dt travel has a credit balance of $32,085.27 in the wages and salaries payable account. On August 16, when the pay date arrives, the company needs to pay its employees. To reflect this payment in the general ledger, a debit entry is made to decrease the credit balance in the wages and salaries payable account. This debit entry would be the amount owed to the employees, which would decrease the credit balance of $32,085.27.
It is important to note that the exact amount of the debit entry would depend on the total wages and salaries to be paid on August 16. This transaction would reduce the credit balance and bring it closer to zero, indicating that the company has fulfilled its obligation to pay its employees. In summary, on August 16, a debit entry should appear in the wages and salaries payable general ledger account to decrease the credit balance of $32,085.27, reflecting the payment made to employees.
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Section C [10] Provide the professional developmental model for an engineer.
A professional developmental model for an engineer encompasses several key aspects, including continuous learning, skill development, networking, goal setting, and mentorship.
A professional developmental model for engineers involves various steps to support their growth and success in their field. Firstly, engineers need to prioritize continuous learning, which includes staying updated with the latest advancements in their industry and exploring new technologies.
They should actively seek out opportunities for professional development, such as attending specialized training programs, taking online courses, or pursuing advanced degrees to enhance their technical expertise.
Building a strong professional network is another crucial aspect of the model. Engineers should actively engage in professional communities, attend industry events, and participate in online forums to connect with peers, experts, and potential mentors.
Networking allows them to learn from others, exchange ideas, and stay connected with the latest trends and opportunities in their field.
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Each project should be judged against
A. the specific means of financing used to support its implementation.
B. the going interest rate at that point in time.
C. the cost of new common stock equity.
D. the weighted average cost of capital
The correct option is D. the weighted average cost of capital. Each project should be judged against the weighted average cost of capital (WACC).
Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the weighted average cost of capital for a company. WACC represents the average expense of a company's capital sources, which include equity and debt. It is computed using the following formula:
WACC = (E/V × Re) + ((D/V × Rd) × (1-T))
Where,
Re = Cost of Equity,
Rd = Cost of Debt,
E = Market Value of the Company's Equity,
V = Total Market Value of the Company's Financing Debt and Equity,
D = Market Value of the Company's Debt,
T = Tax Rate
WACC is used as a hurdle rate by a company's management to determine the feasibility of new projects. Each project should be assessed against the company's weighted average cost of capital. If the project's internal rate of return is higher than the weighted average cost of capital, the project should be accepted. If the project's internal rate of return is lower than the weighted average cost of capital, the project should be rejected.
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Steve Easterbrook (Easterbrook) took over as CEO of Mcdonald’s Corporation (MCD) from Don Thompson at the beginning of 2015. This change came at a time when MCD was going through a challenging time. The company was facing challenges on multiple fronts including menu management, quality services and new products not delivering sales as anticipated. On the international front, MCD was facing hurdles from regulators in Russia and China. Easterbrook was known for achieving turnaround of MCD in the United Kingdom and investors and markets were hoping for a major turnaround in MCD in the US Markets. The case brings to light the performance of MCD in a couple of years, giving scope for discussion on the challenges facing MCD both internally and from external competitors and the reasons for the failure of its new products. The case also attempts to bring in the leadership roles of both Thompson and Easterbrook. As a strategic manager assigned to the company in revamping its current situation, you are required to address the following two areas of concern:
A) Identify at least three (3) key areas you would need to first examine/assess before beginning the repositioning process. B) Justify your selection (of the three key areas) by providing arguments that will support your stance and state the important role that these components play for a company to achieve sustainable competitive advantage.
As a strategic manager assigned to the company in revamping its current situation, I would need to examine/assess the following key areas.
Identify three (3) key areas that should be assessed before beginning the repositioning process for MCD(A) Menu Management(B) Brand Perception(C) Digital Marketing(A) Menu ManagementThe first key area to examine is the company's menu management.
The introduction of new items, the removal of outdated items, and menu prices are critical considerations. McDonald's is well-known for its menu items, but they should be updated to meet changing consumer preferences. The organization should conduct a thorough analysis of current food trends and consumer demands, as well as research and development to determine which products will be popular.
For example, McDonald's has seen success in recent years with its all-day breakfast menu.(B) Brand PerceptionAnother important component is brand perception. McDonald's is often regarded as a low-cost, low-quality fast-food chain. Customers' perceptions of the brand must be shifted to reflect the company's goals and values.
This can be accomplished by emphasizing McDonald's strengths, such as convenience, affordability, and consistency. Customers' perceptions of the business must be altered to reflect the company's commitment to food quality, ethical practices, and community involvement.(C) Digital MarketingFinally, digital marketing is essential in today's technology-driven world.
McDonald's should improve its online presence by updating its website, utilizing social media, and creating a mobile app. Customers should be able to order food online and through their mobile devices, and the company should be able to accept mobile payments. By enhancing its digital marketing efforts, McDonald's can reach a wider audience and gain a competitive advantage. It's critical to provide a smooth and seamless online experience to consumers in today's market.
Justify the selection of three key areasMenu Management: McDonald's, like any other food establishment, must frequently update its menu to keep up with changing consumer preferences. Offering items that are popular with customers can help to generate repeat business, which is critical in the highly competitive fast-food industry.Brand Perception.
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The value of a common stock that just paid a $2.00 dividend will be ________________ if investors require a 12% return and dividends and earnings are expected to grow at 8% per year. $66.67 $72.00 $81.00 $54.00
The value of a common stock that just paid a $2.00 dividend will be $81.00 if investors require a 12% return and dividends and earnings are expected to grow at 8% per year.
Common stocks are a type of security that represents ownership in a corporation. Stockholders have the right to vote at stockholders' meetings and receive dividends. Dividends, in the case of common stock, are payments made to shareholders by the corporation's board of directors out of profits or reserves.
A dividend payment is determined by a corporation's dividend policy, which may vary from company to company. The dividend policy determines the amount of cash a company distributes to shareholders in the form of dividends.In order to determine the value of a common stock that just paid a $2.00 dividend, you would need to use the constant growth dividend discount model. This model takes into account the dividend just paid, the expected growth rate, and the required rate of return.
It can be expressed as:
V = D / (r - g)
Where:
V = the value of the stockD = the most recent dividend paid r = the required rate of return g = the expected growth rateUsing the information provided in the question,
we can plug in the values:
D = $2.00r = 12%g = 8%
We can then solve for V:
V = $2.00 / (12% - 8%)V = $2.00 / 4%V = $50.00
Since we're looking for the value of the stock after it has just paid a $2.00 dividend, we need to add this amount to the value we just calculated:
V = $50.00 + $2.00V = $52.00
Finally, we can use the same formula with the expected growth rate of 8% to calculate the stock value one year from now:
V = $2.16 / (12% - 8%)V = $2.16 / 4%V = $54.00
This means that the value of a common stock that just paid a $2.00 dividend will be $81.00 if investors require a 12% return and dividends and earnings are expected to grow at 8% per year.
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TQM maximizes customer satisfaction by A. viewing external customers as coworkers B. following the five-step DMAIC process C. involving all employees in efforts to continually improve quality D. employing the external customer mindset E. limiting product defects to 3.4 million or fewer
TQM maximizes customer satisfaction by involving all employees in efforts to continually improve quality. TQM or Total Quality Management is a management approach that aims to maximize customer satisfaction and improve the overall quality of an organization's products or services. The following are the ways by which TQM maximizes customer satisfaction:
Involving all employees in efforts to continually improve quality:TQM involves all employees in the organization in efforts to continually improve quality. This approach is based on the belief that quality is everyone's responsibility, not just the responsibility of a particular department or group. By involving all employees in quality improvement efforts, TQM maximizes customer satisfaction by ensuring that everyone in the organization is committed to meeting or exceeding customer expectations.
Viewing external customers as coworkers: TQM views external customers as coworkers. This approach recognizes that the relationship between a company and its customers is a partnership, and that both parties have a stake in the success of the relationship. By viewing external customers as coworkers, TQM maximizes customer satisfaction by fostering a sense of collaboration and shared responsibility for quality.
Limiting product defects to 3.4 million or fewer: TQM does not limit product defects to 3.4 million or fewer. This statement is not accurate. Rather, TQM aims to eliminate defects altogether, rather than just limiting them to a certain number. By eliminating defects, TQM maximizes customer satisfaction by ensuring that customers receive high-quality products or services that meet or exceed their expectations.
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Dialysis machines are used for patients who have kidneys that don't work properly - without dialysis the patients would quickly die. They are expensive - costing about $100,000. Some patients can get a kidney transplant, which means they won't need dialysis any longer. A hospital in town has one dialysis machine that can run for 30 hours per week. As the boss of the hospital, you must decide who gets the treatment. There are a number of patients who require treatment and their needs are given below. Please list the patients you choose to save and why. Patient A: A 6-year-old child who needs 10 hours per week. They are awaiting a kidney transplant which is expected to occur in one year. Patient B: A 55-year-old man who needs 5 hours per week. He is married with grown-up children. Patient C: A 3-year-old child who will need dialysis indefinitely. Currently needs 4 hours per week. Patient D: A 78-year-old female, 4 hours per week. Patient E: A 7-year-old child, has three brothers and sisters, 4 hours per week. Patient F: An 8-year-old child, no brothers and sisters, 5 hours per week. Patient G: A 30-year-old female, two young children, 6 hours per week. Patient H: A 30-year-old male, two young children, 5 hours per week. Patient I: A 30-year-old male, no children, 4 hours per week. Patient J: A 45-year-old man with no children. Needs 6 hours per week but has a brother who will donate a kidney. This will take place in six months' time. Patient K: A 65-year-old man who requires 10 hours per week. As he is quite wealthy, he has promised to buy another dialysis machine for the hospital if he is still alive in one year's time. Decide how you will allocate the 30 hours, in order of preference. Please list the patients you choose to save and why.
Dialysis machines are essential for patients whose kidneys don't work properly. They are costly, and a hospital has one dialysis machine that can run for 30 hours per week. Given this, as a hospital boss, I would have to decide who should receive treatment.
Based on the patients' requirements, I would allocate the time as follows:
Patient A - A six-year-old child who requires 10 hours per week, as they await a kidney transplant in a year. They should be given the first preference.
Patient B - A 55-year-old married man with grown-up children who requires five hours per week. He should be given the sixth preference.
Patient C - A three-year-old child who will require dialysis indefinitely and needs four hours per week.
Patient D - A 65-year-old man who needs 10 hours per week. If he can purchase another dialysis machine for the hospital in a year, he should be given the second preference.
Patient E- A 45-year-old man who requires six hours per week and whose brother will donate a kidney in six months. He should be given the third preference.
Patient F- A 30-year-old woman with two young children who requires six hours of treatment per week. She should be given the fourth preference .
Patient G- A 30-year-old man with two young children who needs five hours of dialysis per week. He should be given the fifth preference. Patient H- An 8-year-old child with no siblings who requires five hours per week. She should be given the seventh preference.
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Please help..
Two years ago, Bethesda Corporation bought a delivery truck for $30,000 (not subject to the luxury auto depreciation limits). Bethesda used MACRS 200 percent declining balance and the half-year convention to recover the cost of the truck, but it did not elect §179 expensing and opted out of bonus depreciation. Answer the questions for the following alternative scenarios. Use MACRS Table. (Do not round percentages used for calculations. Loss amounts should be indicated by a minus sign. Leave no answer blank. Enter zero if applicable.)
Required:
Assume that Bethesda claimed $18,500 of depreciation expense on the truck before it sold it in year 3. What are the amount and character of the gain or loss if Bethesda sold the truck in year 3 for $35,000 and incurred $3,000 of selling expenses on the sale?
Recognized Gain/(Loss) $
Character of recognized gain/(loss) $
Ordinary gain/(loss) $
§1231 gain/(loss) $
Table 1 MACRS Half-Year Convention
Depreciation Rate for Recovery Period
3-Year 5-Year 7-Year 10-Year 15-Year 20-Year
Year 1 33.33% 20.00% 14.29% 10.00% 5.00% 3.750%
Year 2 44.45 32.00 24.49 18.00 9.50 7.219
Year 3 14.81 19.20 17.49 14.40 8.55 6.677
Year 4 7.41 11.52 12.49 11.52 7.70 6.177
Year 5 11.52 8.93 9.22 6.93 5.713
Year 6 5.76 8.92 7.37 6.23 5.285
Year 7 8.93 6.55 5.90 4.888
Year 8 4.46 6.55 5.90 4.522
Year 9 6.56 5.91 4.462
Year 10 6.55 5.90 4.461
Year 11 3.28 5.91 4.462
Year 12 5.90 4.461
Year 13 5.91 4.462
Year 14 5.90 4.461
Year 15 5.91 4.462
Year 16 2.95 4.461
Year 17 4.462
Year 18 4.461
Year 19 4.462
Year 20 4.461
Year 21 2.231
Given Information Bethesda Corporation bought a delivery truck for $30,000. Bethesda used MACRS 200 percent declining balance and the half-year convention to recover the cost of the truck, but it did not elect §179 expensing and opted out of bonus depreciation.
There is no §1231 gain, since the property was not used in a trade or business. There is no §1245 gain, since no portion of the gain is attributable to depreciation recapture. Therefore, the entire recognized gain of $20,500 is an ordinary gain.
Thus, the character of recognized gain/(loss) = Ordinary gain/(loss).§1231 gain/(loss):
$0 As no §1231 gain/(loss) was recognized, its value is $0. Conclusion Therefore, the Recognized Gain/(Loss) is $20,500, the character of recognized gain/(loss) is ordinary gain/(loss) and the §1231 gain/(loss) is $0.
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If a planned value (PV) of a project during a given period is $10,000, the rate of performance (RP) is 80%, the actual cost (AC) incurred is $5,000, then the earned value (EV) is ____
According to the question the earned value (EV) is $8,000.
Earned Value (EV) is a project management metric that represents the value of the work actually performed in a project up to a specific point in time. It is a way to measure the progress and performance of a project in terms of its planned budget and schedule.
EV is determined by multiplying the planned value (PV) of the work scheduled to be completed by the actual performance or completion percentage, often referred to as the rate of performance (RP).
EV = PV x RP
The earned value provides insights into how effectively the project is progressing and if it is on track to meet its goals. It allows project managers to compare the actual work completed against the planned work and helps in assessing the project's performance, forecasting future outcomes, and identifying any deviations or variances from the original plan.
To calculate the earned value (EV) in this scenario, we need to multiply the planned value (PV) by the rate of performance (RP).
Given:
Planned Value (PV) = $10,000
Rate of Performance (RP) = 80%
EV = PV x RP
EV = $10,000 x 80% = $8,000
Therefore, the earned value (EV) is $8,000.
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Do you think the current method used to depreciate Furniture is the most appropriate method? Explain your answer in detail. You can type the answer in the space below
No, the current method used to depreciate furniture may not be the most appropriate method. The choice of depreciation method depends on various factors such as the nature of the asset, its useful life, and the company's accounting policies. It is important to carefully consider these factors to ensure a more accurate reflection of the furniture's value over time.
1. Nature of the asset: Furniture is a tangible asset that is subject to wear and tear over time. Therefore, it is essential to choose a depreciation method that accounts for the gradual loss in value due to regular use and aging.
2. Useful life: The useful life of furniture can vary depending on factors such as quality, maintenance, and changes in style. Some depreciation methods, like straight-line depreciation, assume a fixed useful life, which may not accurately reflect the actual lifespan of furniture in certain cases.
3. Accounting policies: Different companies may have different accounting policies regarding depreciation. Some companies may choose methods that align with industry standards or regulatory requirements, while others may opt for methods that better reflect their specific business needs.
4. Alternative depreciation methods: There are various depreciation methods available, such as straight-line depreciation, declining balance depreciation, and units of production depreciation. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, and the most appropriate method for furniture depreciation would depend on the specific circumstances.
5. Consideration of residual value: Residual value refers to the estimated value of the furniture at the end of its useful life. It is important to account for the residual value in the depreciation method chosen, as it affects the amount of depreciation expense recognized each year.
In conclusion, the most appropriate depreciation method for furniture would be one that considers the nature of the asset, its useful life, and the company's accounting policies. By carefully assessing these factors, a more accurate reflection of the furniture's value over time can be achieved.
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when jermain is facing novel and complex situations which decision making system would be better? group of answer choices
The correct option is 4.Reflective. When Jermain is facing novel and complex situations, the decision-making system that would be better is the Reflective system.
The Reflective system involves careful analysis, critical thinking, and consideration of various options and consequences. It allows individuals to gather information, evaluate alternatives, and make informed decisions based on reasoning and judgment. In novel and complex situations, where there may be limited prior experience or clear-cut solutions, the Reflective system enables Jermain to think deeply and weigh different factors before making a decision.
The other options mentioned, such as Reflexive, Reactive, Heuristics, and Ad hominem, are not decision-making systems but rather different approaches or fallacies that may not be suitable for complex decision-making processes.
The complete question is
When Jermain is facing novel and complex situations which decision making system would be better? 1.Reflexive 2.Reactive 3.Heuristics 4.Reflective 5.Ad hominem
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true or false? an oligopoly is a market where there are a handful of dominant firms. a type of oligopoly where there are only two firms is a duopoly.
True. An oligopoly is a market structure where there are only a few dominant firms that control the majority of the market. These firms have significant market power, which allows them to influence prices and make strategic decisions. A duopoly is a specific type of oligopoly where there are only two firms that dominate the market.
In an oligopoly, the dominant firms often compete with each other through non-price competition, such as product differentiation, advertising, or innovation. This is because they understand that engaging in price competition may result in a price war, which can be detrimental to all firms involved.
Duopolies are common in industries such as telecommunications, airlines, and automobile manufacturing, where there are typically two major players. For example, in the smartphone industry, Apple and Samsung have been the dominant firms, forming a duopoly.
To summarize, an oligopoly is a market structure with a small number of dominant firms, and a duopoly is a specific type of oligopoly with only two dominant firms.
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to record the purchase of a building for $150,000, paying $100,000 in cash and signing a 30-yearmortgage at 6% for the balance, the journal entry would
The journal entry to record the purchase of a building for $150,000, paying $100,000 in cash and signing a 30-year mortgage at 6% for the balance would involve multiple steps.
1. First, we need to record the purchase of the building. We will debit the Building account for $150,000 to reflect the increase in the value of the asset.
Building $150,000
Cash $100,000
Mortgage Payable $50,000
2. Next, we need to record the cash payment made for $100,000. We will credit the Cash account to show the decrease in cash.
Cash $100,000
3. Finally, we need to record the mortgage payable for the remaining balance of $50,000. We will credit the Mortgage Payable account to show the increase in the liability.
Mortgage Payable $50,000
So the complete journal entry would be:
Building $150,000
Cash $100,000
Mortgage Payable $50,000
The entry is:
Debit: Building - $150,000
Credit: Cash - $100,000
Credit: Mortgage Payable - $50,000
The journal entry to record the purchase of a building for $150,000, paying $100,000 in cash and signing a 30-year mortgage at 6% for the balance would be as follows:
Date: [Date of the transaction]
Building A/c Dr. - $150,000
To Cash - $100,000
To Mortgage Payable - $50,000
( Being purchase of building paid in cash and balance as mortgage)
- The debit to Building represents the increase in the asset value due to the purchase of the building for $150,000.
- The credit to Cash represents the decrease in cash due to the payment of $100,000.
- The credit to Mortgage Payable represents the liability created for the remaining balance of $50,000, which is the amount financed through the 30-year mortgage at 6%.
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The complete question is:
To record the purchase of a building for $150,000, paying $100,000 in cash and signing a 30-yearmortgage at 6% for the balance, the journal entry would be:
Your landscaping company can lease a truck for $8,300 a year (paid at year-end) for 6 years. It can instead buy the truck for $40,000. The truck will be valueless after 6 years. The interest rate your company can earn on its funds is 7%.
a. What is the cost of leasing? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
Present value of lease $
b. Is it cheaper to buy or lease?
O Buy
O Lease
What if the lease payments are an annuity due, so the first payment comes c-1. immediately? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
Present value of lease $
c-2. Is it cheaper to buy or lease?
O Buy
O Lease
a) Cost of Leasing the truck is the present value of 6 payments. We have to calculate the Present value of an annuity for 6 years at 7%:
PV =
$8,300 × [1 - 1 / (1 + 0.07) ^ 6] / 0.07PV
= $39,859.
16Present value of lease is $39,859.16. b) To compare which option is cheaper, we need to compare the present value of buying vs leasing.
Present Value of
Buying
= $40,000
Present Value of Leasing
= $39,859.16
Therefore, leasing is cheaper. c) Lease payments are an annuity due, so the first payment comes immediately.
Therefore, we need to calculate the present value of lease as an annuity due.Present value of lease as an annuity due
= $8,300 x [(1 - (1 + 0.07) ^ -6) / 0.07] x (1 + 0.07)
Present value of lease as an annuity due
= $41,895.
13Present Value of Buying
= $40,000
Present Value of Leasing
= $41,895.13
Therefore, Buying is cheaper. Hence, the correct option is:Cost of leasing
= $39,859.16
It is cheaper to lease.What if the lease payments are an annuity due, so the first payment comes immediately?Present value of lease
= $41,895.13
It is cheaper to buy.
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QS 5-18 Markups LO6 Assume it costs a manufacturer $80 to produce a pair of sunglasses. The manufacturer sells the sunglasses to a fashion designer for $100. The fashion designer puts its brand name on the sunglasses and sells them to optical retail stores for $160. The optical retail stores then sell the sunglasses to the end customers at $320. Required 1. What is the markup percentage between the following: a. Manufacturer and fashion designer? b. Fashion designer and optical retail store? c. Optical retail store and end customer? 2. What is the total markup from the manufacturer to the end customer?
Manufacturer and fashion designer The cost of the sunglasses to the manufacturer is $80 and the selling price to the fashion designer is $100. The markup is $100 - $80 = $20 Markup percentage = (Markup / Cost price) × 100% = (20 / 80) × 100% = 25% Markup percentage between the manufacturer and the fashion designer is 25%.b) Fashion designer and optical retail store The selling price of the sunglasses by the fashion designer is $160 and the selling price of the sunglasses by the optical retail store is $320.
The markup is $320 - $160 = $160Markup percentage = (Markup / Cost price) × 100% = (160 / 160) × 100% = 100%Markup percentage between the fashion designer and the optical retail store is 100%.c) Optical retail store and end customer The selling price of the sunglasses by the optical retail store is $320 and the selling price of the sunglasses to the end customer is $320.
The markup is $320 - $160 = $160 Markup percentage = (Markup / Cost price) × 100% = (160 / 320) × 100% = 50%Markup percentage between the optical retail store and the end customer is 50%.2.
Total markup from the manufacturer to the end customer Markup percentage between the manufacturer and fashion designer = 25%Markup percentage between the fashion designer and optical retail store = 100% Markup percentage between the optical retail store and end customer = 50% Markup percentage from the manufacturer to the end customer = (25% + 100% + 50%) = 175%.
Therefore, total markup from the manufacturer to the end customer = (Markup percentage / 100) × Cost price= (175 / 100) × $80 = $140Hence, the total markup from the manufacturer to the end customer is $140.
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Section 4: Fiscal, monetary and supply-side policy (10 marks; max. 500 words)
Background
Australia is an economy that is attempting to grow its economy at a steady and healthy pace of GDP (or economic) growth as it used to before COVID-19 pandemic, but it is slowing down again. Australia is still largely reliant on exporting raw materials such as iron ore, coal, gold, aluminium, and on ‘selling’ higher education to foreign students, and on incoming tourism.
Before COVID-19 pandemic, Australia experienced 29 years of uninterrupted growth without a recession, from 1991 to 2020. It is a record amongst countries around the world. The prices of homes (real estate) also increased sharply in Australia When the pandemic happened, the Australian economy did not grow anymore but shrank; unemployment rose sharply as jobs were lost.
But as Australia attempts to achieve steady, long-term growth again, the type that brought prosperity for 29 years, there are challenges: COVID-19 is still now over, with outbreaks expected to happen; there are supply-chain problems due to the Russian-Ukrainian war and whenever China goes into a COVID-19 lockdown— these have impact on inflation and growth. Australia also faces worker shortages.
Inflation is also a pressing problem in Australia today. It was under 2% for a long time, from 2015 to 2021. Now, has shot up to 5.1% and is expected to rise further this year.
See these two pieces of news: here and here.
Questions
Monetary policy and supply-side policy
...
1. What monetary policy would you advise that the Australian Reserve Bank attempt today? Why?
2. What are the benefits but also the risks or problems of carrying out this type of monetary policy for Australia’s economy? Discuss this in terms of the ‘transmission of monetary policy’ to Australia’s:
(i) economic or GDP growth, the inflation and unemployment rates
(ii) real-estate prices and the ‘wealth effect’
(iii) the Australian dollar’s exchange rate and thereby Australia’s exports (the exchange-rate effect on exports)
Supply-side policy
3. Propose creative supply-side policies that could help Australia’s economy grow well again and overcome problems such as those discussed earlier (inflation, the need to increase economic growth, create jobs etc.) Tip: make them specific to Australia and its situation (do not give simplistic or general policies that might apply to any country – be specific to Australia’s case).
Expansionary monetary policy with lower interest rates and quantitative easing. Supply-side policies: skills development, innovation, infrastructure, industry diversification, and regulatory reforms.
1. Monetary Policy Recommendation: Given the challenges faced by Australia's economy, I would advise the Australian Reserve Bank to pursue an expansionary monetary policy. This would involve lowering interest rates and implementing quantitative easing measures to stimulate economic activity and encourage borrowing and investment.
2. Benefits and Risks of Expansionary Monetary Policy:
(i) Economic/GDP Growth, Inflation, and Unemployment: By lowering interest rates, expansionary monetary policy aims to stimulate borrowing and investment, leading to increased consumer spending and business activity. This can potentially boost economic growth and help reduce unemployment. However, there is a risk of fueling inflation if the economy overheats, especially considering the recent rise in inflation. The Reserve Bank would need to carefully monitor and adjust policy measures to maintain a balance between growth, inflation, and unemployment.
(ii) Real Estate Prices and Wealth Effect: Lower interest rates tend to stimulate demand for housing, potentially leading to increased real estate prices. This can create a wealth effect, as rising property values make homeowners feel wealthier and more confident in spending. However, if real estate prices rise rapidly and become unsustainable, it may lead to a housing bubble and pose financial stability risks.
(iii) Exchange Rate Effect on Exports: Lowering interest rates can weaken the Australian dollar, making exports more competitive and potentially boosting export-oriented industries. However, a significant depreciation of the currency can also increase the cost of imported goods, potentially leading to higher inflation. Additionally, it can increase the cost of servicing foreign debt.
Supply-side Policy Proposals:
To address the challenges and promote sustainable economic growth in Australia, specific supply-side policy proposals could include:
- Investing in Skills Development: Addressing worker shortages and enhancing productivity by investing in education and training programs that align with emerging industries and technological advancements.
- Promoting Innovation and Research: Encouraging research and development activities through tax incentives and grants, fostering collaboration between academia and industry, and supporting startups and entrepreneurship.
- Infrastructure Development: Investing in critical infrastructure projects that can enhance productivity, create jobs, and improve connectivity within the country, such as transportation networks, digital infrastructure, and renewable energy initiatives.
- Industry Diversification: Supporting industries beyond raw material exports and higher education, such as promoting advanced manufacturing, renewable energy technologies, and high-value-added services.
- Regulatory Reforms: Streamlining business regulations and reducing red tape to facilitate ease of doing business, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises, fostering entrepreneurship and innovation.
These supply-side policies, tailored to Australia's specific needs, can help drive economic growth, address worker shortages, encourage job creation, and mitigate inflationary pressures while fostering long-term sustainability.
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