(a) 1.42 light-years to miles (a light-year is an astronomical measure of distance—the distance traveled by light in a year, or 365 days; the speed of light is 3.00 × 108 m/s).

Radioisotopes like Chlorine-36 is used for dating groundwater, Uranium-238 is used for analyzing rocks, Carbon-14 is used for dating bones whereas Cobalt-60 is used in killing cancerous cells.

The radionuclides of a heavy element are known as radioisotopes. They are atoms that have an unstable mix of protons and neutrons. In their nucleus, there is excess energy.

Some elements could have one or more unstable isotopes. These unstable isotopes cause gamma rays and the Alpha particles they release to decay.

Radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes are isotopes that are unstable owing to the presence of additional neutrons in their nuclei and produce different forms of radiation.

For instance: Uranium-238, Cobalt-60, Carbon-14, and Chlorine-36

Use of Radioisotopes:

(i) Cancer patients receive therapy using them.

(ii) They are used to evaluate rock formations

(iii) To date groundwater

(iv) To date bones

(v) Medical professionals utilize radioactive isotopes as "tracers" to find malignancies and blood clots in patients.

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We can predict formula of ionic compounds by:

These are the few guidelines we can use to product formula.

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Answer:

What is matter? Matter is everything around you. Atoms and compounds are all made of very small parts of matter. Those atoms go on to build the things you see and touch every day. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space (it has volume).

What is mass? Mass is the amount of matter in an object. You might have a small object with a lot of mass such as a statue made of lead (Pb). You might have a large object with very little mass such as a balloon filled with helium (He). You should also know there is a difference between mass and weight. Mass is a measure of the matter in an object while weight is a measure of gravity’s pull on an object.

In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many intermediate states are known to exist, such as liquid crystal, and some states only exist under extreme conditions, such as Bose–Einstein condensates (in extreme cold), neutron-degenerate matter (in extreme density), and quark–gluon plasma (at extremely high energy). For a complete list of all exotic states of matter, see the list of states of matter.

Historically, the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in properties. Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed volume and shape, with component particles (atoms, molecules or ions) close together and fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume, but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are still close together but move freely. Matter in the gaseous state has both variable volume and shape, adapting both to fit its container. Its particles are neither close together nor fixed in place. Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and shape, and contains neutral atoms as well as a significant number of ions and electrons, both of which can move around freely.

Explanation:

The empirical formula of the original compound given the combustion analysis data is C₂H₄O

Mass of C = (12 / 44) × 8.802

Mass of C = 2.4 g

Mass of H = (2 / 18) × 3.604

Mass of H = 0.4 g

How to determine the mass of O

Mass of O = (mass of compound) – (mass of C + mass of H)

Mass of O = 4.406 – (2.4 + 0.4)

Mass of O = 1.606 g

Divide by their molar mass

C = 2.4 / 12 = 0.2

H = 0.4 / 1 = 0.4

O = 1.606 / 16 = 0.1

Divide by the smallest

C = 0.2 / 0.1 = 2

H = 0.4 / 0.1 = 4

O = 0.1 / 0.1 = 1

Thus, the empirical formula of the compound is C₂H₄O

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The molar mass of  Co(NO₃)₂ is 182.9 g/mol.

The molar mass of a compound is the mass of one mole of that compound.

The molar mass of a compound is determined from the sum of the atomic masses of the elements in the compound.

The molar of  Co(NO₃)₂ is determined as follows:

atomic mass of Co = 58.9 g/mol

atomic mass of N = 14 g/mol

atomic mass of O = 32 g/mol

Molar mass of  Co(NO₃)₂ = 58.9 + 2 *  (14 + 16 * 3)

Molar mass of  Co(NO₃)₂ = 182.9 g/mol

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Answer:

1.) NH₄

Explanation:

Atoms are depicted by letters in chemical formulas. Nitrogen atoms are represented by the letter "N" and hydrogen atoms are represented by the letter "H". One letter indicates one atom.

As such, if there is 1 nitrogen atom and 4 hydrogen atoms in ammonium, the chemical formula is NH₄.

The elements that would form metallic bonds are as follows:

A metallic bond in chemistry is a chemical bond in which mobile electrons are shared over many nuclei and therefore, leads to electrical conduction.

Metallic bonds are formed strictly by metallic elements in the periodic table.

Iridium is a chemical element with symbol Ir with an atomic number of 77. It is a very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal.

Iron is also a metallic chemical element with symbol Fe.

Therefore, the elements that would form metallic bonds are as follows:

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Answer:

Iridium

Cadmium

Iron

Explanation:

Test.

A wild fire could enable more nutrients to renter the soil.

A wild fire is a situation in which fire consumes a large portion of the ecosystem. This is common in summer when the temperatures are very high and the sun is blazing. The outrageous heat could lead to fires that begin to blaze and destroy the vegetations and the entire ecosystem.

Traditionally, we have been told that this could be a very destructive occurrence and that it could lead to the destruction of the ecosystem and death of trees.

However, recent evidence suggests that there could be some benefits to wild fires in the sense that it clears the forest floors and enables nutrients to reenter the soil.  As such, as the forest recovers, the plant and the animal species continue to experience a boom.

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The kinetic theory of matter states that all matter is made up of minute particles with space in between them that move randomly. The theory is based on the fact that matter is composed of small particles.

Based on the atoms of an ideal gas, KMT has five hypotheses:

1. Gases are made up of several molecules moving randomly and constantly in linear motion.

2. The volume of all the molecules is dwarfed by the volume of the gas as a whole.

3. Intermolecular forces are negligible.

4. The average kinetic energy of every molecule in the gas stays constant as long as the temperature stays constant. Molecular collisions are therefore entirely elastic.

5. The average kinetic energy of all molecules in a gas depends on its absolute temperature. This shows that at any temperature, gas molecules in equilibrium have the same average kinetic energy (but NOT the same velocity and mass).

The kinetic-molecular theory, a theory that characterizes the states of matter, is based on the presumption that matter is composed of small particles that are constantly in motion. The theory clarifies observed properties and behaviors of gases, liquids, and solids.

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Zinc has work function (Φ) of 4.3 eV. The longest wavelength of the light is 2.885nm.

In solid-state physics, work function (sometimes spelled work function) is the minimum thermodynamic work (i.e., energy) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point in the vacuum immediately outside the solid surface. Here "immediately" means that the final electron position is far from the surface on atomic scale, but still too close to the solid to be influenced by ambient electric fields in the vacuum.

The work function is not a characteristic of a bulk material, but rather a property of the surface of material (depending on crystal face and contamination).

The work function refers to removal of an electron to a position that is far enough from the surface (many nm) that the force between electron and its image charge in the surface can be neglected. The electron must also be close to the surface compared to the nearest edge of a crystal facet, or to any other change in surface structure, such as a change in material composition, surface coating or reconstruction. The built-in electric field that results from these structures, and any other ambient electric field present in vacuum, are excluded in defining the work function.

From the question we are told that,

The work function of Zinc is  [tex]W=4.3eV[/tex]

Generally, work function can be mathematically represented as

[tex]E_{o} = \frac{hc}{ λ long}[/tex]

⇒[tex]λ long=\frac{hc}{E_{o} }[/tex]

Here  h is Planck constant with the value h= [tex]4.1357*10^{-15} eV[/tex]*

and c is the speed of the light with value  c= [tex]3.0*10^{8}m/s[/tex]

So,

⇒λ[tex]_{long}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{4.1357*10^{-15}*3*10^{8} }{4.3}[/tex]

       = [tex]2.885*10^{-7}[/tex]m

        = 2.885nm

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The reason as given that; "water has hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2 by volume" given is true for the assertion.

The term electrolysis has to do with the a process in which there is the decomposition of a substance by the passage of direct current through it. The direct current is often obtained from a battery or any other source that could yield the direct current.

Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. There are two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen in water. This is why we say that water has a ratio of 2:1 of hydrogen to oxygen.

Having explained all of these, it is a the reason given is true for the assertion.

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The volume of the platinum solid is determined as 8.16 cm³.

The volume of the  platinum solid is calculated from its density and mass as shown below.

V = m/ρ

where;

Volume of the platinum solid is calculated as follows;

V = 175 g / 21.45 g/cm³

V = 8.16 cm³

Thus, the volume of the platinum solid is determined as 8.16 cm³.

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Using the dimensional analysis, The conversion of 500.0 calories is 2.092 x 10⁶ joules.

The Joule is the unit of work or energy in the SI system (J). A force of one Newton traveling one meter in its own direction produces the work equivalent to one joule.

Our bodies store extra calories as body fat when we consume more calories through food and drink than we burn off. If this keeps happening, we might eventually gain weight.

There are different units, which is why there is a conversion of these units.

1 kilocalorie = 4184 joule

500 x  4184 =  2.092 x 10⁶

500.0 = 2.092 x 10⁶

Thus, the conversion is 500.0 calories is 2.092 x 10⁶ joules.

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Scientific experimentation to provide the basis for scientific knowledge

A scientific experiment is any process in which measurements are used and tests are carried out to verify or refute a hypothesis and the hypothesis is a proposition that appears to be true, but has not yet been corroborated, and from which an investigation can be developed and experiment plays many roles in science and one of its important roles is to test theories and to provide the basis for scientific knowledge and it can also call for a new theory, either by showing that an accepted theory is incorrect, or by exhibiting a new phenomenon that is in need

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Answer:

93.7 feet

Explanation:

To convert meters to feet, all you have to do is multiply by 3.281.

Hope this helped! :)

5.65⋅10∧17 photons is the energy of one photon produced by this laser

E=3.716⋅10−19J

There are two methods for calculating a photon's energy: The equation E = h f can be used if we are aware of the photon's frequency. This equation, which is often referred to as Planck's equation, was created by Max Planck. The equation E = h c may be used to determine a photon's energy if its wavelength is known.

In the standard model of particle physics, the photon is a fundamental particle. It has no discernible wavelength. The table describes it as a point particle with mass 0 and spin 1.

Laser light is monochromatic, which is a key distinction between it and light produced by white light sources (like a lightbulb).

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103 Neutrons. You take the Mass rounded and subtract it with the atomic #

The density of the unknown liquid is 1.64 mL

The density of a substance is simply defined as the mass of the subtance per unit volume of the substance. Mathematically, it can be expressed as

Density = mass / volume

We can obtain the volume of the container by calculating the volume of the water. This is illustrated below:

Density = mass / volume

Thus,

Volume = mass / density

Volume of water = 2.71 / 0.997048

Volume of water = 2.718 mL

Density = mass / volume

Density of unknown liquid = 4.45 / 2.718

Density of unknown liquid = 1.64 mL

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The conversions that could be performed with these two conversion factors alone, Density—> molar mass or/formula mass—> is volume ---> moles; option D

Conversion factors are expressions or values which are used to convert from one unit or value to another.

The conversion factor given is:

Density—> molar mass or/formula mass—>

volume = density/mass

moles = mass/molar mass

Volume to moles = density/mass -->  mass/ molar mass

Volume to moles = density ---> molar mass or formula mass

The conversion of volume to moles will therefore require density and molar mass or formula.

In conclusion, conversion factors are used to convert from one unit  value to another.

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The following are true about the chemical formula;

The chemical formula of a compound is the representation of the substance of paper. We can use the chemical formula of a compound to show the way that the compounds are or the atoms that compose them.

The following are true about the chemical formula;

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The assertion and the reason that is given for HCl and zinc granules are true, but the reason is not correct for the assertion.

The assertion is the statement that is taken on the hypothesis. A chemical reaction takes place when weak hydrochloric acid is applied to a test tube containing zinc granules.

Here, we can observe how bubbles from the test tubes cause a colorless, odorless gas to develop.

As a result, when zinc granules are inserted in a test tube and diluted hydrochloric acid is added, A colorless, odorless gas that is evolving with bubbles was seen.

Thus, for HCl and zinc granules, both the claim and the explanation are accurate, however, the explanation is flawed in support of the claim.

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Answer:

Matter either loses or absorbs energy when it changes from one state to another. For example, when matter changes from a liquid to a solid, it loses energy

The standard enthalpy of reaction in the thermochemical equation:

2 Al(s) + Fe₂O₃ (s) → 2 Fe(s) + Al₂O₃ (s) is  859.3 kJ/mol

The enthalpy of a given reaction is the amount of heat given off or absorbed when reactants react to form products in that reaction.

A reaction having negative enthalpy change indicates that heat is given off in the  reaction and the reaction is said to be exothermic.

A reaction having positive enthalpy change indicates that heat is absorbed in the  reaction and the reaction is said to be endothermic.

The amount of heat given off or the enthalpy change when one mole of aluminum metal completely reacts with iron(III) oxide to form aluminum oxide and iron metal is 429.6 kJ of heat.

The correct value for the standard enthalpy of reaction in the thermochemical equation below is determined as follows:

2 Al(s) + Fe₂O₃ (s) → 2 Fe(s) + Al₂O₃ (s)

According to the equation of the reaction,  two moles of aluminum reacts completely with iron(III) oxide to form aluminum oxide and iron metal.

The standard enthalpy of reaction = 429.6 kJ/mol * 2

The standard enthalpy of reaction = 859.3 kJ/mol

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The compound's empirical formula is CH3O.

Empirical formula is the chemical formula for compounds which do not define the precise number or arrangement of atoms but just the quantities of the components they contain. This would be the component of the compound with the smallest whole number ratio.

Empirical formula is beneficial since figuring out the molecular formula may be immensely aided by knowing the relative amounts of each constituent in a molecule. It's crucial to have an n-value in order to figure out the real number of each atom in a molecule.

n(CO2) = n(C) = m/M = 6.557/44 = 0.148 mol

m(C) = 0.148 x 12 = 1.788g

n(H2O) = 0.5n(H) = 5/22.4 = 0.223g/18 = 0.024 mol

m(H) = 2 x 0.024 = 0.048g

m(O) = 4.624 - 1.788 - 0.048 = 2.788g

n(H) = 2 x 0.174 = 0.348 mol

n(O) = 2.788/16 = 0.174 mol

n(C):n(H):n(O) = 0.148:0.348:0.174 = 1:3:1

Empirical formula is CH3O

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A physical change is a change from one state of matter to another; a chemical change results in the formation of a new substance.

Examples of physical changes include changes in the composition or size of materials. Physical changes include changes from one state to another, for as going from a solid to a liquid or a liquid to a gas. Some of the processes that result in physical changes are cutting, bending, dissolving, freezing, boiling, and melting.

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1. Lewis acid- electron pair acceptor.

2. Lewis base- electron-pair donor.

3. Bronsted acid- proton donar

4. Bronsted base- proton acceptor

5. A compound that acts as both a bronsted-lowry acid and base together is called amphoteric.

Machine parts, bodily processes or functions, healing mechanisms. A combination of mental processes, a psychological mechanism by which a result is achieved. A fundamental physical or chemical process involved in or responsible for an action-reaction or another natural phenomenon.

The difference between process and mechanism as nouns is that process is a sequence of events to achieve a result, and mechanism is in a machine or mechanism, especially as opposed to a product. Inside the machine or machine park. A mechanical means of transducing or controlling motion or transmitting or controlling force.

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This is the reaction when the 2-pentanone is converted into pentanol.

The presence of aldehyde converts the ketone to alcohol.

What mechanism is used?

The mechanism used is of aldehyde converting ketones to alcohol. The steps are as:

The types of acids and bases are shown as:

What are Lewis acids ?

Lewis acids are the compounds or ionic species that can accept an electron pair from any donor compound.

What are Lewis bases ?

Lewis base is the donor compound or ionic species.

What are Bronsted acids or bases?

Bronsted - Lowry acids are substance which donate H+ ions and these later forms a conjugate base while a Bronsted - Lowry bases are those substances which accepts H+ ions and they in return forms a conjugate acid.

A compound that acts as both a Bronsted - Lowry acid and base together is called amphoteric.

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