As per the data given, the rate at which the pressure in the vat is increasing at t = 600 seconds is: (2R * 600 seconds) / 500 liters.
To determine the rate at which the pressure in the vat changes, we must compute the derivative of the ideal gas law equation with respect to time.
We can rewrite the ideal gas law equation as:
PV = nRT
Taking the derivative of both sides with respect to time (t):
P * dV/dt + V * dP/dt = nR * dT/dt
Since the volume (V) is constant, dV/dt = 0. Also, the number of moles (n) is constant, so dn/dt = 0.
0 + V * dP/dt = 0 + R * (2t) * dt
So,
V * dP/dt = 2Rt * dt
dP/dt = (2Rt * dt) / V
dP/dt = (2R * 600 seconds) / 500 liters
Thus, the rate at which the pressure in the vat is increasing at t = 600 seconds is: dP/dt = (2R * 600 seconds) / 500 liters
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for each of the following unbalanced equations, balance the equation and then determine how many grams of the second reactant would be required to react completely with 0.600 g of the first reactant. (a) cr(s) cl2(g) crcl3(s) (b) rbo2(s) h2o(l) o2(g) rboh(s) (c) c5h12(g) o2(g) co2(g) h2o(g) (d) li(s) cl2(g) licl(s)
(a) The balanced equation for the reaction is:
2Cr(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2CrCl3(s)
To determine how many grams of Cl2 are required to react completely with 0.600 g of Cr, we need to use stoichiometry.
First, we calculate the molar mass of Cr (52.00 g/mol) and Cl2 (70.90 g/mol). Next, we convert the given mass of Cr to moles using the molar mass. In this case, 0.600 g of Cr is approximately 0.0115 mol (0.600 g / 52.00 g/mol).
According to the balanced equation, the molar ratio between Cr and Cl2 is 2:3. Therefore, for every 2 moles of Cr, we need 3 moles of Cl2. Using this ratio, we can determine the moles of Cl2 required:
0.0115 mol Cr × (3 mol Cl2 / 2 mol Cr) = 0.0173 mol Cl2
Finally, we convert the moles of Cl2 to grams using the molar mass:
0.0173 mol Cl2 × 70.90 g/mol = 1.23 g Cl2
Therefore, approximately 1.23 grams of Cl2 would be required to react completely with 0.600 grams of Cr.
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Mothballs are composed of naphthalene, C10H8, C10H8, a molecule that consists of two six-membered rings of carbon fused along an edge, as shown in this incomplete Lewis structure: (a) Draw all of the resonance structures of naphthalene. How many are there? (b) Do you expect the C−C bond lengths in the molecule to be similar to those of C−C single bonds, C=Cdouble bonds, or intermediate between C−C single and C=C double bonds? (c) Not all of the C−C bond lengths in naphthalene are equivalent. Based on your resonance structures, how many C−C bonds in the molecule do you expect to be shorter than the others?
Mothballs are composed of naphthalene, C10H8. Naphthalene has a total of 3 resonance structures. The C−C bond lengths in the molecule are expected to be intermediate between C−C single and C=C double bonds. Based on the resonance structures, we can expect that 4 out of the 10 C−C bonds in naphthalene will be shorter than the others.
Naphthalene has a resonance structure due to the delocalization of electrons within the two aromatic rings. The incomplete Lewis structure indicates the presence of two resonance structures for naphthalene. These resonance structures can be obtained by shifting the double bonds within the rings.
In terms of bond lengths, C−C single bonds are longer than C=C double bonds due to the overlapping of orbitals. Since the resonance in naphthalene spreads the electron density across the molecule, the C−C bond lengths are expected to be shorter than those in C−C single bonds but longer than those in C=C double bonds. The delocalization of electrons results in a partial double bond character in the C−C bonds, making them intermediate in length.
As for the variation in bond lengths, not all of the C−C bonds in naphthalene are equivalent due to the presence of resonance structures. The delocalization of electrons causes a redistribution of electron density, leading to a difference in bond lengths. The bonds adjacent to the double bonds in the resonance structures are expected to be shorter than the other C−C bonds.
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why in simple diffusion do molecules naturally move from areas where there is a higher concentration to areas where there is a lower concentration?
In simple diffusion, molecules move across the cell membrane from high to low concentration, meaning that the molecules move from areas where they are more concentrated to areas where they are less concentrated. This is known as the concentration gradient.
The molecules tend to move in this direction because of the natural tendency to reach a state of equilibrium. This means that molecules will distribute themselves evenly in an area over time.
The direction of the movement of the molecules in simple diffusion is a result of Brownian motion, which is the movement of particles in a fluid or gas as a result of their random collision with each other. Brownian motion causes the particles to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
The movement of molecules by simple diffusion does not require energy input because it is a passive process. Therefore, it is an efficient way for molecules to move across the cell membrane when they need to reach areas with a lower concentration.
In conclusion, molecules naturally move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration in simple diffusion because they follow the concentration gradient, which is the natural tendency to reach a state of equilibrium. The movement is caused by Brownian motion, which is the random collision of particles with each other. The process is passive and does not require energy input.
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A 15.2 g sample of a mixture of magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate is treated with excess HCl. The resulting reaction produces 4.33 L of carbon dioxide gas at 28 ∘
C and 757 torr. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that takes place between magnesium carbonate and HCl. Include physical states. chemical reaction: Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that takes place between calcium carbonate and HCl. Include physical states. Calculate the total number of moles of carbon dioxide that fos from these reactions. moles of carbon dioxide: Assuming the reactions are complete, calculate the precentage by mass of magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate in the mixture, magnesium carbonate: calcium carbonate:
The answer is: magnesium carbonate: 56.25% calcium carbonate: 43.75%
A balanced chemical equation for the reaction that takes place between magnesium carbonate and HCl:
MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
A balanced chemical equation for the reaction that takes place between calcium carbonate and HCl:
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
According to the given information, mass of mixture = 15.2 g
Let's assume x g magnesium carbonate and (15.2 - x) g calcium carbonate are present in the mixture.
According to the first chemical equation,1 mole of MgCO3 produces 1 mole of CO2.So, x g of MgCO3 will produce x/84 moles of CO2 (molar mass of MgCO3 = 84 g/mol)
According to the second chemical equation,
1 mole of CaCO3 produces 1 mole of CO2.
So, (15.2 - x) g of CaCO3 will produce (15.2 - x)/100 moles of CO2 (molar mass of CaCO3 = 100 g/mol)
Total moles of CO2 = x/84 + (15.2 - x)/100
Using ideal gas law, PV = nRT
n = PV/RT
= [(757/760) × 4.33]/[0.0821 × (28 + 273)]
= 0.00814 mol
% composition of MgCO3 by mass = (mass of MgCO3 / mass of mixture) × 100
= (x / 15.2) × 100
% composition of CaCO3 by mass = (mass of CaCO3 / mass of mixture) × 100
= [(15.2 - x) / 15.2] × 100
By substituting the value of x, we get% composition of MgCO3 by mass = (8.55 / 15.2) × 100
56.25%
% composition of CaCO3 by mass = (6.65 / 15.2) × 100
= 43.75%
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• Explain the effects of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), H+ and
CO2 on the affinity of hemoglobin for O2.
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), H+, and CO2 are allosteric effectors that regulate the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen (O2) in response to physiological conditions.
BPG: BPG is produced in red blood cells during glycolysis and binds to the central cavity of deoxygenated hemoglobin (T state), stabilizing this conformation. By binding to hemoglobin, BPG decreases its affinity for O2. This is important in tissues with low oxygen levels, such as exercising muscles, where BPG helps in the release of O2 from hemoglobin for cellular respiration.
H+: The presence of H+ (acidic pH) promotes the release of O2 from hemoglobin. H+ binds to specific amino acid residues, causing conformational changes that stabilize the T state of hemoglobin and reduce its affinity for O2. This is known as the Bohr effect and facilitates O2 unloading in metabolically active tissues where CO2 and H+ concentrations are higher.
CO2: CO2 can bind to amino groups of hemoglobin, forming carbamate compounds. This binding further stabilizes the T state and reduces the affinity of hemoglobin for O2. Similar to H+, the presence of CO2 promotes the release of O2 from hemoglobin, especially in tissues with high CO2 levels, such as metabolically active tissues.
Overall, BPG, H+, and CO2 act as physiological modulators of hemoglobin's O2 affinity, ensuring efficient oxygen delivery to tissues and facilitating oxygen unloading where it is most needed.
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The substance neon has the following properties: noal melting point: 24.5 K noal boiling point: 27.1 K triple point: critical point:
0.425 atm,24.4 K
26.2 atm,44.4 K
At temperatures above 44.4 K and pressures above 26.2atm, Ne is a Ne does not exist as a liquid at pressures below Ne is a at 3.64 atm and 11.5 K.
Ne is a at 0.425 atm and 40.0 K.
Ne is a at 1.00atm and 26.4K.
A sample of xenon at a pressure of 1.00 atm and a temperature of 177.7 K is cooled at constant pressure to a temperature of 155.1 K. Which of the following are true? Choose all that apply One or more phase changes will occur. The sample is initially a gas. The final state of the substance is a solid. The solid initially present will vaporize. The final state of the substance is a liquid.
One or more phase changes will occur. The sample is initially a gas. The final state of the substance is a solid.
When the sample of xenon is cooled at constant pressure from 177.7 K to 155.1 K, it undergoes a phase change. Xenon is initially in the gaseous state because the temperature is above its boiling point. As the temperature decreases, the xenon molecules lose energy and begin to slow down. At a certain temperature, known as the freezing point, the kinetic energy of the xenon molecules becomes insufficient to overcome the intermolecular forces, resulting in the formation of a solid.
During this cooling process, the phase change from gas to solid occurs. The xenon molecules transition from a disordered arrangement in the gas phase to a more organized, closely packed arrangement in the solid phase. This phase change involves a release of energy, as the molecules lose their kinetic energy and become fixed in their positions.
It is important to note that no information is provided about the presence of a solid initially, so we cannot conclude that the solid initially present will vaporize. However, based on the given information, we can determine that the final state of the substance is a solid because the temperature has dropped below the freezing point of xenon, and it will remain in the solid phase at that temperature and pressure.
In summary, when the sample of xenon is cooled at constant pressure from 177.7 K to 155.1 K, one or more phase changes will occur. The sample is initially a gas, and the final state of the substance is a solid.
Phase changes and the behavior of gases and solids at different temperatures and pressures.
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Which conditions would activate the necessary enzymes for the citric acid cycle? View Available Hint(s) O high levels of ATP O low levels of ADP O high levels of ADP high levels of NADH
The high levels of ADP and NADH are the necessary condition to activate the necessary enzymes for the citric acid cycle. The correct answers are option 3 and 4, respectively.
The necessary conditions that would activate the enzymes for the citric acid cycle are:
1.High levels of ADP: When ATP levels are low and ADP levels are high, it indicates that the cell requires more energy. This stimulates the activity of enzymes in the citric acid cycle to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
2.High levels of NADH: NADH is an electron carrier that is produced during various metabolic reactions, including the citric acid cycle. High levels of NADH can indicate that the cell has sufficient energy and does not require further ATP production.
In this case, the citric acid cycle slows down, and the excess NADH is used in other processes, such as the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
Therefore, the correct conditions that would activate the necessary enzymes for the citric acid cycle are 1. High levels of ADP and 2. High levels of NADH.
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The given question is incomplete. The complete question is:
Which conditions would activate the necessary enzymes for the citric acid cycle?
1. high levels of ATP
2. low levels of ADP
3.high levels of ADP
4. high levels of NADH
Which of the two compounds would you predict to have the higher
melting point, diethylamine or pentane? Explain your choice in
tes of the inteolecular forces that enable it have a higher
melting p
The compound that will have the higher melting point is diethylamine. This is because it has stronger intermolecular forces than pentane.
Intermolecular forces are the forces that hold molecules together. They include dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces. Diethylamine has a stronger intermolecular force which is due to the presence of hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding exists between the hydrogen atom on one molecule and the nitrogen atom on another molecule. This force is stronger than the London dispersion forces that exist in pentane.
Pentane, on the other hand, is a non-polar molecule that only experiences London dispersion forces. These forces are the weakest intermolecular forces, therefore, pentane has a low melting point.
In summary, diethylamine has a higher melting point than pentane because it has stronger intermolecular forces, specifically hydrogen bonding, as opposed to pentane which only has London dispersion forces.
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Perform the following conversion:
0.0026 Liters = _________ microliters
(Do not use scientific notation.)
The required conversion from liters to microliters is 2600 microliters.
To perform the given conversion from liters to microliters using the star method, the answer is as follows:
We have given volume in liters, and we need to convert it into microliters.
Star method:
Write down the value with the unit you want to convert (starting unit).
Write down the unit you want to convert to (ending unit).
Draw a star or a cross and write down the appropriate conversion factor.
Write down the canceling unit so that we can cancel the given unit.
Write down the remaining unit.
Given
Liters = 0.0026
Liters
Microliters = ?
1 microliter = 1 × 10⁻⁶ L (As 1 liter = 10⁶ microliters)
Now, apply the star method and calculate the value of microliters:
0.0026 L × 10⁶ microliters
1 L = 2600 microliters
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For each of the following redioisotopes in hyphen notation, detennine the following: - Number of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons - Atomic Mass and Atonaic Number - Nuclear Symbol a. Potassium-42: used fo measture the level of exchangeable potassiam in the heart's blood flow. b. Technetiam-99m: the medically relevant fo of technctium-99 used for over 80 ₹. of all related deagnoxtic imaging, (cardace muscle, patient's skeleton, liver, spleen, brain, lung, thyroid, bone mamow, Eall bladifer. salivary glands, lacrimal glands. infection. heart blood pooling and many other specialized studies) c. Lead-212 used to treat breast cancer. melanoma, and alwo ovaraa cancer through alphi radioimmunotherapy and target alpha therapy (TAT).
Atomic number of Potassium-42 is 19. Potassium-42's nuclear symbol is 19 K 23. It has a K atom with 19 protons and 23 neutrons in its nucleus.
a. Potassium-42: Potassium-42 is an isotope of potassium. It has 19 protons and 23 neutrons in its nucleus. As a result, its atomic mass is 42 (19+23). Potassium-42 contains 19 electrons because it has 19 protons, which are positively charged.
b. Technetium-99m: Technetium-99m has 43 protons and 56 neutrons in its nucleus, and it is used in over 80% of all medical imaging procedures. As a result, its atomic mass is 99 (43+56). Technetium-99m contains 43 electrons because it has 43 protons, which are positively charged. Atomic number of Technetium-99m is 43. Technetium-99m's nuclear symbol is 43 Tc 56m. It has a Tc atom with 43 protons and 56 neutrons in its nucleus. The "m" in 56m indicates that it is a metastable isomer, which means it is an excited state of Technetium-99m.
c. Lead-212: Lead-212 is an isotope of lead that has 82 protons and 130 neutrons in its nucleus. As a result, its atomic mass is 212 (82+130). Lead-212 contains 82 electrons because it has 82 protons, which are positively charged. Atomic number of Lead-212 is 82. Lead-212's nuclear symbol is 82 Pb 130. It has a Pb atom with 82 protons and 130 neutrons in its nucleus.
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3) What is the cmpirical foula for a compound that contains 49.5%C,5.2%H,28.9% N, and 16.5%O by mass? What is the molecular foula if the compound has a molar mass of 291.29 g/mol ( 2pts) 4) Balance the following chemical equations: ( 2 pts) Al+O 2
→Al 2
O 3
C 7
H 1
N+O 2
→CO 2
+H 2
O+□ 2
NO 2
Cab(PO 4
) 2
+SiO 2
+…C→CaSiO 3
+P 4
+□ CO
5) If you have 2.0 grams of Cu and 8.0 grams of AgNO, how many grams of copper (II) nitrate a produced? ( 2 pts) 2AgNO 3
+Ca→Cu(NO 3
) 2
+2Ag 6) If you actually obtain 2.3 grams of Cu(NO 3
) 2
from the experiment above, what is the percent yield of Cu(NO) )?
3) Empirical formula: CH₃NO; Molecular formula: C₃H₉N₃O₃.
4) Balanced chemical equations: a) 4Al + 3O₂ → 2Al₂O₃; b) C₇H₁N + 9O₂ → 7CO₂ + 5H₂O + N₂; c) 6NO₂ + 5Ca₃(PO₄)₂ + 2SiO₂ + ...C → 10CaSiO₃ + P₄ + ...
5) 5.9 grams of Cu(NO₃)₂ are produced from 2.0 grams of Cu and 8.0 grams of AgNO₃.
6) Percent yield of Cu(NO₃)₂: ~39.0%.
3) Empirical formula and molecular formula calculations:
percentages:
C: 49.5%
H: 5.2%
N: 28.9%
O: 16.5%
Assume a 100 g sample of the compound:
C: 49.5 g
H: 5.2 g
N: 28.9 g
O: 16.5 g
Convert masses to moles:
C: 49.5 g / 12.01 g/mol = 4.12 mol
H: 5.2 g / 1.008 g/mol = 5.16 mol
N: 28.9 g / 14.01 g/mol = 2.06 mol
O: 16.5 g / 16.00 g/mol = 1.03 mol
Divide moles by the smallest value (1.03 mol):
C: 4.12 mol / 1.03 mol ≈ 4
H: 5.16 mol / 1.03 mol ≈ 5
N: 2.06 mol / 1.03 mol ≈ 2
O: 1.03 mol / 1.03 mol = 1
Empirical formula: CH₃NO
Empirical formula mass: 12.01 g/mol + 3(1.008 g/mol) + 14.01 g/mol + 16.00 g/mol = 59.05 g/mol
Molar mass of the compound: 291.29 g/mol
Molecular formula: (291.29 g/mol) / (59.05 g/mol) ≈ 4
Multiply empirical formula by 4: C₃H₉N₃O₃
4) Balanced chemical equations:
a) 4Al + 3O₂ → 2Al₂O₃
b) C₇H₁N + 9O₂ → 7CO₂ + 5H₂O + N₂
c) 6NO₂ + 5Ca₃(PO₄)₂ + 2SiO₂ + ...C → 10CaSiO₃ + P₄ + ...
5) Calculation of grams of Cu(NO₃)₂ produced:
masses:
Cu: 2.0 g
AgNO₃: 8.0 g
Convert masses to moles:
Cu: 2.0 g / 63.55 g/mol = 0.0315 mol
AgNO₃: 8.0 g / 169.87 g/mol = 0.0471 mol
The molar ratio between Cu and Cu(NO₃)₂ is 1:1, so all 0.0315 mol of Cu will react completely to form the same amount of Cu(NO₃)₂.
Molar mass of Cu(NO₃)₂: 187.56 g/mol
Mass of Cu(NO₃)₂ produced: 0.0315 mol × 187.56 g/mol = 5.91 g ≈ 5.9 g
6) Calculation of percent yield of Cu(NO₃)₂:
actual yield: 2.3 g
Theoretical yield (from question 5): 5.9 g
Percent yield = (2.3 g / 5.9 g) × 100% ≈ 39.0%
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The complete question is:
3) What is the empirical formula for a compound that contains 49.5% C, 5.2% H, 28.9% N, and 16.5% O by mass? What is the molecular formula if the compound has a molar mass of 291.29 g/mol? (2 points)
4) Balance the following chemical equations: (2 points)
a) Al + O2 → Al2O3
b) C7H1N + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ____
c) NO2 + Cab(PO4)2 + SiO2 + …C → CaSiO3 + P4 + ____ CO
5) If you have 2.0 grams of Cu and 8.0 grams of AgNO3, how many grams of copper (II) nitrate are produced? (2 points)
2AgNO3 + Ca → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
6) If you actually obtain 2.3 grams of Cu(NO3)2 from the experiment above, what is the percent yield of Cu(NO3)2?
Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 660nm appears as
orange light to the human eye. The frequency of this light is ____
Hz.
The electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 660nm appears as orange light to the human eye. The frequency of this light is 4.54 x 10¹⁴ Hz.
Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that travels through space and matter in the form of a wave. The electric and magnetic fields oscillate at right angles to the direction of motion of the wave. Electromagnetic waves can have varying wavelengths and frequencies, ranging from gamma rays with very short wavelengths and high frequencies to radio waves with long wavelengths and low frequencies.
The distance between successive crests or troughs of a wave is known as the wavelength. The wavelength is usually denoted by the Greek letter lambda (λ).
The wavelength of the orange light is 660nm. To calculate the frequency of the orange light, we use the formula: `c = νλ`Where, `c` is the speed of light in vacuum, `ν` is the frequency of the wave, and `λ` is the wavelength of the wave.
Substituting the values, we get;`3.00 × 10⁸ ms⁻¹ = ν × 660 nm`. Converting the wavelength to meters;`λ = 660 nm = 660 × 10⁻⁹ m`. Therefore,`ν = (3.00 × 10⁸ ms⁻¹) ÷ (660 × 10⁻⁹ m) = 4.54 × 10¹⁴ Hz`.
Therefore, the frequency of the orange light with a wavelength of 660nm is 4.54 x 10¹⁴ Hz.
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what kind of reaction is represented by the equation ch4 2 o2 ® co2 2 h2o?
The reaction represented by the equation CH_4 + 2 O_2 → CO_2 + 2H_2O is a combustion reaction.
A combustion reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light. In this case, methane (CH_4) is reacting with oxygen (O_2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO_2) and water (H_2O).
Combustion reactions are typically exothermic, meaning they release energy in the form of heat and light. They are often accompanied by a flame and are commonly observed in processes such as burning of fuels, such as natural gas, gasoline, or wood.
In this specific reaction, methane (CH_4) is the fuel that undergoes combustion, combining with oxygen (O_2) to form carbon dioxide (CO_2) and water (H_2O). The coefficients in front of the molecules indicate the stoichiometric ratio, showing that one molecule of methane reacts with two molecules of oxygen to produce one molecule of carbon dioxide and two molecules of water.
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why you should add activated carbon to a cool solution and then heat the mixture to boiling rather than add the carbon to a boiling solution
Activated carbon is added to a cool solution and then heat the mixture to boiling instead of adding carbon to a boiling solution to avoid excess foaming and contamination.
Activated carbon is an excellent adsorbent for purification processes, removing contaminants, and absorbing colored impurities. When adding activated carbon to a solution, it is recommended to add it to a cool solution and then heat the mixture to boiling instead of adding carbon to a boiling solution to avoid excess foaming and contamination.
The addition of activated carbon to boiling liquids increases the risk of impurities present in the liquid being absorbed into the carbon pores, reducing the carbon's overall efficiency in purifying the mixture.
To avoid any contamination, the best method to add activated carbon is to add it to a cool solution and then heat the mixture to boiling slowly, allowing the carbon to absorb impurities and minimizing the risk of foam production.
It is essential to use a large enough vessel when adding activated carbon to a mixture since carbon is likely to foam and overflow the vessel.
Therefore, adding carbon to a cool solution and then heating it slowly will prevent foam overflow, making the process easier to manage.
Activated carbon is a mixture of different molecules that absorb impurities to remove any contaminants from solutions. This process is important in the manufacturing of products such as pharmaceuticals, foods, and chemicals.
Thus, to avoid excess foaming and contamination, activated carbon is added to a cool solution and then heat the mixture to boiling.
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Calculate the equilibrium constant equation for: {CO}_{2}+{H}_{2} {O} leftharpoons {H}^{+}+{HCO}_{3}
This is an acid-base equilibrium reaction of the bicarbonate ion. The product of the concentrations of the products divided by the product of the concentrations of the reactants raised to their stoichiometric coefficients is known as the equilibrium constant (K).
Thus, the equilibrium constant expression is given by:
K = [H+][HCO3-] / [CO2][H2O]Where,[H+] = Concentration of hydrogen ions
[HCO3-] = Concentration of bicarbonate ions[CO2] = Concentration of carbon dioxide
[H2O] = Concentration of water
However, it is important to remember that since the reaction equation provided is a gas-phase reaction, concentration will be replaced by partial pressure p.
The equilibrium constant can be determined as follows:
K = [H+][HCO3-] / [CO2][H2O]= p[H+][HCO3-] / p[CO2][H2O]= (p[H+] [HCO3-]) / (p[CO2] [H2O])
This is the equilibrium constant equation for the given chemical reaction equation, which can be determined using the concentrations of the reactants and products, or using the partial pressures of the gases in the equilibrium reaction.
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How do you convert 2.3030E-05 m aluminum to percent
aluminum?
To convert 2.3030E-05 m aluminum to percent aluminum, the value needs to be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.The conversion of 2.3030E-05 m aluminum to percent aluminum is 0.002303%.
The given value, 2.3030E-05 m aluminum, represents a measurement of aluminum in meters. To convert this value to a percentage, we need to multiply it by 100 and express it as a ratio out of 100.
Multiplying 2.3030E-05 by 100 gives us 0.002303. This represents the decimal equivalent of the percentage. To express it as a percentage, we need to move the decimal point two places to the right, resulting in 0.002303%.
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2. The half life of a drug is 2 hours. After three half lives, the percentage eliminated from the body is?
The half-life of a drug is 2 hours. After three half-lives, the percentage of the drug eliminated from the body is 87.5%. How is the percentage of drug eliminated from the body calculated?
The percentage of the drug eliminated from the body is determined by the number of half-lives that have passed. After each half-life, the percentage of the drug remaining in the body is halved. The formula for calculating the percentage of the drug eliminated from the body is: P = (1/2)ⁿ x 100%
Where P is the percentage of the drug remaining in the body after n half-lives have passed. Three half-lives have passed, so n = 3.
Substituting the given values in the formula: P = (1/2)³ x 100%P = 0.125 x 100%P = 12.5%
The percentage of the drug remaining in the body is 12.5%.Therefore, the percentage of the drug eliminated from the body after three half-lives have passed is:100% - 12.5% = 87.5%.
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3.1 Differentiate between the following tes: 5.2.1 weak acid 5.2.2 strong acid 3.2 In order to ensure growth of crops, it is vital to monitor the pH of the soil. Discuss how you would treat soil that is: 3.2.1 Too basic 3.2.2 Too acidic 3.3 Complete the following reaction by filling in the products foed: 5.6.1 H2SO4+CaCO3→
3.1 Differentiation between weak and strong acid:Acids are classified into two types; strong acids and weak acids. The primary distinction between these two is their ability to dissociate in water.
Strong acids are those that can completely dissociate in water to produce H+ ions while weak acids only partially dissociate in water.5.2.1 Weak acid A weak acid is a type of acid that only partially ionizes in water to produce H+ ions. This means that in an aqueous solution, weak acids have a lower concentration of hydrogen ions and a higher concentration of acid molecules. As a result, weak acids have a lower pH than strong acids.
Examples of weak acids include acetic acid and formic acid.5.2.2 Strong acid Strong acid is an acid that is capable in water to produce H+ ions. When these acids dissolve in water, they completely break apart into their respective ions, giving a higher concentration of hydrogen ions. Strong acids have a low pH because of the abundance of hydrogen ions present.
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Suppose that a medical test has a 92% chance of detecting a disease if the person has it (i.e., 92% sensitivity) and a 94% chance of correctly indicating that the disease is absent if the person really does not have the disease (i.e., 94% specificity). Suppose 10% of the population has the disease.
Using the information from Exercise 3.2.8 with D= disease, DC = no disease, P= positive test result, and PC = negative test result: what is Pr{P∣D} ? a. 0.92 b. 0.94 c. 0.06 d. 0.08
The probability of a positive test result given a disease is Pr{P∣D} = 0.92. The correct option is A.
Let D = disease,
DC = no disease,
P = positive test result,
and PC = negative test result.
So, we need to find out Pr{P∣D}.
Bayes' theorem formula:
Pr{D∣P} = (Pr{P∣D} × Pr{D})/ Pr{P}... (1)
We know that,
Pr{D} = 0.10Pr{DC}
= 0.90
From the information given, it is evident that the person has the disease, and the test results are positive, so Pr{P|D} is given as 0.92.
P{P} = (Pr{P∣D} × Pr{D}) + (Pr{P∣DC} × Pr{DC})
Here, we are interested in the probability of having the disease given that the test result is positive.
Substituting the values in Bayes' theorem, we have
Pr{D∣P} = (0.92 × 0.10)/ P{P}... (2)
By total probability, P{P} is obtained as:
P{P} = (Pr{P∣D} × Pr{D}) + (Pr{P∣DC} × Pr{DC})
= (0.92 × 0.10) + (0.06 × 0.90)
= 0.0984+ 0.054
= 0.1524
Now, substituting the values of Pr{D}, Pr{P∣D} and P{P} in Eq. (1), we get:
Pr{D∣P} = (0.92 × 0.10)/ P{P}
= 0.0092/ 0.1524
= 0.0603
= 0.06
Hence, Option A is correct.
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Water boils at 90∘Cwhen the pressure exerted on the liquid equals (1) 65 kPa (2) 90 kPa (3) 101.3 kPa (4) 120 kPa
The boiling point of water is dependent on the pressure exerted on the liquid. In this case, water boils at 90°C when the pressure exerted on the liquid equals 101.3 kPa, which is equivalent to atmospheric pressure. At different pressures, the boiling point of water will vary.
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals the external pressure exerted on the liquid. When the external pressure is equal to the vapor pressure, the liquid starts to vaporize and boil.
In the given options, the pressure values are provided, and we need to determine which pressure corresponds to the boiling point of water at 90°C.
At standard atmospheric conditions, the pressure is approximately 101.3 kPa, which is equivalent to 1 atmosphere (atm) or 760 mmHg. This is also known as the normal boiling point of water, where water boils at 100°C.
Based on this information, we can conclude that option (3) 101.3 kPa is the correct choice. At this pressure, water boils at 90°C.
Therefore, the boiling point of water is affected by the pressure exerted on the liquid, and at 101.3 kPa, water boils at 90°C. At higher pressures, such as option (4) 120 kPa, water would boil at a higher temperature, and at lower pressures, such as options (1) 65 kPa or (2) 90 kPa, water would boil at a lower temperature.
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Metal sulfates are hygroscopic and will absorb water from the atmosphere. As a result, they must be kept in desiccators to keep them dry. Suppose, hypothetically, that the unknown metal sulfate was not desiccated. Would this error lead you to obtain a higher mass % of sulfate or a lower mass % of sulfate in the unknown? Explain.
The error of not desiccating the metal sulfate would lead to a higher mass % of sulfate in the unknown.
When metal sulfates are not desiccated and exposed to the atmosphere, they will absorb water molecules from the surrounding air. This absorption of water will result in an increase in the total mass of the metal sulfate sample. Since the percentage of sulfate in the sample is calculated based on the mass of the sulfate compound relative to the total mass of the sample, any increase in the total mass of the sample will lead to a lower percentage of other components present, thus yielding a higher mass % of sulfate.
Water has a lower molecular weight compared to metal sulfates, so its addition to the sample will increase the total mass significantly more than it will increase the mass of the sulfate compound. This means that the ratio of sulfate mass to the total mass will decrease, resulting in a higher percentage of sulfate in the sample.
In conclusion, if the unknown metal sulfate was not desiccated and allowed to absorb water from the atmosphere, the error would lead to a higher mass % of sulfate in the unknown.
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Write the complete symbol for each of the following isotopes: 4.4.1Z=6, number of neutrons =8 4.4.2 T The isotope of Sodium in which A=24 4.4.3 Number of protons =53, and number of neutrons =78 4.4.4 The isotope of Oxygen, O, with mass number of 17 Using the periodic table, draw the atomic structure of the following elements: 4.5.1 Helium 4.5.2 Lithium 4.6 Use your knowledge of atomic calculations to complete the following chart. Note: Symbol=mass no. Element net charge
4.4.1 Symbol: ⁸O⁶
Explanation: The atomic number is 6, which indicates the presence of six protons in the nucleus and six electrons orbiting around it. The number of neutrons can be calculated by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number, giving us 8 neutrons (14 - 6).
4.4.2 Symbol: ²⁴Na¹¹
Explanation: Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and a mass number of 24. This means it contains 11 protons and 13 neutrons in its nucleus.
4.4.3 Symbol: ¹³⁰I⁵³
Explanation: Iodine has 53 protons (atomic number) and a mass number of 130. By subtracting the atomic number from the mass number, we find that it has 77 neutrons in its nucleus.
4.4.4 Symbol: ¹⁷O
Explanation: Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 17. Subtracting the atomic number from the mass number gives us the number of neutrons, which is 9.
4.5.1 Atomic structure of helium: The atomic number of helium is 2, and its atomic weight is 4. It has two electrons in its first shell. The atomic structure is represented as:
He: 2
4.5.2 Atomic structure of lithium: The atomic number of lithium is 3, and its atomic weight is 6.94. The atomic structure is shown below:
Li: 3
2,1
4.6 Symbol; Element; Net Charge: The information is incomplete, so the answer cannot be provided.
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When sodium metal is dropped into water and all the metal reacts in the balanced equation shown below. What mass of hydrogen is liberated from a 92.0 gram piece of sodium? 2Na + 2H2O —> 2NaOH + H2
4.04 grams of hydrogen are liberated from a 92.0 gram piece of sodium when it reacts with water.
When 2 moles of sodium (Na) react with 2 moles of water (H₂O) under standard temperature and pressure conditions, the resulting balanced chemical equation is given by;
2Na + 2H₂O ⟶ 2NaOH + H₂
According to the equation, the molar ratio of Na to H₂ is 2:1.
For every 2 moles of sodium reacted, 1 mole of hydrogen is liberated.
In the question, the mass of sodium is given as 92.0 grams. The molar mass of sodium (Na) is 22.99 g/mol.
To calculate the number of moles of sodium, we will use the formula:
moles = mass/molar mass
So,moles of Na = 92.0 g / 22.99 g/mol= 4.00 moles of Na
Since the molar ratio of Na to H₂ is 2:1, then the number of moles of H₂ produced would be half of that produced by sodium;
that is, 1/2 of 4.00 moles = 2.00 moles of H₂.To find the mass of hydrogen liberated,
we will use the formula:
mass = moles × molar mass
The molar mass of hydrogen (H₂) is 2.02 g/mol.
So,mass of H₂ = 2.00 mol × 2.02 g/mol= 4.04 g of H₂
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Calculate the molar mass of ferric oxide (Fe
2
O
3
). Show the working and keep 3 decimal places. (Refer to QCA for the periodic table of the element).
The molar mass of ferric oxide (Fe2O3) is 159.687 g/mol. We can round it off to 159.687 g/mol because we are only asked to keep three decimal places.
Ferric oxide (Fe2O₃) is a chemical compound.
In this question, we are required to compute its molar mass, given that the compound has two iron atoms, three oxygen atoms. We will use the periodic table given in the QCA (as instructed in the question) to look up the atomic masses of the constituent elements and then sum them up to get the molar mass.
Calculation of Molar Mass of Ferric Oxide (Fe2O₃)
We have to multiply the atomic mass of each element by the number of atoms present in the molecule, and then add up the resulting products to get the molar mass.
Therefore:
Atomic mass of Fe = 55.845 g/mol.
The molecular formula of Fe2O3 has two Fe atoms in it.
Thus, the total atomic mass of Fe = 55.845 g/mol x 2 atoms = 111.690 g/mol.
Atomic mass of O = 15.999 g/mol.
The molecular formula of Fe2O3 has three O atoms in it.
Thus, the total atomic mass of O = 15.999 g/mol x 3 atoms = 47.997 g/mol.
Now we can add up the atomic masses of Fe2O3:
Molar mass of Fe2O3 = 111.690 g/mol + 47.997 g/mol= 159.687 g/mol
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below you are presented with sets of quantum numbers: (n, l, ml , ms). only one is a valid set. which is it?
The valid set of quantum numbers is (3, 1, 0, -1/2). To determine the valid set of quantum numbers, we need to understand the meaning of each quantum number:
1. Principal quantum number (n). This represents the energy level or shell in which an electron is located. It can have any positive integer value starting from 1. For example, n = 1, 2, 3, and so on. 2. Azimuthal quantum number (l). This determines the shape of the orbital. It can have values ranging from 0 to (n-1). For example, if n = 3, l can be 0, 1, or 2. 3. Magnetic quantum number (ml). This determines the orientation of the orbital within a specific subshell. It can have values ranging from -l to +l. For example, if l = 1, ml can be -1, 0, or 1. 4. Spin quantum number (ms). This indicates the spin direction of an electron. It can have only two possible values: +1/2 or -1/2, representing the spin-up and spin-down states, respectively.Now, let's look at the given sets of quantum numbers:
- Set 1. (1, 0, 0, +1/2)- Set 2: (2, 2, -1, -1/2) - Set 3: (3, 1, 0, -1/2) - Set 4: (4, 3, -2, +1/2)To determine the valid set, we need to check if each quantum number falls within the allowed ranges:
In Set 1, the principal quantum number (n) is 1, which is valid. However, the azimuthal quantum number (l) is 0, which is also valid. The magnetic quantum number (ml) is 0, which is valid since it falls within the range of -l to +l. Lastly, the spin quantum number (ms) is +1/2, which is also valid. In Set 2, the principal quantum number (n) is 2, which is valid. The azimuthal quantum number (l) is 2, which is valid since it falls within the range of 0 to (n-1). However, the magnetic quantum number (ml) is -1, which is not valid since it falls outside the range of -l to +l. Therefore, this set is not valid. In Set 3, the principal quantum number (n) is 3, which is valid. The azimuthal quantum number (l) is 1, which is valid. The magnetic quantum number (ml) is 0, which is valid since it falls within the range of -l to +l. Lastly, the spin quantum number (ms) is -1/2, which is valid. In Set 4, the principal quantum number (n) is 4, which is valid. However, the azimuthal quantum number (l) is 3, which is not valid since it falls outside the range of 0 to (n-1). Therefore, this set is not valid. Therefore, the only valid set of quantum numbers is (3, 1, 0, -1/2).About Quantum numbersThe quantum numbers is a number that states the position or position of electrons in an atom which is represented by a value that describes a conserved quantity in a dynamic system. The quantum number describes the nature of the electrons in the orbital. There are four types of quantum numbers in chemistry, namely the principal quantum number, azimuth, magnetic, and spin. n is the principal quantum number which represents the energy level of the orbital; l is a magnetic quantum number denoting a subshell; ml is the azimuth quantum number which represents the orientation of the orbital in space; and ms is the spin quantum number which indicates the orientation of the electrons in the orbital. The function of the quantum numbers in modern atomic theory is that the principal quantum number determines the energy level of the orbital or atomic shell, the azimuthal quantum number represents the subshell, the magnetic quantum number states the orientation of the orbital in space and the number The spin quantum states the direction of the electron's rotation.
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answer ALL please
An aqueous solution is {0 . 5 0 0} % by mass ammonia, {NH}_{3} , and has a density of 0.996 {~g} / {mL} . The mole fraction of ammonia in the solution is
The mole fraction of ammonia in an aqueous solution that is {0 . 5 0 0} % by mass ammonia, {NH3}, and has a density of 0.996 {~g}/{mL} is more than 100%.To determine the mole fraction of ammonia in the solution, first we need to find the molar mass of NH3.
Using the periodic table, we find that the molar mass of NH3 = (1 x 14.01) + (3 x 1.01) = 17.03 g/mol.We know that the solution is {0 . 5 0 0} % by mass ammonia, so:Mass of NH3 in solution = 0.5 gMass of solution = 100 gMoles of NH3 = (0.5 g)/(17.03 g/mol) = 0.029 molesDensity of solution = 0.996 g/mLTherefore, 1000 mL of the solution has a mass of 996 g. This means that 100 g of the solution has a volume of:Volume of solution = (100 g)/(0.996 g/mL) = 100.4 mL. Now that we have the moles of NH3 and the volume of the solution,
we can calculate the molarity of the solution:Molarity = moles of NH3 / volume of solution (in L)= (0.029 moles) / (0.1004 L) = 0.29 MNow we can find the mole fraction of ammonia in the solution.Mole fraction of NH3 = moles of NH3 / moles of solution= 0.029 / (0.029 + 0.966)≈ 0.029This is equivalent to 2.9%, which is less than 100%. However, it is not possible to have a mole fraction greater than 1 (or 100%). Therefore, the answer is that the mole fraction of ammonia in the solution is more than 100%, which is not possible.
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Si has a diamond cubic structure. Si has an atomic radius of 1.17∘ The atomic weight is 28.09 g/mol. (a) Find how many atoms per unit volume of the Si crystal are per cm3. (b) Show that the atomic packing factor of the Si crystal is 0.34 (Hint) The distance between Si and Si atoms in the Si crystal is 1/4 of the length of the unit lattice volume diagonal
To find how many atoms per unit volume of the Si crystal are per cm3, We have following method :
(a) Atomic radius of silicon, a = 1.17 Å (1 m/10^10 Å) = 1.17 x 10^-10 m
Atomic weight, M = 28.09 g/mol
The volume of one silicon atom can be calculated using the formula for the volume of a sphere:
V = (4/3)πr³
where r is the atomic radius.
V = (4/3)π(1.17 x 10^-10 m)³ = 6.09 x 10^-29 m³
n = (2.33 g/cm³) / (28.09 g/mol x 6.09 x 10^-29 m³/atom) = 5.01 x 10^22 atoms/cm³
Therefore, there are approximately 5.01 x 10^22 atoms per unit volume of the silicon crystal per cm³.
(b) The distance between Si and Si atoms in the Si crystal is 1/4 of the length of the unit lattice volume diagonal, which can be calculated using the Pythagorean theorem:
d = √(a² + a² + a²) = √3a
Where a is the lattice constant of the unit cell. For FCC, a = 4r/√2 = 2.08 x 10^-10 m
Therefore, d = √3(2.08 x 10^-10 m) = 3.60 x 10^-10 m
The volume occupied by one atom is V = (4/3)πr³ = (4/3)π(1.17 x 10^-10 m)³ = 6.09 x 10^-29 m³
The volume of the unit cell is Vc = a³ = (2.08 x 10^-10 m)³ = 9.06 x 10^-30 m³
Therefore, the APF of silicon is:
APF = (volume occupied by atoms in unit cell) / (volume of unit cell) = (2.44 x 10^-28 m³) / (9.06 x 10^-30 m³) ≈ 0.269
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A B C D Rolf added 20 g of solute to 100 g of water and mixed the solution. Rolf added 10 g of solute to 100 g of water and mixed the solution. Rolf added 65 g of solute to 100g of water, mixed the solution, and then heated the solution. Rolf added 7 g of solute to 100 g of water, mixed the solution, and then heated the solution. Which solution is unsaturated? O Solution A O Solution B O Solution C Solution D The solute in solution A has a solubility of 37 g/100 g H₂O at 20°C. The solute in solution B has a solubility of 10 g/100 g H₂O at 20°C. The solute in solution C has a solubility of 32 g/100 g H₂O at 20°C The solute in solution D has a solubility of 4 g/100 g H₂O at 20°C.
From the arrangement of the options, Solution A and Solution D are unsaturated.
What is solubility?In a saturated solution, the rate at which the solute dissolves equals the rate at which it precipitates or crystallizes. This indicates that under the existing circumstances, no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent.
Solution A:
Amount of solute added: 20 g
Solubility of solute: 37 g/100 g H₂O
Since the amount of solute added is less than the solubility, Solution A is unsaturated.
Solution D:
Amount of solute added: 7 g
Solubility of solute: 4 g/100 g H₂O
The amount of solute added is less than the solubility, so Solution D is unsaturated.
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rks) The reason that a current can flow is because Ions combine to fo molecules Molecules migrate to the charge plates Ions migrate to the charge plates Sparks cross the gap
Electric current refers to the flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, through a conducting medium, like a wire. The flow of current can be initiated by a number of factors, such as a voltage difference across the medium.
There are a number of reasons why current can flow, one of which is due to the movement of ions. Ions are atoms that have either lost or gained one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge. When ions are placed in an electric field, they will migrate towards the charge of the opposite sign.
Some materials, like metals, contain free electrons that can move through the material in response to an electric field. When a voltage difference is applied across the material, these electrons will migrate towards the positively charged end, causing an electric current to flow.Sometimes, when there is a high enough voltage difference between two charged objects, sparks can occur. These sparks are due to the ionization of air molecules in the gap between the two objects, which results in the formation of a plasma that allows current to flow through the air.
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The thermal decomposition of ammonium chloride follows the equilibrium: NH_4 Cl (s) NH_3 (g) + HCl (g) Given the In K_p versus temperature plot and the best fit equation, determine delta H degree. (Assume delta H degree and delta S degree_rxn do not change significantly with temperature.) kJ/mol Determine delta S degree of the reaction at 240.0 K. J/(mol K) Determine delta G_rxn of the reaction at 240.0 K. kJ/mol
To determine ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° for the thermal decomposition of ammonium chloride at 240.0 K, we would need the given In K_p versus temperature plot and the best fit equation. Without that specific information, I won't be able to calculate the values you're requesting.
The general equations to calculate ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° using the Van't Hoff equation:
ln(K2/K1) = (-ΔH°/R) * (1/T2 - 1/T1)where:
K1 and K2 are the equilibrium constants at temperatures T1 and T2, respectively,ΔH° is the standard enthalpy change,R is the gas constant (8.314 J/(mol K)),T1 and T2 are the temperatures in Kelvin.ΔS° can be calculated using the equation:ΔS° = ΔH° / TΔG° can be calculated using the equation:ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°Please provide the specific data from the In K_p versus temperature plot and the best fit equation, so I can assist you in calculating ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° at 240.0 K.
About TemperaturesTemperature shows the degree or size of the heat of an object. Simply put, the higher the temperature of an object, the hotter it is. Microscopically, temperature shows the energy possessed by an object. Temperature is a term that expresses the hotness and coldness of a substance, object, or air. When we hold an object or enter a room we can directly feel its temperature. While temperature is a quantity that states the level or degree of heat of an object or substance being measured.
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