The higher the sodium level the lower the lithium level will be.
Signs of lithium poisoning include severe nausea and vomiting severe hand tremors confusion blurred vision and unsteadiness when standing or walking. These symptoms require immediate medical attention to ensure that your lithium levels are not dangerously high.
It works particularly well in BD because it is effective both as a prophylaxis and as an acute treatment. Furthermore, it has been successfully used as an augmenting agent in the treatment of unipolar depression. Excessive urination and thirst are consistently one of the most common lithium-related side effects in up to 70% of long-term patients.
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a client age 80 years, who takes diuretics for management of hypertension, informs the nurse that she takes laxatives daily to promote bowel movements. the nurse assesses the client for possible symptoms of:
A client age 80 years, who takes diuretics for management of hypertension, informs the nurse that she takes laxatives daily to promote bowel movements and the nurse assesses the client for possible symptoms of hypokalemia (low potassium).
The frequent use of laxatives and diuretics promotes the excretion of potassium and magnesium from the body, increasing the danger for fluid and solution deficits.
High blood pressure, conjointly referred to as hypertension, is blood pressure that's over normal. Your blood pressure changes throughout the day supported your activities. Having high blood pressure measures systematically higher than traditional might lead to a designation of high blood pressure (or hypertension).
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th physician orders sertraline (zoloft) for a clinet who is hospitlized with adjustment disorder with depressed mood. this medication is intended to
what is the imaging study of choice in a 32-year old previously healthy female who presents with monocular visual loss and has diffuse hyperreflexia and limb ataxia on examination?
This young woman has symptoms suggesting multiple sclerosis. The imaging study of choice in medical science is an MRI of the brain with FLAIR images.
Monocular vision loss might respect the horizontal midline and suggests an ocular issue or issue anterior to the optic chiasm. An excessive or overresponsive physical reflex is referred to as hyperreflexia.
Ataxia of the upper limbs caused by tremors and incoordination is frequently referred to as "limb ataxia," although functional impairment, such as difficulty writing, buttoning garments, or picking up small things, is a better way to define the condition. The sufferer must walk more slowly in order to reach objects precisely.
This young lady exhibits signs of multiple sclerosis. An MRI of the brain using FLAIR pictures is the preferred imaging study in medicine.
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a nurse cares for a client who had a chest tube placed 6 hours ago and refuses to take deep breaths because of the pain. which action should the nurse take?
Administer pain medication and encourage the client to take deep breaths is the action should the nurse take.
How does a chest tube work?An air or fluid drain from the chest is done using a plastic tube called a chest tube. The lung may collapse if air or fluid (such as blood or pus) builds up in the pleural space, which is located between the lungs and the chest wall.
The main risks associated with chest tube insertion are bleeding and infection, just like with any surgical procedure. During placement, professionals take care to avoid the blood vessels that run along the underside of the ribs. The entire procedure is carried out in a sterile manner to prevent spreading an infection.
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the nurse is checking placement of a nasogastric tube that has been in place for 2 days. the tube is draining green aspirate. what does this color of aspirate indicate?
This color of aspirate indicate that The tube is in the stomach
What is nasogastric tube ?A tube that is inserted into the nose, then passes through the mouth, throat, and oesophagus before ending up in the stomach. It can be used to administer medications, administer liquids and liquid food, or remove substances from the stomach. Enteral nutrition refers to the administration of food via a nasogastric tube.
Due to the presence of bile, the normal colour of gastric drainage ranges from light yellow to green.A patient with a displaced tube typically complains of stomach pain that gets worse while they are eating because gastric contents leak into the peritoneal cavity, you may also notice external gastric contents leakage. Peritonitis could happen in this situation.Learn more about Nasogastric tube here:
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the nurse is caring for a client with paralytic ileus who presents with severy, colicky abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting , and abdominal distention. which pathophysiological mechanism supports the client's clinical
In the early stages of intestinal blockage, the patient's bowel noises are frenetic and high pitched, frequently referred to it as "tinkling" just above level of the blockage. The patient has paralytic ileus.
What is ileus paralyticus ?The disorder known as paralytic ileus affects the motor function of the colon, typically without a physical obstruction. Even though self-limitation may be possible, the situation is dire and, if untreated for a long time, will result in fatality similarly to acute electromechanical obstruction.
What is a paralytic ileus treated with?If your paralytic ileus doesn't get better on its own, your doctor can recommend a drug that makes your muscles contract, which can assist move food and liquids through your intestines.
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of 25 a client with diabetes mellitus is admitted to the hospital for eye surgery. which task does the nurse plan to delegate to the assistive personnel (ap)?
The nurse plan to delegate to the assistive personnel (ap) by orient the client to the hospital surroundings.
What is diabetes mellitus?Diabetes mellitus is a group of disorders that modify how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is a major energy source for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It acts as the brain's main source of fuel.
The primary causes of each type of diabetes vary. Regardless of the type you have, diabetes can cause an excess of sugar in the blood. An excessive level of sugar in the blood might cause serious health problems.
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes both exhibit the same symptoms:
Noticing a greater than normal thirst.Frequent urination.Weight loss without exerting effort.Becoming worn out and fragile.To know more about diabetes mellitus, visit:
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Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, one of three things can happen to the axon. Which of the following is not one of these three things?a) The axon can emerge from the sympathetic trunk to synapse in another axon.b) The axon can pass through the trunk ganglion and emerge from the sympathetic trunk without synapsing.c) The axon can ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion.d) The axon can synapse with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion.
Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, one of three things can happen to the axon and a) The axon can emerge from the sympathetic trunk to synapse in another axon is not one of these three things.
Each neuron in your brain has one long cable that snakes off from the most a part of the cell. This cable, many times agent than a human hair, is termed an axon, and it's wherever electrical impulses from the neuron travel away to be received by alternative neurons.
They are referred to as preganglionic axon as a result of their axons gather into tiny nerves that reach involuntary ganglia (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and terminate with myriad nerve endings synapsing on ganglionic axon.
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a client with heart failure must be monitored closely after starting diuretic therapy. what is the best indicator for the nurse to monitor?
Weight. Usually, fluid overload brought on by heart failure results in weight gain.
What differentiates counseling from therapy?what makes them different. In general, counseling is thought of as a temporary solution that focuses on one particular problem. You might study coping mechanisms and work out the situation together. Psychotherapy typically handles more complicated concerns and a wider spectrum of issues.
Is counselling a wise decision?Many mental health issues' symptoms can be improved with therapy. People can acquire coping mechanisms in therapy for problems that might not immediately improve. According to research, counseling has longer-lasting effects than medication alone.
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a client is recoverin g in the critical care unit following a cardiac catheterization. iv nitroglycerin and heparin are infusing. the client is sedated but responds to verbal instructions. after changing positions, the client complains of pain at the right groin insertion site. what action should the nurse implement
A client recovering in the ICU following a cardiac catheterization with IV nitroglycerin and heparin infusion complains of pain at the right groin insertion site. For this scenario, the nurse should: evaluate the integrity of the IV insertion site.
Why do the patients often feel pain at the IV insertion site?When a patient receives an IV insertion, it may cause pain around the insertion site. This is because the IV may have come into contact with the nerves, vein, muscle, or tendon as the needle is inserted. Sometimes, when the hand is not inserted deep enough may also cause pain. Hence, the nurse should evaluate the integrity of the IV insertion site to reduce the pain.
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What are some of the challenges in designing enclosures for captive animals? Why do you think the enclosures are so important?
The challenges in designing enclosures for captive animals and why the enclosures are so important is given below.
In order for an enclosure to be utterly set so the captive animals will feel smart and be able to perform its traditional activities, there needs to be taken all things in thought. The dimensions of the enclosure, what ought to be within the enclosure, the temperature, water, humidity, vegetation, stimulation for activity.
Enclosure is additionally thought of one amongst the causes of the Agricultural Revolution. enveloped land was in check of the farmer, who was unengaged to adopt higher farming practices. Following enclosure, crop yields and stock output inflated whereas at a similar time productivity inflated enough to make a surplus of labor.
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a nurse aspirates a small amount of fluid from a client's nasogastric tube. the nurse determines that the tube is in the intestines based on the aspirate being which color?
The aspirate's straw color leads the nurse to believe that the nasogastric tube is in the small intestine.
A flexible plastic tube known as a nasogastric tube (NG tube) is placed via the nostrils, through the nasopharynx, and into the stomach or upper part of the small intestine.
NG tubes are utilized to: Feed the patient with nutrition via a feeding pump. A feeding NG tube needs to be labeled. Patients who could have trouble swallowing or who need additional nutritional supplements are fed through a tube. Compared to a Salem sump or Levine tube, these tubes are smaller bore and narrower. Additionally, an NG tube can drain stomach contents by gravity or by being attached to a suction pump.
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the nurse is preparing to conduct a spiritual assessment with a client diagnosed with a terminal illness. which question(s) will the nurse ask to complete this assessment?
Questions ask by nurse are: Do you need a private place to pray?, What gives you meaning to your life?
What do you mean by spiritual assessment?A spiritual evaluation is required to determine whether any beliefs may have an effect on health. Healthcare workers can use formal spiritual assessment instruments to determine patients' spiritual requirements; a few of them will be covered later. Tools for assessment can also be utilized to determine whether patients are in spiritual distress. However, informal methods of gauging patients' spirituality include asking them straightforward questions about their religious convictions and desires. Let's first examine the characteristics of spirituality and the issues that must be dealt with during a spiritual evaluation.
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g normal bruising areas on a child may include: a. face, stomach and knees. b. head, buttocks and elbows. c. knees, elbows and shins. d. back, buttocks, back of thighs and back of calves.
The normal bruising areas on a child may include knees, elbows and shins.
It's important to grasp that for toddlers and older youngsters, bruises sometimes occur on the front of the body. Normal bruising additionally sometimes happens over bony areas like the forehead, elbows, knees and shins. Children are going to be children and acquire bruises from time to time.
A bruise or bruising is a common skin injury that ends up in a discoloration of the skin. Blood from broken blood cells deep to a lower place the skin collects close to the surface of the skin, leading to what we predict of as a black and blue mark.
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even though high-protein diets may cause significant health problems in healthy people. are they a sustainable option for losing wieght? what are the consequences to the environment of consuming more and not less animal-based sources of protein
Yes high-protein diets are a sustainable option for losing weight and the consequences to the environment of consuming more and not less animal-based sources of protein are explained below.
For most healthy folks, a high-protein diet typically does not hurt once followed for a brief time. Such diets could facilitate with weight loss by making you're feeling fuller. However several health problems could happen if you follow a diet for an extended time.
Impacts on the surroundings from the animal-based sources of protein are the pollution of our water and air. All of the placental being raised throughout the planet turn out huge amounts of manure and water, that successively begrime natural resource.
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for the patient with cluster headaches, which therapy requires equipment to monitor the skin temperature of the patient's fingers?
For the patient with cluster headaches Thermal biofeedback therapy requires equipment to monitor the skin temperature of the patient's fingers
What is Thermal biofeedback therapy ?Significant reductions in migraine symptoms have been observed with the use of thermal biofeedback, in which patients learn to raise the temperature of their hands through relaxation training and guided imagery, and/or electromyography (EMG) biofeedback, in which patients learn to relax specific skeletal muscle groups.
Through the use of imagery and relaxation, patients who regularly suffer from migraines can learn to raise the temperature of their fingertips through the use of thermal biofeedback.Oxygen, sumatriptan, or a combination of the two are the first-line treatments for acute cluster headaches. Alternatives for acute treatment that have received less research include intranasal dihydroergotamine, intranasal lidocaine, and intranasal capsaicin.Learn more about Thermal biofeedback therapy here:
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good hand-washing techniques are important in health care. the nurse knows that bacterial infections can be prevented by good hand washing techniques. which route of transmission is most common for clostridium difficile?
The most typical primary mode of transmission to Clostridium difficile is fecal-oral dissemination.
What kinds of jobs do nurses have?Registered nurses (RNs) manage and oversee patient care, inform the public about various health concerns, and support and counsel patients' families. The most of nurses collaborate with doctors and other medical specialists in a variety of situations.
How long do nurses typically live?According to research published in a published paper by the Institute for Economic Analysis, people who have access to formal education programs are 10% fewer likely to live past the age of 80 if they have a physician or a nurse in their family.
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The complete question is-
Good hand-washing techniques are important in healthcare. The nurse knows that bacterial infections can be prevented by good hand-washing techniques. Which of the following routes of transmission is most common for Clostridium difficile?
a) Vertical transmission
b) Iatrogenic transmission
c) Sexual transmission
d) Fecal-oral transmission
the power relationship between physicians and patients is immediately evident when the patient enters the doctor's office because
Patients have to wait until a "gatekeeper" lets them in before they can see the doctor in the "back zone" of the office.
What do the physicians do?Doctors and surgeons work with both preserving health and identifying and treating diseases and wounds. Doctors perform physical examinations, ask about medical history, and order, conduct out, and review diagnostic testing. They frequently provide patients with guidance on nutrition, hygiene, and preventative healthcare.
Why is a physicians called a doctor?Because the term "physic" traditionally covered the both practice of medicine and natural science, medical professionals are referred to as physicians. Physics as it related to healing was thrown out in favor of medicine as scientific sciences advanced.
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injuries to which structure are diagnosed based on patient assessment and the presence of free air on abdominal radiography?
Gastric (stomach) injury is diagnosed based on patient evaluation and the presence of free air on an abdominal x-ray.
What is an abdominal x-ray?An abdominal x-ray is an imaging test used to look at the organs and structures in the abdomen. Organs include the spleen, stomach, and intestines. The most common plain abdominal radiograph is the anterior-posterior (AP) view with the patient supine. The AP view of the abdomen is also called the KUB film acronym because it includes the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Used to diagnose or treat patients by recording images of the internal structures of the body to assess for the presence of disease, foreign bodies, structural damage or abnormalities. In an x-ray examination, a beam of x-rays passes through the body.Why is an abdominal X-ray important?Unenhanced abdominal x-rays are still used as the first imaging test to clarify abdominal pain in the emergency room (ED) despite their equivocal efficacy.
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screening for this most common birth defect is required by law in most states. each nurse should know the law for his or her state and the requirements for screening. the nurse would expect a newborn to be screened for which defect as the most common?
Nurse should know the law for his or her state and the requirements for screening and she would expect a newborn to be screened for sole creases.
New-born screening permits these conditions to be detected at birth, permitting the kid to probably lead a traditional and healthy life. The check merely needs many drops of blood, that is collected on a special paper by puncture the heel of the baby.
It has been familiar that the event of skin creases on the only real of the foot happens in late intrauterine life which once birth this can be a useful clinical sign to work out fetal age. till thirty six weeks of gestation there are just one or 2 transverse skin creases on the anterior a part of the sole.
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a child is diagnosed with reye's syndrome. the nurse creates a nursing care plan for the child and should include which intervention in the plan?
When a child is diagnosed with Reye's syndrome, the nurse should include providing a quiet atmosphere with dimmed lighting in the nursing care plan for it.
Reye's syndrome is an acute encephalopathy that develops after a viral infection and is pathologically characterised by cerebral edoema and fatty liver abnormalities. Supportive therapy is focused on monitoring and controlling cerebral edoema in Reye's syndrome. Reduced environmental stimulation, such as a darkened room with dim lighting and a quiet setting, would lessen the strain on the brain's tissue and the reactions of the neurons. Urinary output and hearing loss are unaffected. Changing positions every two hours wouldn't have a direct impact on the cerebral edoema. To slow the spread of cerebral edoema and encourage CSF evacuation, the kid should be positioned with their head elevated.
Reye's syndrome is a rare but deadly illness that damages the liver and produces disorientation, brain swelling, and liver damage. Children who have a metabolic problem or who are recuperating from a viral infection like the flu or chickenpox are most at risk, especially if they have been taking aspirin. Diarrhea, fast breathing, vomiting, and extreme exhaustion are some of the early symptoms. Emergency care is required for symptoms like confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness.
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the nurse assesses the patient and records the data collected. what would lead the nurse to anticipate that the patient will experience a decrease in cardiac output?
The heart rate less than normal or 60 beats per minute may lead the nurse to anticipate patient will experience a decrease in cardiac output.
The number of times the heart beats in a "minute" is known as the heart rate. The average heart rate varies depending on the person's age, heart health, size, and even whether they are sitting or moving. Knowing your heart rate is helpful for keeping track of your level of fitness. The cardiac output is heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) are combined to form cardiac output, which is expressed in liters per minute. If heart rate is less so is the cardiac output.
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servsafe which is an fda public health intervention for controlling the risk factors for foodborne illness?
FDA public health intervention for controlling risk factors for foodborne illness are : demonstration of knowledge, staff health controls, controlling hands as a vehicle of contamination, time and temperature parameters for controlling pathogens and consumer advisories.
How to prevent foodborne illness?Four simple steps for the prevention of foodborne illness at home are clean, separate, cook, and chill that can help protect you and your loved ones from food poisoning.
The most important thing you can do to prevent foodborne illness is by washing hands frequently and especially after using the toilet, changing a diaper, petting animal, and before preparing/ eating food.
Foods associated with foodborne illness are raw meat and poultry, raw eggs, unpasteurized milk, and raw shellfish. Foodborne illnesses can be caused contaminants, improper food handling practices and food allergies.
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approximately what percentage of patients with diabetes will experience clinically relevant depression at some point in their lifetime?
Depression is twice as likely to occur in diabetes patients. Patients with diabetes who fit the criteria of comorbid depression range from 10-15%. 15% to 20% of people with type 1 or type 2 diabetic.
How do you feel if you are diabetic?Your symptoms won't exactly coincide with another person's. However, increased thirst, frequent urination, feeling exhausted, and losing weight are the most typical diabetes symptoms that many diabetics report.
Can you have diabetic and not know it?Some folks hardly ever have any symptoms at all. Despite the fact that type 2 diabetes affects children and teenagers more frequently, it typically strikes adults first. Because the signs of type 2 diabetes are subtle, it is important to be aware of the health hazards. A visit to the doctor is necessary for any of them.
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the nurse is caring for a preterm infant who is receiving gastric feedings. which neonatal clinical finding unique to necrotizing enterocolitis leads the nurse to suspect that neonate is experiencing this complication
The nurse is caring for a preterm infant who is receiving gastric feedings. which neonatal clinical finding unique to necrotizing enterocolitis leads the nurse to suspect that the neonate is experiencing this complication Encouraging the mother to talk to her baby
If the gastric residual is greater than 200 ml, put off the feeding. Wait 30 - 60 minutes and do the residual check again. If the residuals stay excessive (extra than 2 hundred ml) and feeding cannot take delivery, name your healthcare company for instructions.
Gastric Residual quantity (GRV) – the amount of fluid aspirated from the belly thru an enteral tube to reveal gastric emptying, tolerance to enteral feeding, and belly decompression. as soon as eliminated it could be again to the affected person or discarded.
Gastric aspirates have been most frequently cloudy and inexperienced, tan or off-white, or bloody or brown. Intestinal fluids have been broadly speaking clear and yellow to bile-colored. in the absence of blood, pleural fluid changed into usually light yellow and serous, and tracheobronchial secretions have been normally tan or off-white mucus.
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when teaching a parent of a school-age child about signs and symptoms of fever that require immediate notification of the physician, which description should the nurse include?
The nurse should address neck pain complaints since a fever and a stiff neck could be signs of meningitis. A doctor should be consulted about any burning or pain when urinating, a fever that fades for 24 hours before returning, and a history of febrile seizures, but this should wait until office hours.
What are symptoms of fever?It is a portion of the body's immune system's total response. An infection is typically the cause of a fever. However, even a slight temperature in newborns can indicate a dangerous infection.
Depending on the time of day and the individual, body temperatures might fluctuate slightly. Tradition dictates that the average temperature is 98.6 F. (37 C). In general, a temperature measured with a mouth thermometer (oral temperature) of 100 F (37.8 C) or greater is regarded as a fever.
Other fever signs and symptoms could consist of: Depending on what's generating the temperature.
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there is concern that physicians examine women for symptoms of phlebitis (inflammation of veins) more often or more thoroughly if the woman uses birth control pills than if she does not. if this is true, and if an epidemiologic study observes an association between phlebitis and oral birth control use, the association may be due to:
According to the statement this statement is true, because of surveillance bias.
Why does phlebitis occur?Excessive straining of the deep veins can cause phlebitis. People with spider veins frequently experience this condition, in which the veins have dilated and distended abnormally. In cases whenever a thrombus has formed in a vein, phlebitis can also happen.
What risks do phlebitis present?Phlebitis can occasionally cause blood clots. This is especially risky because the clots could become loose and migrate through the body, landing inside the lung and making respiration difficult. It may lead to hospitalization or even death.
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a male patient presents to the clinic complaining of a headache. the nurse notes that the patient is guarding his neck and tells the nurse that he has stiffness in the neck area. when he lifts his head his legs raise slightly. the nurse suspects the patient may have meningitis. what is this sign called
A male patient walks into the clinic complaining of a headache, prompting the display of the Positive Kernig's sign.
What is headache?Headaches are pains in the head or face that are frequently described as throbbing, continuous, severe, or dull pressure. The kind, intensity, location, and frequency of headaches can all vary substantially. The majority of people will experience headaches at some point in their lives. There are causes of headaches that are unrelated to underlying diseases. A few causes include fatigue, poor eyeglasses fit, stress, exposure to loud noise, and tight headgear.
What is the main cause of headaches and how do I know if my headache is serious?A blow to the head can cause headaches, but they can also, very rarely, be an indication of a more serious medical condition. Stress. Using alcohol, missing meals, changing sleep patterns, taking too much medicine, and experiencing mental stress and despair. Bad posture is another cause that can strain the neck or back.
When your headache initially starts, it is severe or explosive. Even if headaches are something you frequently experience, this one is "the worst ever." Along with your headache, you may also experience slurred speech, vision changes, difficulty moving your arms or legs, loss of equilibrium, confusion, or forgetfulness Your headache gets worse over the course of the day.
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a client tells the nurse that the doctor told her she has too many red blood cells accompanied by elevated white cells and platelet counts. the nurse recognizes this as:
The nurse recognizes this as Polycythemia vera
What is Polycythemia vera ?Blood cancers include polycythemia vera. Your bone marrow overproduces red blood cells as a result of it. Your blood's flow is slowed by these extra cells, which can lead to serious issues like blood clots.
The bone marrow cells that produce too many red blood cells are usually the result of a change in the JAK2 gene.Polycythemia vera has no known treatment. Your risk of complications is the main goal of treatment. These therapies might also help you feel better.Learn more about Polycythemia vera here:
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a client is being discharged after having a cardiac catheterization through the femoral artery. which teaching will the nurse provide for the client to perform self-care at home? select all that apply.
A client is being discharged after having a cardiac catheterization through the femoral artery."I will take this medication every day.
Cardiac catheterization (cath-uh-tur-is-ZAY-shun) is a system in which a thin, flexible tube (catheter) is guided thru a blood vessel to the heart to diagnose or treat positive coronary heart situations, which include clogged arteries or abnormal heartbeats.
Cardiac catheterization is a safe method whilst performed via an experienced clinical team. but, a few possible risks consist of bleeding, infection, and blood clots. A coronary heart assault or a stroke can manifest in very rare conditions. however, don't forget, it is performed in an intently supervised setting in a sanatorium.
Patients ought to be kept lying flat for numerous hours after the technique so that any extreme bleeding can be averted and the artery can heal. it is advised that diagnostic catheterization patients are kept on bed rest for four hours, and interventional catheterization patients stay on mattress relaxation for six hours.
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