When the resting membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive), that is called depolarization.
What is depolarization?
Depolarization is also known as hypopolarization, also called rising phase. Depolarization is nothing but loss of polarization. More specifically, it is the loss of differences in charge inbetween the inside and outside of a muscle or nerve cells’ plasma membrane. This occurs due to changes in permeability and also migration of Na+ ions to the interior.
The gated sodium (Na+) ion channels present on the neuron's membrane open up suddenly and allow sodium ions (Na+) present outside the membrane in order to rush inside the cell. The internal charge of the nerve changes from -70 mV to -55 mV as the sodium (Na+) ions quickly enter the cell.
So therefore, depolarization is nothing but resting membrane potential becoming less negative (more positive)
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A woman is in the third stage of childbirth. Which of these events may be occurring?.
Cutting of the Umbilical cord is the event that occurs during the third stage of the childbirth.
The post-childbirth stage, or third stage of childbirth, is the briefest of the three (5 to 30 min). The placenta is delivered at this time. The following could happen during the third stage of labour: the umbilical chord is cut. The umbilical cord transfers vital nutrients and blood from the mother to the foetus throughout pregnancy. For a few minutes after your baby is born, the placenta and umbilical cord continue to pump blood back and forth as your infant begins to breathe.
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The complete question is:
A woman is in the third stage of childbirth. Which of these events may be occurring?
A. Intense contractions
B. Delivery of the baby out of the vagina.
C. Cutting of the umbilical cord.
D. Her water breaking.
i lived in east and south africa around 2mya. i had a small, low cranium, a cranial capacity around 600cc. i used oldowan tools to scavenge. what fossil species am i?
The early handaxes, the first significant advancement in stone tool making, are sometimes linked to the arrival as Homo erectus inside the fossil record.
Why are people a species?Humans have 99.9% of the same DNA as each other. Additionally, the 0.1% of human DNA that varies from person to person does not neatly fit the definition of race because genetics does not support the idea of race. Because of this, we are too related to each other to be classified as separate subspecies.
Can we even call humans a species?Our species is classified as belonging to the genus Homo within the hominid family. The only extant member of this genus is our species, Homo sapiens. Homo erectus is one of several earlier subspecies of Homo that formerly lived but are now extinct.
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What is the difference between a theory and a law examples?.
laws usually describe what will happen in a given situation as demonstrable like a mathematical equation, where theories describe how the phenomenon happens.
if a mastodon dies while walking along a river, what needs to happen in order to fossilize the body?
In order to fossilize the body of a Mastodon who dies while walking around the river, a flood must occur so that the sediments can wash away the body with it.
Fossilizing is the act of forming fossils. Fossils are the remains, traces or impressions of the dead plant or animals, that dies millions of years ago. They are usually found buried deep down in the earth.
Mastodon is an organism that belonged to the extinct genus called Mammut of the family Mammutidae. They are believed to be the distant relatives of elephants and mammoths. They were shorter than the current elephants but their stature was quite heavy-built.
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the most widespread sexually transmitted bacterium in the united states is . a. haemophilus ducrevi b. phthirus pubis c. treponema pallidum d. neisseria gonorrhoeae e. chlamydia trachomatis
The most widespread sexually transmitted bacterium in the united states is chlamydia trachomatis.
Chlamydia trachomatis, usually referred to as chlamydia, is a bacterium that reasons chlamydia, that may appear in numerous ways, including: trachoma, lymphogranuloma venereum, nongonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease.
The Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium is maximum usually unfold. It's additionally feasible for pregnant ladies to unfold chlamydia to their kids in the course of delivery, inflicting pneumonia or a critical eye contamination withinside the newborns.
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What are 4 types of containers?.
The 4 types of transportation containers, most commonly used are: (1) Dry Storage Container, (2) Flat Rack Container, (3) Refrigerated ISO Containers, and (4) Special Purpose Containers.
Flat Rack Container are commonly used for shipping through the boats and other forms of international freight shipping rather than the railroad tracks. The flat racks are most functional for shipping heavy equipment, machinery, or machine parts, etc.
Refrigerated ISO Containers are also known as reefers. They are used during used in intermodal freight transport. Temperature-sensitive goods are transported through these. These containers therefore rely on electrical power points at a land-based site.
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Glucose and fructose are both c6h12o6. What is the structural difference between them?.
Glucose and fructose are both C6H12O6. The structural difference between them is that fructose is a five membered ring and glucose is a six membered ring.
What is the difference between glucose and fructose?Glucose is sugar whereas fructose is an amino acid and glucose is a monosaccharide whereas fructose is a disaccharide.
Glucose is the common monosaccharide whereas fructose is only rarely found in nature. Glucose generates appetite-regulating signals by the release of insulin whereas fructose does not affect appetite in this way.
Fructose changes blood sugar levels slowly as compared to glucose and does not impact insulin levels. Glucose is processed throughout the body, whereas fructose is entirely metabolized by the liver.
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After the oil spill, marine microbes consumed the oil under the surface but also removed ________ from the water, killing both plants and animals and creating dead zones.
Marine bacteria ate the subsurface oil removing oxygen from the water, killing both plants and animals and causing dead zones.
What kind of bacteria inhabit the ocean?Marine microorganisms are minuscule creatures that only appear under a microscope and exist in aquatic habitats. They include viruses that accompany cellular organisms like bacteria, fungus, algae, and plankton.
What kind of microorganisms are most prevalent in the ocean?A family of single-celled marine bacteria known as SAR11 is the most prevalent creature in the oceans, and potentially on the entire planet. These tiny jelly bean-like drifting organisms have evolved to outcompete other bacteria for the ocean's limited nutrients.
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a woman sustains a spinal cord injury in a car accident and loses the ability to move her fingers and her hand. the injury most likely damaged which region of her spinal cord? lateral ventral horn lateral dorsal horn medial ventral horn medial dorsal horn lateral column
Answer:
Lateral ventral horn
Explanation:
I know the answer from Quizlet.
The ventral horns contains the cell bodies of motor neurons that send axons via the ventral roots of the spinal nerves to terminate on striated muscles
Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi?.
Slime molds are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi. Both groups of organisms are members of the kingdom Protista, which includes single-celled eukaryotes that lack a cell wall.
Slime molds and fungi are similar in that they both have a mycelium, a network of branched, thread-like cells. Both groups of organisms are also heterotrophs, meaning that they cannot produce their own food and must obtain nutrients from other sources.
Slime molds typically live in moist environments, while fungi are found in a wide range of habitats. Slime molds are often brightly colored, while fungi are typically white or brown. Finally, slime molds typically reproduce asexually, while fungi can reproduce sexually or asexually.
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A) Slime molds
B) Brown algae
C) Animals
D) Mosses
E) Vascular plants
As of 2005, how many biodiversity hotspots have been identified around the world?
A.
12
B.
24
C.
34
D.
44
As of 2005, the number of biodiversity hotspots which have been identified around the world is 34 and is denoted as option C.
What is Biodiversity?This is referred to as the variety and variability of different forms of life such as plants, animals etc on Earth. Biodiversity hotspot on the other hand is referred to as a biogeographic region in which there is a level of biodiversity that is threatened by human habitation.
Human habitation has led to the destruction of the habitat of other organisms due to the construction of houses, hospitals etc on the affected area.
Scientists were able to discover that the number of biodiversity hotspots which have been identified around the world is 34 and is therefore the reason why option C was chosen as the correct choice.
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flowers that rely on butterflies and bees for pollination often _
Flowers that rely on butterflies and bees for pollination often display low ultraviolet reflectance near the center of flower.
What is Pollination?Pollination is the process of transferring pollen grains from the male reproductive part-anther of a flower to the female reproductive part-stigma. The goal of every living organism on this planet is to create offspring for the next generation through reproduction. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is through the formation of seeds.
Pollinators are the agents which transfer pollen grains or are responsible for pollination. Insect pollinators include bees, flies, butterflies, moths, and others. Of these, bees are the most important group of pollinators, with both wild and managed species which are acting as pollinators.
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in what ways do paranthropines and australopithecines as a group differ from members of the genus homo - including modern humans.
Skulls are less compact and zygomatic arches are less formed is the reason behind Paranthropus and australopithecines as a group differ from members of the genus homo .
Paranthropus skull included large premolar and molar teeth and a robust or strongly built lower jaw. Australopithecine species includes the difference in the thickness of the bones they have thin cranium .
Australopithecus were 120 cm tall, and the cranial capacity were also large. It had a low forehead, protruding face, lack of chin and low brain capacity. They were adapted for tree climbing, have very small brain, and a long line jaws .
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When there is decreased blood supply to the coronary arteries, which tissue of the heart is affected first?.
Using the theories of arteries, we got that cardiac muscle tissue is the tissue of the heart which is affected first when there is decreased blood supply to the coronary arteries.
The different types of tissues found in human heart are-
Cardiac muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissueThe cardiac muscle tissue supports in the pumping of the blood in the heart and out of the heart.
The connective tissues helps to support its shape and also connect the muscles to each other. The connective tissue actually forms the protective covering known as the pericardium.
The epithelial tissue forms the lining of the heart their by allowing the blood so that blood move smoothly.
Hence, When there is decreased blood supply to the coronary arteries, then the tissue of the heart which is affected first is cardiac muscle tissue.
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late in the day and early in the morning, poly-a polymerase lengthens poly-a tails, thereby increasing translation. at other times, deadenylase shortens poly-a tails and decreases translation.
Controlling assembly of the translation initiation complex.
What is deadenylase?Any enzyme that catalyzes a deadenylation reaction is referred to as a deadenylase (plural deadenylases) in biochemistry.
in bacteria, the coordinated regulation of gene expression.
Gene regulation can happen at any stage of gene expression, but it most frequently happens during transcription (when the data from a gene's DNA is converted to mRNA). Proteins known as transcription factors are activated by signals from the environment or from other cells.
The concept of gene regulation known as Operon Theory was put forth by François Jacob and Jacques Monod. A set of structural genes that have an operator controlling their expression is known as an operon. A regulatory gene's repressor inhibits the transcription of an operon by attaching to the operator.
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what is fibrous proteins coil the 30 nm structures into a thicker condensed structure visible under a microscope, starting during prophase
Chromosomes are the fibrous proteins coil the 30 nm structures into a thicker condensed structure visible under a microscope, starting during prophase.
Chromosomes are the structures in a cell that group genes together, are composed of chromatin (DNA and protein), and become visible under a light microscope during mitosis.Chromosomes are thread-like structures that are composed of protein and one molecule of DNA (chromatin) which contains an organism’s genetic information such as eye colour that are inherited from the parents. Chromosomes are visible in the cell’s nucleus under a microscope only when the cell is dividing. Each chromosome is divided into two sections by a constriction point (centromere) and most chromosomes are arranged in pairs in the nucleus of a cell. Humans possess 22 chromosome pairs.
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explain how the changes in the thoracic cavity that would result in palv > patm. which way should air flow under these conditions?
The act of breathing occurring in the respiratory system is known as pulmonary ventilation. It is essentially the transfer of air in and out of the lungs. This act takes place due to three main types of pressure: Palv, Pip and Patm.
Palv (atmospheric temperature) and Patm (alveolar pressure) are two of the mechanisms causing pulmonary ventilation in the lungs. While alveolar pressure is dependent on the physical aspects and condition of the lungs, the atmospheric pressure in the air and the pressure inside the lungs determine the ability to pass air in and out of the lungs.
Inhalation and exhalation, i.e., intake and outlet of air through the lungs, depending on the pressure differences in the atmosphere and lungs. One sequence of inhalation and exhalation is known as a respiratory cycle. Two sets of muscles function during the average inhalation - the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. To create a larger thoracic cavity, the diaphragm contracts and moves inferiorly. When the external intercostal muscles contract it expands the ribcage, further increasing the capacity of the cavity.
The adhesive force of the pleural fluid causes the lungs to expand along with the thoracic cavity as well, leading to a decrease in Pip (intra-alveolar pressure) that is lower than Palv. This causes air to enter the lungs.
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how many different types of subunits are there in bacterial rnap holoenzyme and what are their names?
There are five different types of subunits are there in bacterial RNAP holoenzyme.
The Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) is a multi-subunit enzyme composed of five subunits including α (two copies), β, β’ and ω subunits. These five subunits form the RNAP core enzyme responsible for RNA synthesis using DNA as template and ribonucleotide (rNTP) as substrate. For initiating promoter specific DNA transcription, the core enzyme has to bind a σ factor, which helps to direct the polymerase to specific promoters. The core polymerase with sigma factor is referred to as the holoenzyme.
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two parents are both heterozygous for two recessive traits. what is the probability of their first child inheriting both recessive traits?
You have a 25% chance of inheriting the faulty gene from both parents and getting the condition if you are born to parents who share the same autosomal recessive gene.
How does inherited family work?It is a process in which material property is handed down from one generation to another, typically within the family, typically from aging parents to their adult offspring, and which is finished after the death of a older generation.
How can something become yours?A will needs to be admitted to probate in order for the inheritance procedure to start. The probate court examines the will, approves an executor, and formally distributes assets to recipients in accordance with the terms. The executor will pay off any outstanding obligations of the deceased prior to the transfer.
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when the genome of a particular species is said to include 20,000 protein-coding regions, what does this imply? question 2 options: there are also additional genes for rnas other than mrna. the species is highly evolved. there are 20,000 genes. each gene codes for one protein.
In addition to mRNA, there exist genes for additional RNAs. because it contains numerous sections of its DNA that code for proteins.
There may be more genes despite the fact that there are 20,000 nutrient genes. The majority of genomes are made up of coding and non-coding sections, and certain coding regions may also code for items other than proteins. Although this species contains 20,000 genes which code for proteins, the number of proteins in the this species is unknown. Several proteins can be synthesised from a single gene. There is no indication of the remaining genes' nature, therefore they might be code or non-coding genes even though there are 20,000 nutrient areas. It does not necessarily follow that a species is highly developed.
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9.list and describe five or more characteristics of natural or treated hair that can be determined by viewing hair under a compound microscope.
Characteristics of natural or treated hair that can be determined by viewing hair under a compound microscope are:
Treated hair is brittle.Treated hair has disturbed hairs on the cuticle.Treated hair can damage mt-DNA.Artificial bleaching shows a shape demarcation.The natural hair grows closer to the root if it has been treated.Cuticle is the protective layer of cells for the hairs. These cells are dead in nature and overlap each other to form the protective layer. Healthy cuticle is important to protect the innermost layer of cells.
mt-DNA refers to mitochondrial DNA. This is the DNA present inside the mitochondria instead of the cell's nucleus. The DNA is circular is structure.
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To calculate the rate of growth a population is displaying, you must measure the _________ rate and subtract the ________ rate.
We deduct the death rate from the birth rate to determine the population growth rate.
The percentage change in population size over the course of a year is known as the population growth rate. It is computed by dividing the population size at the beginning of the year by the number of persons who are added to a population in a year (Natural Increase + Net In-Migration).
Population growth is calculated using the birth rate, mortality rate, and migration rate.
Population growth is positive when birth rates are higher than mortality rates, and vice versa.
When a population's birth rate and mortality rate are identical, there is no population increase.
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he most harmful radiations are those that group of answer choices damage living cells. kill living cells. don't encounter cells.
Radiations that damage living cells are the most dangerous.
Which of the three radiation kinds has the biggest particles, and why?Alpha particles make up the first one. The heaviest form of radiation particle, these particles are made up of two protons and two neutrons. A lot of the earth's naturally occurring radioactive substances, including uranium and thorium, emit alpha particles. Radon in our houses is one example that most people are acquainted with.
The most dangerous outside threat is gamma radiation. "Beta burns" can be brought on by beta particles that partially penetrate skin. Alpha rays can't get through healthy skin. Gamma and x-rays can pass through a person while harming the cells they encounter.
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which of the purely endocrine organs contain modified neurons that produce and secrete neurohormones?
Only the adrenal medullae are purely endocrine organs containing modified neurons that produce and secrete neurohormones.
The adrenal medulla is the adrenal gland's inner region. It is made up of the autonomic nervous system's modified sympathetic ganglion and grows from the same embryonic tissue as the other sympathetic ganglia. The cells that make up the adrenal medulla don't have axons and are found in groups around large blood vessels.
The adrenal medulla's chromaffin cells are responsible for the endocrine system. The ANS's sympathetic preganglionic neurons provide these cells with their innervation. Epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are neurohormones because they are secreted by neurons, are secreted by the adrenal medulla.
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color blindness is very common (60% of the population) in humans inhabiting micronesia. how would a biologist describe this outcome knowing that a typhoon and famine stroke the island leaving only 20 survivors from which all inhabitants are their descendants?
The Island of a Colorblind is another name for a Micronesian island located in the South Pacific.
Oliver Sacks gave the island that name in his 1996 study that examined the human brain. Sacks and numerous other scientists were intrigued by Pingelap because of its peculiar genetic makeup. A terrible storm in 1775, according to tradition, led to a population crunch. The monarch, one of the survivor, was genetically predisposed to a severe kind of colorblind. He eventually transferred the DNA to the island's future inhabitants. The gene causing the colorblind disorder, known as full achromatopsia, is still thought to exist in around 10% of the island's population today, a rate substantially greater than the one-in-30,000 frequency elsewhere in the globe.
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calculate genotype frequencies if given the absolute number of individuals with particular genotypes in a population
A population's genotype frequency is calculated by the Hardy-Weinberg Principle i.e. dividing the number of people having a particular genotype by the overall population size.
We have a single gene with two alleles, which is the most basic case. These alleles could be A and an or A1 and A2, for example. Say A or A1 is tall and A or A2 is short. Assume that a population has the frequencies p and q. (Since there are only two options and they must sum to one, p + q = 1.). The genotype frequencies can be predicted if we are aware of the allele frequencies.
Expected Frequency
AA or A1A1 = p * p = p²
Aa or A1A2 = pq + pq (or 2pq)
aa or A2A2 = q * q = q²
p² + pq + pq + q² = 1, or 100%
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some caterpillars have barbed hairs that break off when you touch them and can cause a burning sensation. these stinging hairs are more formally known as:
Some caterpillars have barbed hairs that can burn your skin when touched and break off when touched. Urticating's hairs are the more formal name for these stinging hairs.
Some arachnids and insects have urticating's hairs. Because of the barbs on the hairs, they can penetrate the skin of vertebrates. Therefore, they effectively fend off mammalian predators.
Urticating's hairs are another point of human interaction and are utilised to strengthen and protect cocoons.
This arachnid will brush its back legs against its abdomen to release hairs into the air as a defense against prospective predators. The structures, known as urticating hairs, have several barbs that enable them to pierce through ocular and other tissues.
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List 2 differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells and 2 features they have in common.
Answer:
Both the cells have a distinct plasma membrane, which protects the internal components from external damage.
There is no well-defined nucleus in the prokaryotic cell, whereas eukaryotic cells have an organized nucleus.
write the two dominant allele genotypes, using the capital letter i, and then a superscript for each of them.
A homozygous dominant genotype is characterized by the presence of two dominant alleles for a trait in an organism.
What kinds of alleles are dominant?It is dominant over the gene for blue eyes (B) to have brown eyes (b). This means that if you carry the allele for brown eyes and the allele for blue eyes (Bb), your eyes will be brown. (BB, this also applies if you have two brown eye alleles.)
The two alleles are what?One of two or more variations of the DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a specific genomic location is referred to as an allele. For any given genomic location where such variation exists, an individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent.
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According to the central dogma, what molecule should go in the blank? dna → _____ → proteins.
Central dogma of molecular biology dna → mRNA → proteins.
Central dogma of molecular biology is a concept that tells that genetic information moves only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein. Three important classes of biopolymers are DNA and RNA (both nucleic acids), and protein.
Hence, central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) to protein. It states that genes specify the sequence of mRNA molecules, which in turn specify the sequence of proteins .
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