Answer:
Classification and Organization
Explanation:
The historian is writing a book about European history and has three units. These units will have information. The information can be classified in one of the units, creating a well-organized book.
How do higher tariffs on exports affect trade with the United States?
A. purchase fewer U.S.-made products.
B. U.S.-made products are less available for purchase.
C. Consumers pay higher prices for imported products.
D. U.S.-made products suffer decreased popularity.
Answer:
Higher tariffs on exports from the United States can have a number of effects on trade with other countries. It is important to note that tariffs are taxes imposed on imported or exported goods, and they are typically used as a way to protect domestic industries by making foreign products more expensive.
In the case of higher tariffs on exports from the United States, the main effect would be that U.S.-made products would become more expensive and less competitive in foreign markets. This could lead to a decrease in demand for U.S.-made products, as foreign buyers may choose to purchase products from other countries with lower tariffs or seek alternatives to U.S. products.
Additionally, higher tariffs could lead to retaliatory measures by trading partners, such as imposing their own tariffs on U.S. products. This could further reduce demand for U.S. exports and lead to a decrease in overall trade with the United States.
In terms of the answer choices provided, option A, "purchase fewer U.S.-made products," is the closest to the correct answer, as higher tariffs would likely lead to a decrease in demand for U.S. exports. Option B, "U.S.-made products are less available for purchase," is less likely, as higher tariffs would not necessarily affect the availability of U.S.-made products, but rather their competitiveness in foreign markets. Option C, "Consumers pay higher prices for imported products," is a possible effect of tariffs, but it is not specific to the United States or its exports. Option D, "U.S.-made products suffer decreased popularity," is also a possible effect of higher tariffs, but it is not as specific or accurate as option A.
Briefly restate Anselm’s argument for the existence of God. How is this argument different from the ones advanced by Aquinas and Paley? What example does Rowe give in support of his point that there exist instances of intense suffering that an omnipotent, omniscient being could have prevented without thereby losing some greater good or permitting some evil bad or worse? Why does he call his position "friendly atheism"?
Anselm's argument for the existence of God, known as the ontological argument, posits that God is the greatest conceivable being, and therefore, must exist in reality. Rowe's example of a trapped fawn in a forest fire questions the compatibility of intense suffering with the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing God, and his stance, termed "friendly atheism," is a non-hostile inquiry into this matter.
Anselm's argument, known as the ontological argument, focuses on the concept of God's perfection and the idea that existence is a necessary attribute of a perfect being. It does not rely on empirical evidence or observations of the natural world.
In contrast, Aquinas and Paley put forth teleological arguments for the existence of God. Aquinas' argument, known as the "Five Ways," is based on observations of order, causality, and design in the natural world. Paley's argument, known as the teleological argument from design, posits that the complexity and order of the universe imply the existence of a designer.
In his discussion, Rowe provides an example of intense suffering, such as a fawn burned alive in a forest fire, where an omnipotent and omniscient being could have prevented the suffering without losing a greater good or allowing a worse evil. He argues that the existence of such instances challenges the idea of an all-powerful and all-knowing God who permits unnecessary suffering.
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why is it called juneteenth instead of emancipation day
democracy is the rule of you over the mini ruling class overseas all decisions true or false
Answer:
False.
Democracy is a form of government in which power is held by the people, either directly or through elected representatives. It is characterized by free and fair elections, the rule of law, the protection of individual rights and freedoms, and the accountability of government officials to the people. In a democracy, decisions are made through a process of debate, discussion, and compromise among elected representatives or through direct participation of citizens.
It is not the rule of "you" (an individual), but rather the rule of the people as a whole. Additionally, it is not about ruling over a mini ruling class, but rather ensuring that all individuals have an equal say in the decision-making process.
A mosaic like this one was made from
splashes of wall paint.
small, colored tiles.
pieces of marble.
pieces of bronze.
After Hitler came to power, German people of Jewish ancestry lost their rights overnight. gradually lost their rights. left their homeland immediately. gained the right of citizenship.
Answer:
The NSDAP was anti-Semitic: Germany wanted to get rid of the Jews. By 1 April 1933 the party had already organized a boycott of Jewish businessmen and the liberal professions. In addition, anti-Semitic laws were passed. Many Jewish citizens left Germany in response to this. In the first days of April 1933 alone, hundreds left for Amsterdam.In September 1935, the NSDAP issued extensive laws in the field of nationality and citizenship. These infamous “Nuremberg Race Laws” excluded Jews from German citizenship. Only Germans of “Germanic origin” could henceforth be German citizens. The inferior label “German subject” was reserved for Jews.The High Commissioner for Refugees of the League of Nations, James G. Macdonald, reported on the economic decline of a large number of the German Jews as a result of these measures and anticipated a new exodus.
La descolonizacion de nigeria fue pacifica o llego a un conflicto belico
1) From what life-threatening episode(s) is Moses delivered in the stories about his origins (Exod 1:1-2:25) (Select all that apply)?
a. Herod’s command to have Hebrew boys exterminated
b. Pharaoh’s command to have Hebrew boys exterminated
c. The annual flood of the Nile
d. Pharaoh’s desire to kill him for killing an Egyptian
e. Egyptian military forces
Moses is delivered from the life-threatening episodes of Pharaoh's command to have Hebrew boys exterminated, and Pharaoh's desire to kill him for killing an Egyptian. The correct option is B and D.
In the stories about Moses' origins in Exodus 1:1-2:25, it is mentioned that Pharaoh ordered the killing of Hebrew boys, which posed a significant threat to Moses' life. However, Moses is saved when his mother places him in a basket and sets him adrift on the Nile River, ultimately leading to his rescue by Pharaoh's daughter.
Additionally, Moses later flees Egypt after killing an Egyptian who was mistreating a Hebrew slave. Pharaoh becomes aware of Moses' action and seeks to kill him, prompting Moses to escape to Midian. These two events demonstrate how Moses was delivered from life-threatening episodes, overcoming the dangers posed by Pharaoh's commands and his desire for retribution.
The correct option is B and D.
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A traditional Aztec headdress that belonged to Montezuma made from feathers. What is this headdress made from? a. eagle feathers b. quetzal bird feathers c. ostrich feathers d. cactus wren feathers Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
Answer:
B. quetzal bird feathers
Explanation:
The headdress you are referring to is called Moctezuma’s headdress. It is a featherwork headdress or military device which tradition holds belonged to Moctezuma II, the Aztec emperor at the time of the Spanish conquest. The headdress is made of the feathers of quetzal and other birds mounted in a base of gold studded with precious stones.
So the answer to your question is b. quetzal bird feathers.
The Congress of the United States passes a law that says that wheat farmers may not grow or sell wheat. The purpose of the law is that abundant wheat has flooded the market and wheat prices are so low that farmers cannot make a profit. Joe Farmer is told not to grow wheat on his farm, but he is free to grow something else. Joe grows wheat anyway, stores it in his silo, and does not sell it. Joe is fined by the US Government for violating this law and his wheat is confiscated. Is this law constitutional? Explain why or why not. PLEASE DON"T COPY FROM OTHER ANSWER AND CHECK FOR PLAGIARISM
The constitutionality of the law that prohibits wheat farmers from growing or selling wheat depends on its compliance with the United States Constitution. However, based on the information provided, it is likely that the law would be considered unconstitutional under the Commerce Clause.
The Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. In this case, the law prohibiting wheat farmers from growing or selling wheat interferes with interstate commerce. It restricts the ability of farmers to participate in the market and affects the supply and prices of wheat.
The Supreme Court has consistently held that the Commerce Clause gives Congress the authority to regulate activities that substantially affect interstate commerce. In this scenario, the law directly impacts the wheat market and the economic activities of farmers.
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Madam ‘Fundamentals’ is a controversial woman. She owns a saloon located on the ground floor of Hotel Onaapo on the Hospital ring road in Wa, which is owned by her husband. Her childhood best friend, Rose, also runs a salon just next door to hers. Madam Fundamentals is a blacklisted member of the Ghana Hairdressers Association and as such is banned from buying goods at a discount from the Association. She manages to get her friend Rose to front for her to buy the goods. Madam Fundamentals has also secretly given one of the rooms in Hotel Onaapo to Mr. Bugga to use for purpose of prostitution. Madam Fundamentals’ spoilt nephew, Wizkid, who lives with her is being prosecuted for a traffic offence and she managed to stop the investigations by promising the policeman in charge of the case, Rex, GHC 10,000.00. One of her best employees, Tiwa, is about to leave her salon to work with another salon nearby. Madam Fundamentals reminded her of the employment contract she signed that she will not set up or work with any other salon in any capacity within 5km radius of her salon for ten years as well as the fact that the agreement states clearly that no court shall have jurisdiction over any disputes arising from the contract. Rose has refused to hand over the goods she bought from the Hairdressers’ Association for Madam Fundamentals to her. Mr. Bugga has refused to pay his rent and Madam Fundamentals wants to sue him. Rex is also threatening to sue Madam Fundamentals for his money. Tiwa insists that the employment contract was signed under duress and that Madam fundamentals threatened to have her brother arrested for an offence which he committed some years ago if she did not sign the contract. Advise the parties.
As this is a case of fraud (buying goods through other means despite being banned), the contract is voidable in the hands of Rose, she has the right to refuse to perform her part.
A vodible agreement is an agreement in which one party has the right to call off the agreement.
As the agreement was for illegal activities, it will be considered void. No party has the right to sue each other.
A void agreement is an agreement that is formed for illegal activities.
As this is the case of bribery, hence Rex cannot sue her for money because of the illegality of the scenario.
Since this is a case of coercion, Tiwa has the right to abolish the contract.
Coercion is the practice of forcing someone to enter into a contract by violence or threat.
All parties can you madam fundamental except Rex.
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how did geography contribute to Spain’s desire to expand its empire
Spain's favorable geographical position and access to trade routes motivated its desire to expand the empire through exploration and colonization.
Geography played a significant role in Spain's desire to expand its empire. Spain, located on the Iberian Peninsula, had a strategic advantage with its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. This allowed for easy access to trade routes and exploration opportunities. Additionally, Spain's geographical location positioned it as a gateway to the Americas, making it an ideal launching point for expeditions and colonization. The discovery of new lands and resources in the Americas further fueled Spain's ambitions to expand its empire. The abundance of wealth and territories to be gained motivated Spanish explorers, such as Christopher Columbus and Hernán Cortés, to venture into unknown territories and establish colonies, ultimately leading to Spain's vast empire.
In conclusion, Spain's geographical advantages, including its strategic location and access to trade routes, played a significant role in fueling its ambition for empire expansion during the Age of Exploration.
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(PLEASE HELP ME) How did the G.I. Bill affect Black veterans returning from the war? Select two answers.
1. Black veterans were given the same employment and education opportunities as White veterans.
2. Banks and lenders rejected Black veterans who were seeking low-interest home loans.
3. Black veterans benefited from the post-war economic boom the G.I. Bill helped encourage.
4. White politicians in the Jim Crow South blocked Black veterans from receiving benefits.
Answer:
Some could not access benefits because they had not been given an honorable discharge—and a much larger number of Black veterans were discharged dishonorably than their white counterparts. Veterans who did qualify could not find facilities that delivered on the bill's promise.
Explanation:
The G.I. Bill, while beneficial overall, discriminated against Black veterans because of systemic racism, particularly through the denial of low-interest loans and obstruction by Jim Crow South politicians.
Explanation:The G.I. Bill was an important piece of legislation passed after World War II in the United States that provided a range of benefits for returning servicemen. However, its effects were not uniformly positive for all veterans.
Regarding the potential answers to the question, 2. Banks and lenders rejected Black veterans who were seeking low-interest home loans and 4. White politicians in the Jim Crow South blocked Black veterans from receiving benefits- are the most accurate.
Although the G.I. Bill was designed to offer benefits such as low-interest loans and education opportunities to all veterans, in practice, Black veterans were often denied access to these benefits. Systemic racism, particularly in the South under Jim Crow laws, resulted in discriminatory practices by banks, universities, and individual politicians who sought to prevent Black veterans from receiving the full benefits of the Bill. This led to perpetuating socioeconomic disparities between Black and White Americans in the post-war period.
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Women protestors on March 9, 1917 objecting to the unfair distribution of food in Russia helped to spark the first of two revolutions. Their actions would eventually bring 200,000 workers into a general strike. True False
It is true Women protestors on March 9, 1917 objecting to the unfair distribution of food in Russia helped to spark the first of two revolutions. Their actions would eventually bring 200,000 workers into a general strike. The correct option is true
Before the Revolution, women in the Russian Empire had a very broad range of life experiences. Peasant women, who made up the majority of the Empire's female population in the 19th century, were largely illiterate, but wealthy women had access to some education, particularly after women's higher education courses were created in the late 1870s.
Although there were social inequalities, society was firmly patriarchal, and until 1917, no woman from any background was permitted to vote or hold public office.
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Would the Foundering Fathers be happy with the way the Constitution is interpreted today with regard to business, trade and commerce, and rights?
The Founding Fathers' primary goal when drafting the United States Constitution was to create a document that would ensure the protection of individual rights and a limited government.
Although some of the specific ways in which the Constitution has been interpreted with regard to business, trade and commerce, and rights may differ from their original intentions, overall, it is likely that the Founding Fathers would be pleased with how the text of the Constitution is currently being applied in these areas.
As the government has become increasingly complex, the interpretation of the Constitution has taken on an even greater role in ensuring the protections of rights for individuals as well as allowing for business, trade and commerce to thrive. Overall, while some of the specific interpretations may differ, the Founding Fathers probably would be pleased to know that the Constitutional standards they set are still being followed in these areas today.
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Which phrase describes the significance of the general welfare clause?
Ensures the executive branch has sufficient enforcement power to protect the common good
Stops Congress from creating laws that would lead to violations of individual rights
Encourages the legislative branch to make laws that promote the common good
Stops the president or other officials from violating individual rights
Which were characteristics of the Gilded Age?
equality for women
labor strikes
labor unions
civil rights activism
long shifts and low pay
Answer:
The characteristics of the Gilded Age that best fit the given options are:
• Labor strikes: There were frequent labor strikes during the Gilded Age as workers protested long hours, low pay and poor working conditions in the nation's growing industries. Major strikes included the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Haymarket Square Riot of 1886.
• Labor unions: Labor unions formed and grew during this time period as workers organized to demand better treatment and compensation from corporations and industrialists. Union membership rose significantly during the Gilded Age.
• Long shifts and low pay: One of the defining features of the Gilded Age was the growth of American industry and big business. However, this often came at the expense of workers who had to endure long hours, low wages, and unsafe working conditions. Labor issues were widespread.
The other options do not accurately characterize the Gilded Age, which spanned from the 1870s to 1900 and was marked by rapid industrialization, laissez-faire capitalism and vast income inequality. Though there were some advances for women's rights during this period, equality for women and civil rights for Black Americans had yet to become major social movements.
So in summary, labor strikes, the growth of labor unions and the long hours/low pay that workers endured were among the defining features of the Gilded Age, reflecting the tensions between capital and labor that emerged with the rise of big business and industrialization in America.
Can someone please give me the purpose and bias of the “We’re fighting to prevent this” poster?
The purpose of the "We're fighting to prevent this" poster is to convey a message and raise awareness about a specific issue or cause. However, without additional context or specific information about the poster's content or design, it is challenging to determine the exact purpose. The purpose could vary depending on the subject matter or the organization behind the poster.
Regarding bias, it is important to note that all forms of communication, including posters, can carry some level of bias. Bias refers to a preference or inclination towards a particular perspective or agenda. In the case of the "We're fighting to prevent this" poster, the bias would depend on the content and the underlying message it aims to convey.
To evaluate the bias of the poster, one would need to analyze its visual elements, wording, and symbols, if any, to determine if they lean towards a particular viewpoint or agenda. For example, if the poster focuses on environmental conservation and displays images of pristine natural landscapes, it might indicate a bias towards promoting environmental protection. On the other hand, if the poster features graphic images of animal cruelty, it could suggest a bias towards advocating for animal rights.
It is important to approach the analysis of bias in a critical and objective manner, considering multiple perspectives and conducting further research if necessary. Without specific details about the content of the poster, it is challenging to provide a more precise assessment of its purpose and bias.
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Saint Dominique, a French colony in the Caribbean Sea where 100,000 enslaved people rebelled, became a country called .
Answer:
Haiti (Saint-Domingue)
Explanation:
Answer:
Haiti (Saint-Domingue)
Explanation:
1. Reflection on Pushing back the
Axis
2. Reflection on Mobilizing for
War
U.S HISTORY 2
"Pushing back the Axis and Mobilizing for War" was a crucial period in history characterized by the global effort to counter the Axis powers during World War II. It involved extensive military operations, diplomatic strategies, and the mobilization of resources and manpower.
During this period, Allied forces, led by the United States, aimed to push back the Axis powers, including Germany, Italy, and Japan, who posed significant threats to global stability and democracy. The Allies implemented various military strategies, such as the D-Day invasion, to liberate occupied territories and gain the upper hand in the war.
Simultaneously, mobilization efforts were undertaken by countries involved in the war. Governments implemented policies to support military production, increase recruitment, and strengthen alliances. This included rationing, the drafting of soldiers, and the redirection of industries towards war production. The combined efforts of military operations and mobilization played a crucial role in turning the tide of the war in favor of the Allies, ultimately leading to the defeat of the Axis powers.
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------------The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
"Write a reflection on Pushing back the Axis and Mobilizing for War."-----------------
which of the following were goals of the missionaries that came to washington in the early 1800s? (select all that apply). group of answer choices to give instruction about health care, farming, reading, and writing to settlers. to create christian outposts for the settlers who wanted churches and schools. to bring their religious beliefs to the native americans and try to convert them. to learn indigenous languages from the native peoples of washington and record them.
Answer:
The goals of the missionaries that came to Washington in the early 1800s were:
- To create Christian outposts for the settlers who wanted churches and schools.
- To bring their religious beliefs to the Native Americans and try to convert them.
- To learn indigenous languages from the Native peoples of Washington and record them.
So, the correct answers are:
- To create Christian outposts for the settlers who wanted churches and schools.
- To bring their religious beliefs to the Native Americans and try to convert them.
- To learn indigenous languages from the Native peoples of Washington and record them.
: research and offered additional insights for understanding different cultures. Hofstede's studies were expanded by Selected answer will be automatically saved. For keyboard navigation, press up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Globe's b Walton's C Weber's d Fayol's e Gilbreth's The Hąwthorne studies, also sometimes called the Western Electric lighting experiments, provided a new push for which type of management studies? Selected answer will be automatically saved. For keyboard navigation, press up/down anrow keys to select an answer. a classical perspective b humanistic perspective c scientific management d bureaucratic organization theory e contingency perspective Wyclef Jean made a declaration at his company of an improper activity. What is the term for this? Selected answer will be automatically saved. For keyboard navigation, press up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Tattling b Whistle-blowing c Organizational communication d The filing of a disclosure statement e Snooping
Hofstede's studies were expanded by Globe's research and offered additional insights for understanding different cultures. The correct option is A.
Globe (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness) conducted a comprehensive cross-cultural research project that aimed to examine cultural dimensions and their impact on leadership and organizational behavior. This research expanded upon Hofstede's original work by investigating cultural dimensions across a broader range of countries and providing more nuanced insights into cultural variations.
The Globe study identified nine cultural dimensions, including assertiveness, future orientation, gender differentiation, and power distance, among others. By incorporating multiple cultural perspectives, the Globe research further enhanced our understanding of cultural differences and their implications for leadership and organizational practices. This expansion built upon Hofstede's foundation and contributed to a more comprehensive framework for analyzing and comparing cultures worldwide.
The correct option is A.
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------------The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
"Hofstede's studies were expanded by ___________ research and offered additional insights for understanding different cultures.
Choose from the given options:
a. Globe's
b. Walton's
c. Weber's
d. Fayol's
e. Gilbreth's"----------------------
how did abraham lincoln first view the civil war as?
Answer:
Explanation:
Abraham Lincoln initially viewed the Civil War as a necessary response to preserve the Union and uphold the principles of the Constitution. He aimed to restore national unity and saw the war as a means to achieve these goals, rather than a conflict primarily focused on ending slavery.
who played protozoa in zenon
Answer: Phillip Rhys
Explanation:
According to chapter FOUR, the oldest colonial city in North America is A Philadelphia, Pennsylvania B Savanna, Georgia D Columbia, South Carolina St. Augustine, Florida Jamestown, Virginia
The answer is South Carolina St. Augustine. South Carolina's St. Augustine is the oldest colonial city in North America.
The oldest continuously inhabited community in the United States of European and African ancestry is St. Augustine, which was founded in 1565. The Spanish settled at St. Augustine 42 years before the English founded Jamestown and 55 years before the Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth Rock. That honour belongs to St. Augustine, Florida, which was founded in 1565 by the Spanish. St. Augustine is currently preparing for its 450th birthday celebration and continues to be the country's oldest continuously inhabited city.
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answer this please its us history
Answer:
c
Explanation:
What is periodization
Answer:the deliberate manipulation of training variables to optimize performance for competition
Explanation:
found it in a dictionary
Answer:
Periodization - It is the systematic planning of athletic or physical training. The aim is to reach the best possible performance in the most important competition of the year.
Explanation:
Which statement best describes a precedent set by the Marshall court?
A precedent set by the Marshall Court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, was the principle of judicial review.
This principle, established in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison (1803), asserted the authority of the Supreme Court to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.In Marbury v. Madison, the court faced the question of whether it had the power to issue a writ of mandamus to force the delivery of judicial appointments made by President John Adams in his final days in office. Chief Justice Marshall, writing the majority opinion, ruled that the Supreme Court did not have the authority to issue the writ and thus could not compel the appointments. However, Marshall also asserted that it was the duty of the court to interpret the Constitution and determine whether laws were constitutional.This precedent of judicial review established the Supreme Court as the final arbiter of the Constitution's meaning and granted the power to strike down laws deemed unconstitutional. It solidified the role of the judiciary as a coequal branch of government and provided a framework for the court's authority to interpret the Constitution's provisions and limit the power of the other branches. The principle of judicial review continues to shape the functioning of the American legal system and the role of the Supreme Court in ensuring constitutional adherence.For more such questions on Marshall Court
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Match the medical discoveries with their uses.
antibiotic
antiseptic
pasteurization
treats infections caused by bacteria
arrowRight
makes food safer to eat
arrowRight
kills bacteria
arrowRight
Answer:
antibiotic - treats infections caused by bacteria
Antibiotics are drugs used to treat and prevent bacterial infections. They either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria to allow the body's immune system to fight off the infection.
antiseptic - kills bacteria
Antiseptics are chemical substances used on living tissue or skin to reduce the possibility of infection, inflammation or sepsis by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of microorganisms like bacteria.
pasteurization - makes food safer to eat
Pasteurization is a process of heating liquid foods like milk to kill harmful bacteria and microbes, making the food safer for consumption. It was developed by Louis Pasteur in the 1860s.
Hope this helps match the medical discoveries with their proper uses, partner! Let me know if you have any other questions. I've got enough smarts in my processor to match just about anything you need.
In the late 1990s, several East Asian countries used limited flexibility or currency pegs in managing their exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. This question considers how different countries responded to the East Asian currency crisis (1997-1998). For the following questions, treat the East Asian country as the home country and the United States as the foreign country. Also, for the diagrams, you may assume these countries maintained a currency peg (fixed rate) relative to the U.S. dollar. Also, for the following questions, you need consider only the short-run effects. a. In July 1997, investors expected that the Thai baht would depreciate. That is, they expected that Thailand's central bank would be unable to maintain the currency peg with the U.S. dollar. Illustrate how this change in investors' expectations affects the Thai money market and FX market, with the exchange rate defined as baht (B) per U.S. dollar, denoted EB/s. Assume the Thai central bank wants to maintain capital mobility and preserve the level of its interest rate, and abandons the currency peg in favor of a floating exchange rate regime. b. Indonesia faced the same constraints as Thailand-investors feared Indonesia would be forced to abandon its currency peg. Illustrate how this change in investors' expectations affects the Indonesian money market and FX market, with the exchange rate defined as rupiahs (Rp) per U.S. dollar, denoted ERp/s. Assume that the Indonesian central bank wants to maintain capital mobility and the currency peg. c. Malaysia had a similar experience, except that it used capital controls to maintain its currency peg and preserve the level of its interest rate. Illustrate how this change in investors' expectations affects the Malaysian money market and FX market, with the exchange rate defined as ringgit (RM) per U.S. dollar, denoted ERM/8. You need show only the short-run effects of this change in investors' expectations. d. Compare and contrast the three approaches just outlined. As a policymaker, which would you favor? Explain.
Answer:
a. If investors expect the Thai baht to depreciate, the demand for baht will fall, causing a shift to the left in the demand for baht curve (Dbaht). At the same time, the supply of baht will increase, causing a shift to the right in the supply of baht curve (Sbaht). The equilibrium exchange rate (EB/s) will fall, and the Thai central bank will need to sell U.S. dollars from its foreign exchange reserves to maintain the currency peg. However, if the Thai central bank wants to maintain capital mobility and preserve the level of its interest rate, it may choose to abandon the currency peg in favor of a floating exchange rate regime. In that case, the exchange rate will be determined by market forces.
b. If investors expect Indonesia to abandon its currency peg, the demand for U.S. dollars will increase, causing a shift to the right in the demand for U.S. dollars curve (D$). At the same time, the supply of U.S. dollars will decrease, causing a shift to the left in the supply of U.S. dollars curve (S$). The equilibrium exchange rate (ERp/s) will rise, and the Indonesian central bank will need to intervene in the foreign exchange market by selling rupiahs and buying U.S. dollars to maintain the currency peg and preserve capital mobility.
c. If investors expect Malaysia to abandon its currency peg, the demand for U.S. dollars will increase, causing a shift to the right in the demand for U.S. dollars curve (D$). However, Malaysia had imposed capital controls to limit capital outflows and maintain the currency peg. As a result, the supply of ringgit will not increase, and the exchange rate will remain fixed at ERM/8. However, the capital controls may disrupt the functioning of the Malaysian money market and lead to other economic distortions.
d. The three approaches differ in how they respond to changes in investor expectations about the exchange rate. Thailand chose to abandon the currency peg and allow the exchange rate to float, while Indonesia chose to maintain the currency peg and intervene in the foreign exchange market to preserve capital mobility. Malaysia imposed capital controls to maintain the currency peg and preserve the level of its interest rate. As a policymaker, the choice of approach will depend on a country's specific circumstances and policy objectives. A floating exchange rate regime may provide more flexibility to respond to external shocks, but it may also lead to greater exchange rate volatility. A fixed exchange rate regime may provide stability, but it may also require frequent intervention in the foreign exchange market to maintain the currency peg. Capital controls may be effective in the short run, but they may also discourage foreign investment and lead to other distortions.