A mutation is a process that creates genetic variation Mutation creates variations in protein-coding portions of genes that can affect the protein Eself More often, & creates variations in the switches that control
when and where a protein is active, and how much protein is made. For example, lactase is an enzyme that helps infants break down lactose, a sugar in mik. Normally the gene that codes for lactase is active in
babies and then turned off at about age four When people who do not make lactase consume milk, they experience discomfort. But some people have a variation in a genetic switch that keeps the lactase gene
active and people who have it can keep milk in their dets even as aduts
Mutations that occur in sex cells or gametes can be passed from one generation to the next. It is possible during gamete formation, meiosis, that there is an exchange of genes between homologous
chromosomes, resulting in a change in the chromosome This type of mutation is called crossing-over Mutations that occur in somatic or body cells, like a mutation causing skin cancer, will not be passed on
Most of the mutations in our DNA are naturally occuring For example, when a cell divides, & makes a copy of Es DNA, and sometimes the copy is not perfect. That small difference from the original ONA
sequence is a mutation Mutations can also be caused by exposure to specific chemicals or radiation, called mutagens
There are many different ways that DNA can be changed, resulting in different types of mutation
Substitution
A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another. A substitution could
change a codon to one that encodes a different amino acid and causes a small change in the protein produced. For example, sickle cell anemia is caused by a substitution in the beta-hemoglobin gene, which
aters a single amino acid in the protein produced
change a codon to one that encodes the same amino acid and causes no change in the protein produced. These are called slent mutations
change an amino-acid-coding codon to a single "stop" codon and cause an incomplete protein. This can have serious effects since the incomplete protein probably won't function
Insertion
insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA
Deletion
Deletions are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted
How do mutations occur in the genetic code? (Choose 3)
A
B
4* C
Mutations can only occur when passed on thorough reproduction
Mutations can be sent and not affect the organism that has them
The majority of mutations are the result of exposure to mutagens
D
A woman who has sickle cell anemia passes this disease on to her offspring. This means that the mutation for sickle cel anemia MUST occur in the woman's gametes
E During DNA replication, the original DNA strand GTC ACA GGC ATC is copied into complementary strand CAG CCG TAG. This is an example of deletion
Answers
Mutations occur in the genetic code:
c. The majority of mutations are the result of exposure to mutagens
d. A woman who has sickle cell anemia passes this disease on to her offspring. This means that the mutation for sickle cell anemia MUST occur in the woman's gametes
e. During DNA replication, the original DNA strand GTC ACA GGC ATC is copied into complementary strand CAG CCG TAG. This is an example of deletion mutation.
What is the difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation? A point mutation is a type of genetic mutation in which a single nucleotide base in a gene is changed or substituted. This type of mutation can result in a missense, nonsense, or silent mutation, which can affect the gene’s coding sequence and thus its product. A missense mutation, for instance, may change the amino acid that is encoded by the gene, leading to an altered protein product.In contrast, a frameshift mutation is a type of mutation that occurs when a gene’s coding sequence is altered by the insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base. This type of mutation can drastically alter the gene’s coding sequence, resulting in a different protein product. Frameshift mutations are more severe than point mutations, as they can potentially affect all of the codons that come after the point of mutation. As a result, they can have a more severe impact on the gene’s product than a point mutation.To learn more about mutation refer to:
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Related Questions
Desert plants are often widely spaced due to competition for rainwater.truefalse
Answers
The statement 'desert plants are often widely spaced due to competition for rainwater' is true as water is scarce in deserts.
Desert plants are unique in their ability to thrive in some of the most arid regions of the planet.
This is largely due to their adaptations to the challenging environment, including their ability to survive with minimal water. The scarcity of water in the desert means that plants must compete for the limited resources available.
This competition for rainwater is the reason why desert plants are often widely spaced, allowing each plant to access the limited water supply.
Desert plants have adapted to their harsh environment by developing unique characteristics that allow them to survive with minimal resources.
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What is a shared property
between surfaces that absorb?
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Can a human be born with both sexes?.
Answers
It is not scientifically possible for a human to be born with both the sexes, but one may possess characteristics of the two.
There are only two sexes based on the ability to make reproductive cells: the female sex, which can produce ovules, and the male sex, which can produce spermatozoa. Infants with ambiguous genitalia have external genitalia that don't appear to be obviously masculine or female. A newborn with ambiguous genitalia may have underdeveloped genitalia or exhibit traits common to both sexes.
The X and Y chromosomes are referred to as "sex chromosomes" because they influence how sex functions in an individual. Males typically have XY chromosomes, while females often have XX chromosomes. However, some women and girls have XY chromosomes. For instance, a girl who has androgen insensitivity syndrome may experience this.
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What part of the cytoskeleton is responsible for cell movement?
Answers
Cell mobility is supported by cytoskeletal filaments. For instance, microtubules sliding against one another causes cilia and (eukaryotic) flagella to move. In reality, structured arrays of microtubules can be seen in cross sections of these tail-like cellular extensions.
What do you mean by microtubules?Eukaryotic cells' cytoskeleton is made up of tubulin polymers called microtubules, which give eukaryotic cells their shape and structure. Microtubules can measure up to 50 micrometres in length, 23 to 27 nm in width, and 11 to 15 nm in inner diameter. They are created when the two globular proteins alpha and beta tubulin polymerize into protofilaments, which can later interact to form a hollow tube called a microtubule. 13 protofilaments are arranged in a tubular configuration to make up the most prevalent type of microtubule. Microtubules are one of the cytoskeletal filament systems in eukaryotic cells.
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hurryyy!!! do all questions for crown thank you very much
The ability to taste PTC is due to a single dominant allele "T". You sampled 215 individuals in a biology class, and determined that f150 could detect the bitter taste of PTC and 65 could not.
What is the predicted frequency of the recessive allele (t)?
What is the predicted frequency of dominant allele (T)?
In a population of 10,000 people, how many would be heterozygous (assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)? Homozygous dominant? Homozygous recessive? Calculate all of the potential frequencies.
Answers
The ability to taste PTC is due to a single dominant allele "T". You sampled 215 individuals in a biology class, and determined that 150 could detect the bitter taste of PTC and 65 could not.
What is a dominant allele?Generally, To calculate the predicted frequency of the recessive allele (t), we use the equation:
f(t) = 1 - f(T)
where f(T) is the frequency of the dominant allele (T).
To find f(T), we use the equation:
f(T) = (number of individuals who can taste PTC / total number of individuals sampled)
f(T) = 150/215
= 0.7
f(t) = 1 - 0.7
= 0.3
The predicted frequency of the dominant allele (T) is 0.7
In a population of 10,000 people, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can use the following equations to find the number of individuals who are heterozygous, homozygous dominant, and homozygous recessive:
f(TT) = (f(T))^2 f(TT) = (0.7)^2 = 0.49
f(tt) = (f(t))^2 f(tt) = (0.3)^2 = 0.09
f(Tt) = 2 * f(T) * f(t) f(Tt) = 2 * 0.7 * 0.3 = 0.42
Homozygous dominant = 4900 people Homozygous recessive = 900 people Heterozygous = 4200 people
Please note that these predictions are based on the assumption that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and not influenced by any external factors such as mutation or natural selection.
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When experimenting on inherited trait, why i it important to have a large ample ize?
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For better results and to use probability principles it is important to have a large sample size.
Working with large sample sizes is important to use probability principles in practise since small sample sizes are more susceptible to errors brought on by chance. Mendel was able to estimate the likelihood that the features would occur in his F2 generation thanks to the vast number of pea plants he analysed. This resulted in the ability to reliably anticipate offspring qualities even before fertilisation when the traits of the parents were known.
A successful experiment requires a sizable sample size. A tiny sample size makes it impossible to detect significant changes in attributes. Furthermore, the sample size needs to be sufficient to take into account any potential data anomalies.
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what happens at the synapse between two neurons
Answers
Answer:
transfer of electrical signals occurs at the synapses of two nurons
Answer: an action potential that makes neuron A release a chemical neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter can help (excite) or hinder (inhibit) neuron B from firing its own action potential
Explanation:
What is the connection between carbon dioxide emissions and the problems with coral reefs?.
Answers
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are one of the major drivers of climate change, and they are also having a significant impact on coral reefs around the world.
Coral reefs are incredibly diverse and important ecosystems, providing habitat for a wide range of species and serving as important sources of food and income for millions of people. However, these ecosystems are under threat from a number of different factors, one of which is the increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere.
One of the main ways in which CO2 emissions affect coral reefs is through ocean acidification. When CO2 dissolves in seawater, it forms carbonic acid, which makes the water more acidic. As the ocean becomes more acidic, it becomes more difficult for coral reefs to form and grows.
Coral reefs are made up of tiny animals called coral polyps that extract calcium carbonate from the seawater to build their skeletons. When the water is more acidic, it becomes harder for the coral polyps to extract the calcium carbonate they need, which can slow or stop the growth of coral reefs.
Another problem associated with CO2 emissions is the rise in ocean temperatures. Coral reefs thrive in specific temperature ranges, and when the ocean becomes too warm, it can cause coral reefs to experience mass bleaching events.
Bleaching occurs when the coral polyps expel the symbiotic algae that live in their tissues, which provide coral reefs with their vibrant colors. Without these algae, the coral reefs turn white and are unable to photosynthesize and produce food. The warmer the water, the more likely it is for coral reefs to bleach, and if the bleaching is severe enough, the coral reefs can die.
Finally, CO2 emissions also contribute to rising sea levels, which can have a severe impact on coral reefs. As the ocean water gets higher, it can flood low-lying coral reefs, making it difficult for them to survive. In addition, the increased water flow caused by rising sea levels can also erode coral reefs, making them more susceptible to damage.
In conclusion, CO2 emissions are a major contributor to the problems faced by coral reefs around the world. The acidification of the oceans caused by CO2 emissions is making it harder for coral reefs to form and grow.
Rising ocean temperatures are causing mass bleaching events and increased sea levels are flooding and eroding the coral reefs. It's important to take action to limit carbon dioxide emissions to preserve coral reefs and other marine ecosystems.
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Genes that are located close to each other on the same chromosome are referred to as _____ genes.
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Genes that are located close to each other on the same chromosome are referred to as linked genes.
What is linked genes?Linked genes are two or more genes that are located near each other on the same chromosome and that tend to be inherited together. Linked genes are a result of the physical linkage between them on the same chromosome.
Linkage occurs when a pair of genes is passed on from parent to offspring in a single unit. Linkage is a form of genetic association in which the genes are physically close to each other on a chromosome and are usually inherited together. Linkage can result in the appearance of non-random patterns of inheritance that deviate from Mendelian genetics. Linkage between genes can also lead to the phenomenon of pleiotropy, in which a single gene affects multiple phenotypic traits.
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Major support cells of the nervous system which aid in the formation of a permeability barrier between blood and neurons is called: _______
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Major support cells of the nervous system that aid in the formation of a permeability barrier between blood and neurons is called glial cells.
Gliаl cells, аlso cаlled neurogliа, аre cell which аre non-neuronаl аnd аre locаted within the centrаl nervous system аnd the peripherаl nervous system thаt provides physicаl аnd metаbolic support to neurons, including neuronаl insulаtion аnd communicаtion, аnd nutrient аnd wаste trаnsport.
Astrocytes аre the most аbundаnt cells in the brаin. They аre stаr-shаped cells thаt provide physicаl аnd nutritionаl support for neurons. The function of astrocytes is helping to mаintаin the permeаbility of the blood-brаin bаrrier where they sense glucose аnd ion levels inside the brаin аnd regulаte their flow into or out of it.
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If the input and output of carbon is balanced in the carbon cycle, what can be generalized about the resident times of carbon in organisms?(1 point).
Answers
Due to the fact that carbon is expelled as soon as it is absorbed, the resident time would be zero.
For life to exist on Earth, the carbon cycle is crucial. The amount of carbon that is naturally absorbed by reservoirs equals the amount that is naturally released from reservoirs because nature tends to keep carbon levels in balance. By maintaining this carbon balance, the planet can support life indefinitely. The two main forces behind the cycle between the land and the atmosphere are photosynthesis and respiration. While respiration consumes oxygen and emits carbon dioxide, photosynthesis uses ambient carbon dioxide as fuel for the plant. Human activity has upset the balance of the carbon cycle, causing more carbon dioxide to be released, particularly through traditional farming practices and the combustion of fossil fuels as fuel.
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complete question: If the input and output of carbon is balanced in the carbon cycle, what can be generalized about the resident times of carbon in organisms?(1 point)
(A) The resident time will decrease because plants will be taking in carbon dioxide to use for photosynthesis.
(B) The resident time will increase because there will be a buildup of carbon in the atmosphere
(C) The resident time would be zero because carbon is released as soon as it is absorbed
(D) The resident time will depend on where the organism lives because it might be influenced by cellular respiration
Why plants Cannot absorb green light?.
Answers
Plants cannot absorb green light because the molecule they use to аbsorb EM rаdiаtion is chlorophyll, which is itself green.
Plаnts аbsorb аlmost аll the photons in the red аnd blue regions of the light spectrum, they аbsorb only аbout 90% of the green photons. If they аbsorbed more, they would look blаck to our eyes. Plаnts аre green becаuse the smаll аmount of light they reflect is thаt color.
Red аnd blue light is believed to hаve а higher quаntum yield of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex]аssimilаtion. The blue аnd red pаrts of the spectrum аre effective to sаtisfy the energy requirement of plаnts. Hence plаnts аbsorb these two colors more thаn аny other colors.
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What is the book "human anatomy & physiology laboratory manual, cat version" about?
Answers
The integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, and reproductive systems, as well as their interrelationships at the molecular and organ levels.
which are crucial to the dynamic human body's proper function, will be covered in this course.
What is lab human anatomy?The Anatomy with Lab course will introduce the gross and microscopic anatomy of the human body's components and structures. The various body systems' structural features and organ localization will be taught to students.
What are the human body's anatomy and physiology?Physiology is the study of how those structures work, while anatomy is about the body's internal and external structures and their physical relationships. The significance of anatomy and physiology to biomedical engineering is discussed in this chapter.
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Glucose (c6h12o6) is an important biological molecule. Answer these questions using the periodic table provided. Round your answers to the nearest tenths place. What is the percent by mass of carbon in glucose? % what is the percent by mass of hydrogen in glucose? % what is the percent by mass of oxygen in glucose? %.
Answers
40 percentage is the percent by mass of carbon in glucose. 6.67 % is the percent by mass of hydrogen in glucose. 53.33 is the percent by mass of oxygen in glucose.
What is glucose?Glucose is termed as a basic sugar, glucose has the chemical formula as C6H12O6. The most prevalent monosaccharide is a glucose, a type of carbohydrate, is glucose.
Hydrogen:The letter H and atomic number 1 stand for the chemical element hydrogen. Hydrogen is the lightest element. Hydrogen is typically a gas with the formula H2 made up of diatomic molecules. It is exceedingly combustible, tasteless, colorless, odorless, and non-toxic.
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Answer:
40.0----6.7----53.3
Explanation:
during the process of photosynthesis energy from the sun is converted in to
Answers
Answer:
Solar energy is harvested and converted to chemical energy in the form of glucose.
how many turns of the calvin cycle are needed to produce glucose ?
Answers
To produce one G3P molecule that can depart the Calvin cycle and move toward producing glucose, the Calvin cycle must complete three turns.
What is the Calvin cycle?The Calvin cycle, also referred to as the photosynthesis's light-independent reactions, is a set of metabolic processes that turns carbon dioxide into glucose and other sugars.
How does the Calvin cycle turn to produce glucose?The organism and the particular metabolic route being used determine how many spins of the Calvin cycle are required to create glucose.
For one molecule of glucose, a six-carbon sugar, the Calvin cycle needs to run three times in the majority of plants. Each time the cycle turns, one molecule of CO2 is exhaled and one molecule of the 3-carbon sugar 3-phosphoglycerate is created (3-PGA). After that, one molecule of glucose is created by combining three molecules of 3-PGA.
Carbon fixation is the process involved. The plant uses the glucose created by the Calvin cycle to construct compounds like starches and cellulose as well as to provide it with energy.
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which process must take place before mitosis can occur properly?A. DNA translationB. DNA replicationC. DNA conjugationD. DNA transcription
Answers
Answer:
B. DNA Replication
Explanation:
Hope it helps:)
Based on your research, pick one side of the debate. Construct a set of
guidelines for regulating stem cell therapies. Your guidelines should account
for constraints such as costs, reliability, and safety, as well as social
impacts. Include at least 4 regulations and explanations.
Answers
Since the embryo must be destroyed in order to retrieve the cells, many people oppose using human embryonic stem cells for medical research.
What are debatable issues on stem cell therapy?A cell's ability to differentiate into different cell types is known as a stem cell. They might develop into cells in the brain or muscles, for instance. Even after being idle for a while, they can still rejuvenate themselves by dividing.Scientists are learning how an organism grows from a single cell thanks to stem cell research, and how healthy cells could be able to replace cells in humans and animals that aren't functioning properly.Stem cells are currently being studied by scientists to determine if they might assist heal a number of ailments that affect various body systems and organs.The different kinds of stem cells, their prospective applications, and the moral issues surrounding their use are examined in this article.To Learn more About stem cells Refer To:
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Is the conestoga river young or mature?
Answers
The Conestoga River is a mature river.
How is the Conestoga River a mature river?This means that the river has reached a stable state in which erosion and sedimentation are in balance, and the river channel has reached its final shape.
Hence, it can be seen that the river may continue to change over time, but these changes will be relatively small and gradual.
A mature river is one that has reached a state of equilibrium, meaning that the processes of erosion and sedimentation are in balance.
This means that the river is no longer actively cutting into its channel and creating new landforms, but instead is depositing sediment and building new landforms, such as floodplains and delta
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True or false? Proteins are made from long chains of fatty acids.
Answers
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long chains.
hope it helps<3A population’s size is unaffected by the available resource supply.truefalse
Answers
The stаtement thаt а populаtion’s size is unаffected by the аvаilаble resource supply is fаlse. In contrаst, the аvаilаble resources impаct populаtion growth.
The two simplest models of populаtion growth use deterministic equаtions (equаtions thаt do not аccount for rаndom events) to describe the rаte of chаnge in the size of а populаtion over time. The first of these models, exponentiаl growth, describes theoreticаl populаtions thаt increаse in numbers without аny limits to their growth. The second model, logistic growth, introduces limits to reproductive growth thаt become more intense аs the populаtion size increаses.
There аre аbiotic аnd biotic fаctors thаt limit populаtion growth. Exаmples for аbiotic fаctors аre temperаture, light, and nutrients. Exаmples of biotic fаctors includes food supply and competitors.
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What factors affect the properties of different elements?.
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The chemical properties of elements are due to the distribution of electrons around the nucleus, especially the outer or valence electrons. It is these electrons that are involved in chemical reactions.
With different amounts of protons, neutrons, and electrons, an atom has different chemical properties, which determines which element it is. The physical properties are interrelated and dependent on the number of electrons in the outermost shell (valence electrons) and are therefore found to vary with time and with changes in atomic number within the group. These properties change regularly as the electronic structure of the element changes.
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what must happen before a rna strand can exit the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?
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In order for this transcript to mature into a mature mRNA, it must undergo processing while still in the nucleus, including splicing and the addition of a poly-A tail and 5' cap.
A ribosome is responsible for translating mature mRNA into a polypeptide in the cytosol, where it is exported from the nucleus.
Before RNA can leave the nucleus, what happens?Processing mRNA This stage, known as pre-mRNA, requires additional processing before it can be released from the nucleus as mature mRNA. Splicing, editing, adding a 5' cap, and adding a 3' polyadenylation (poly-A) tail are all possible parts of the processing. The mRNA is altered in various ways by these processes.
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What is the genotypic ratio if a heterozygous yellow seed and homozygous green seed are crossed?.
Answers
A heterozygous factory mongrel with yellow and green seeds will produce half yellow and partial green seed. rate will be 50:50
Because yellow seeds are dominant to green, the allele for yellow seeds should be written in upper case, while the allele for green seeds should be written in lower case. Assume that Y is the yellow seed allele and y is the green seed allele.
The genotype of the heterozygous yellow- seeded factory will thus be" Yy" whereas the genotype of the green- seeded factory will be" yy"( as the sheepish allele is expressed only in homozygous conditions).
A heterozygous factory mongrel with yellow and green seeds will produce half unheroic and partial green seed.
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Which of the following is NOT a geologic indicator of building geothermal power plant?
I. volcano
11. geyser
III. hot spring
IV. rocky mountain
V. trench
A. I, II and IV only
B. I, II and III only C. I and II only
D. IV and V only
Answers
Answer:
C. 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
hope it helps<3Volcano and geyser is not a geologic indicator of building geothermal power plant, hence option C. I and II only is correct.
What is geothermal power plant?Geothermal power plants rely on heat that resides a few kilometers beneath the surface of the Earth to collect enough energy to generate electricity.
The heat may naturally exist underground in some places as pockets of steam or hot water. But in order to generate steam, the majority of places need to be "enriched" with water injection.
By boring deep wells into the earth and bringing hot water or steam to the surface, people can make use of these resources. An electric turbine is propelled by hot water or steam.
Therefore, some geothermal wells reach a depth of up to two miles. To turn generator turbines, dry steam plants employ steam that is extracted directly from geothermal reservoirs.
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5. Name the ocean current that helps to warm the eastern US and England_______
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a group of cells that perform a common function is called
Answers
A group of cells that perform a common function is called Tissue
A collection of cells with a similar structural makeup that work as a single unit is referred to as a tissue. Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues make up the majority of the body's tissues. In addition to absorbing nutrients from food and converting those nutrients into energy, they also give the body structure and perform specific tasks. Additionally, cells can replicate themselves and hold the genetic material of the body. Each component of a cell performs a distinct function. Bone, blood, and lymph tissues, for example, are held together by connective tissue. The linings of the various body passages and the skin are examples of epithelial tissue that serves as a covering.To know more about Tissue here
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What is the total magnification of the specimen under the 10x objective on our virtual microscope?
Answers
Answer:
Low Power Objective (10x)
The total magnification of a low power objective lens combined with a 10x eyepiece lens is 100x magnification, giving you a closer view of the slide than a scanning objective lens without getting too close for general viewing purposes
What is it called when genes are turned on and off?.
Answers
When genes are turned on and off it is termed Gene regulation. Gene regulation is defined as an important part of normal development.
Gene regulation is refer as the process that is used to control the timing, location and amount in which genes are expressed. This process can be complicated. Gene regulation is carried out by a variety of mechanisms, that includes regulatory proteins and chemical modification of DNA. Gene regulation is the key to the ability of an organism which respond to environmental changes.
Gene regulation is one of the foundational processes that a cell carries out in order to produce the transcripts. It will lead to the proteins, and will perform an essential function for which a lot of the cell's energy and cell's genome is devoted to regulate.
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Hello can anyone answer this for me
Answers
The 'Monkeydactyl' which existed 160 million years ago, was the first animal to acquire opposable thumbs.
Evolved Brain is the new trait in gorilla.
The most comparable DNA between any two species is found in humans and chimpanzees.
What is Monkeydactyl?One kind of Darwinopteran is the monkeydactyl.Monkeydactyl is the moniker given to a newly discovered species of flying reptile from the Jurassic period because it possesses opposable thumbs.It has been given the name Kunpengopterus antipollicatus and the nickname "Monkeydactyl."It's possible that it's the limb's oldest known occurrence.Monkeydactyl's gripping hands evolved as a result of their existence in the trees; having an opposable thumb made it simpler for the progenitor of all monkeys to cling to tree branches.This species is renowned for its enormous size and broad wingspan as well as its distinctive finger structure, which was different from that of any other known pterosaur species.Monkeydactyl is only known from a single fossilised specimen that was found in China.To learn more about Monkeydactyl from the given link :-
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