A mutation that knocked out the proofreading function of dna polymerase would result in a higher-than-normal rate of DNA synthesis errors. Without this proofreading function, incorrect nucleotides would be inserted about once every 100,000 bases instead of once every 10,000,000 bases.
What is proofreading function of dna polymerase ?It enables the enzyme to examine each nucleotide as DNA is being synthesised and remove any mismatched ones in the 3' to 5' direction. A polymerase can also remove unpaired 3' overhanging nucleotides to produce blunt ends thanks to the proofreading domain.
DNA polymerase proofreading is crucial for preventing unacceptably high mutation rates brought on by mistakes in nucleotide incorporation and the replication of harmed DNA.Learn more about Proofreading function here:
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an individual muscle fiber which contracts with equal force in response to each action potential is often referred to as the
An individual muscle fiber which contracts with equal force in response to each action potential is often referred to as the MUSCLE TWITCH.
When an movement ability travels down the motor neuron, it'll bring about a contraction of all the muscle fibers related to that motor neuron. The contraction generated with the aid of using a single movement ability is known as a muscle twitch. A single muscle twitch has 3 components.
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the development of a new species, as a result of a population changing its genetic makeup, in response to differential reproduction of its members is encapsulated in the theory of .
The theory of evolution describes how a population's ability to adapt its genetic composition in response to members' differing rates of reproduction to create new species.
What is the creation of a new species known as?
Speciation is the process by which new plant or animal species are developed. When a group within a species separates from other members of its species and evolves its own special traits, this is known as speciation.
The process of evolution causes a population's genetic makeup to change over time.
Therefore, A new species changed genes, and novel features can arise as a result of an organism's adaptations to its environment.
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The rate of transcription for a gene is found to be affected by a mutation. Where would you expect the mutation to appear on the dna?.
Mutations can occur in germ-line cells or somatic cells.
How does mutation affect transcription?When DNA harm in the transcribed strand of an active gene is bypassed by an RNA polymerase, it can miscode at the destruction site and produce mutant transcripts. This procedure known as transcriptional mutagenesis can lead to the production of mutant proteins that could be important in tumor development. The effect of a frameshift mutation is the complete alteration of the amino acid course of a protein one form of mutation is a point mutation, in which a single base is changed.
So we can conclude that Spontaneous mutations, like those induced by mutagens, should suit more frequently with increased transcription.
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if a true breeding red flower was pollinated with a true breeding white flower and incomplete dominance was to occur, we would observe ?
If a red flower and a true-breeding white flower cross, all of the offspring (F1) will have pink blooms. recognizing the incompleteness of this species.
What kind of inheritance happens when a rose is pink?Partial dominance is the term used to describe the inheritance pattern that occurs when both alleles are present at the same time because neither allele is completely dominant over the other. The white blossom allele is only somewhat more dominant than the red flower gene.
What will happen if red flowers and white flowers breed together?All of the pink-flowered progeny are produced when a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant are crossed. This cross serves as an example of the incomplete dominance of red and white. The mixing of both alleles results in this circumstance.
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A group of cells is assayed for dna content immediately following mitosis and is found to have an average of 12 picograms of dna per nucleus. How many picograms of dna would be found in a nucleus at the end of g1 and the end of g2?.
The G1 phase of each nucleus' 12 picograms of DNA will be followed by a 24 picogram G2 phase.
The amount of DNA in picograms following mitosis.If a cell enters the G1 phase of mitosis with 15 picograms of DNA and 14 chromosomes, it will have 28 chromosomes and 30 picograms of DNA by the time it enters the G2 phase.
How many chromosomes in total does an organism with N 12 have?The number of haploid (n) chromosomes in the gametes, or reproductive cells of sperm and ova, would be 23. The organism in this case has an organism with a diploid (2n) number of 12 and a haploid (n) number of half that, or 6 chromosomes.
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approximately what percentage of the atp formed by the reactions of glycolysis is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation? * 10 points a) 0% b) 2% c) 10% d) 38% e) 100%
Substrate -level phosphorylation accounts for approximately 100% of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis.
The direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP is known as substrate-level phosphorylation. It accounts for all of the ATP produced by glycolysis reactions. The first substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when 1,3-diphosphoglyceraldehyde is converted to 1,3 diphosphoglyceric acid and 2 NADH2, resulting in the formation of 6 ATP. Substrate-level phosphorylation converts the 1, 3-diphosphoglyceric acid to 3 phosphoglyceric acid, which produces 2 ATP. The second substrate-level phosphorylation takes place when phosphoenolpyruvic acid is converted to pyruvic acid, which results in the formation of two ATP molecules.
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One kind of plasmid in bacteria is called an r plasmid. What kinds of genes are typically present on such plasmids?.
The kinds of genes typically present on such plasmids are antibiotic-resistant genes and heavy metal resistance genes.
The discovery of the R plasmid confirms that bacteria not only have natural resistance genes but can acquire resistance to withstand survival pressures. This resistance is transmitted not only vertically, but also between species. Plasmids are extrachromosomal genetic elements found in many strains of bacteria.
They are small circular DNA molecules that replicate independently on the bacterial chromosome. Plasmids are mainly found in bacteria, Achaea, and other multicellular organisms. The R gene encodes a protein that recognizes the avirulence pathogen protein and initiates defense mechanisms that culminate in the hypersensitivity response. R-factors or resistance factors are plasmids that enable certain bacteria to acquire resistance to antibiotics.
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If an animal's haploid (N) number is 10, how many chromosomes are in one of its sex cells?
10 chromosomes are in one of its sex cells.
The number of chromosomes in sex cells.Only 23 chromosomes are present in each egg and sperm cell. Only half as many chromosomes as those are present in typical cells. A zygote, or cell with 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), is produced during fertilization when an egg and sperm come together. Each parent contributed one homologous chromosome for every pair of chromosomes.
The haploid chromosome number = 10/2= 5
The number of possible chromosome pairs is = 2n
where n is the number of haploid chromosomes
The number of possible chromosome pairs =2×5 = 10
Having a diploid chromosome number of 10 will result in 25 chromosome pairs.
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In a certain species of insect, eye color is controlled by a single gene. The dominant allele (E) codes for black eyes, while the recessive allele (e) codes for red eyes.
How could two parents with black eyes have a red-eyed female offspring?
Responses
Two parents with black eyes can give rise to offspring with red eye (ee) which is a recessive trait only when both the parents are heterozygous (Ee) for the trait. This is showed in the cross on the given image.
Recessive condition in the genotype can only occur during homozygous state when both the alleles for the gene are recessive. Recessive alleles are the mutated version of the gene that are not able to produce any effect when present along with a dominant allele.
A genotypic heterozygous state is when both alleles are different or contrasting for a particular trait. In the heterozygous state, one allele may have an effect and the other may not. Heterozygous traits may have different phenotypes than dominant and recessive phenotypes.
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eccrine sweat glands multiple choice question. a) are most common in the armpits and groin. b) respond primarily to elevated body temperature. c) respond primarily to emotional stress. d) usually are associated with hair follicles.
Eccrine sweat glands are responds primarily to elevated body temperature [B].
What do eccrine glands secrete, and where might one find them?
Eccrine sweat glands largely regulate body temperature, which aids in maintaining homeostasis. The human skin contains millions of eccrine glands that are descended from embryonic ectoderm and secrete liters of sweat each day.
Water is the main component of eccrine sweat. Through surface evaporation, sweat removes body heat from the environment.
Therefore, Humans have ~2–4 million eccrine sweat glands in total.
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researcher wish to locate a gene on a chromosome in relation to another gene that they have already cloned. which of the following techniques could they use to determine the exact relationship in terms of the number of base pairs between the two genes?
Answer: genotyping pcr
Explanation:
analyze the following components, and classify them according to whether they refer to the first, second, or third line of defense.
First line: Lacrimation, Keratin, Lysozyme, and Lactic Acid
Second line: fever, phagocytosis, inflammation, and interferons
T cells, B lymphocytes, and antibodies are the third line.
The second line of host defenses consists of which of the following?Following Line of Defense: Following a pathogen's entry into the host, innate non-specific immune defenses offer quick local responses. Fever, phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages), inflammation, and interferon are a few examples.
What are the first and second lines of immunological protection?The physical barriers on the body's surface that stop viruses from entering are the first line of defense against infection. The non-specific phagocytes and other internal defensive systems that make up innate immunity serve as the second line of protection.
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what enzyme catalyzes the site-specific recombination event to allow a copy of transposon copied to a new and another copy at the original site? what enzyme catalyzes the site-specific recombination event to allow a copy of transposon copied to a new and another copy at the original site? gyrase resolvase helicase transposase
Answer:
the answer is transposes.
Explanation:
Transposons, also called transposable elements, are mobile genetic elements that generally have only modest target site selectivity and can thus insert themselves into many different DNA sites. In transposition, a specific enzyme, usually encoded by the transposon and called a transposase, acts on a specific DNA sequence at each end of the transposon—first disconnecting it from the flanking DNA and then inserting it into a new target DNA site. There is no requirement for homology between the ends of the element and the insertion site.
Most transposons move only very rarely (once in 105 cell generations for many elements in bacteria), and for this reason it is often difficult to distinguish them from nonmobile parts of the chromosome. In most cases, it is not known what suddenly triggers their movement.
On the basis of their structure and transposition mechanisms, transposons can be grouped into three large classes (Table 5-3), each of which is discussed in detail in subsequent sections. Those in the first two of these classes use virtually identical DNA breakage and DNA joining reactions to translocate. However, for the DNA-only transposons, the mobile element exists as DNA throughout its life cycle: the translocating DNA segment is directly cut out of the donor DNA and joined to the target site by a transposase. In contrast, retroviral-like retrotransposons move by a less direct mechanism. An RNA polymerase first transcribes the DNA sequence of the mobile element into RNA. The enzyme reverse transcriptase then transcribes this RNA molecule back into DNA using the RNA as a template, and it is this DNA copy that is finally inserted into a new site in the genome. For historical reasons, the transposase-like enzyme that catalyzes this insertion reaction is called an integrase rather than a transposase. The third type of transposon in Table 5-3 also moves by making a DNA copy of an RNA molecule that is transcribed from it. However, the mechanism involved for these nonretroviral retrotransposons is distinct from that just described in that the RNA molecule is directly involved in the transposition reaction.
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During Mitosis (M phase) ___________ is divided.
1. cell membrane
2. nucleus
3. organelles
According to the research, the correct answer is option 2. During Mitosis (M phase) nucleus is divided.
What is Mitosis?It is the segmentation of a cell or cell division that generates cells that are identical from the genetic point of view.
In this sense, in M phase the cell undergoes a series of transformations that lead to cell differentiation, in which the duplicated chromosomes are divided into two nuclei, and cytokinesis occurs (nuclear division and division of the cytoplasm).
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the M phase of mitosis is the division stage composed of division of the nucleus and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm), thus the correct option is 2.
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ii) What name is given to the process by which Lance's maize plants absorb the
mineral salts from the soil?
Answer:
active transport
Explanation:
Solution: Osmosis, diffusion, and active transport are the three processes by which plants can absorb water and other minerals of the soil.
which is the best course to pursue cardiology or neurology?
In my opinion cardiology is the best course because chances of heart attack are increasing day by day. More number of cardiologists are required for the treatment of all types of heart related diseases like heart attack, heart failure, angina etc.
What is Cardiology?Cardiology is the branch of medicine that deals with the heart and disorders of the cardiovascular system and includes the medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease, and electrophysiology.
A cardiologist is a medical doctor who studies and treats diseases and conditions of the cardiovascular system such as the heart and blood vessels including heart rhythm disorders, coronary artery disease, heart attacks, heart defects and infections and related disorders.
When to see a cardiologist - If we see a pattern of heart disease including high cholesterol and high blood pressure. Some action should be taken and examined by a cardiologist.
Thus, in my opinion cardiology is the best course because chances of heart attack are increasing day by day. More number of cardiologists are required for the treatment of all types of heart related diseases like heart attack, heart failure, angina etc.
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Which best describes the relationship between chromosomes, genes, and inherited traits?.
Answer: An individual's inherited traits are determined by genes, which are located inside a person's chromosomes.
Based on the data that you collected from the virtual lab, which primate had the smallest skull or supraorbital height (shi)?.
Answer:a
Explanation:i think its a
Characteristics of Life
Homeostasis and Temperature Active
Prompt
As you learned in the previous research activity, homeostasis is one of the main characteristics of life. A normal body
temperature for humans is approximately 98.6 degrees Fareinheit, or, 37 degrees Celcius. Use an online resource to look up
the two mechanisms the human body uses to maintain a healthy body temperature. Describe how the body maintains
homeostasis. (Hint: another way of thinking about this: What happens when the body gets too hot or too cold.)
Different species have different adaptations. Spend a couple minutes researching why dogs pant. Explain how panting
helps a dog maintain homeostasis.
Please remember to use complete sentences in your responses.
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Explanation:
Don't really understand.
Please help me im being timed
Answer:
the bottom one i believe
Explanation:
Answer:
a
Explanation:
im guessing its the last one, because i dont think carbon is apart of the water cylce, and it isnt asking about the importance of carbon to a organism
which statements are true of receptor-mediated endocytosis?
It allows the internalization of extracellular substances in clathrin-coated vesicles.
The process can be hijacked by viruses to gain entry into cells.
Internalized endocytic vesicles fuse with lysosomes, which can return empty receptors to the plasma membrane.
It allows cholesterol-carrying low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) to be taken up by cells.
It allows hemoglobin to be taken up by immature red blood cells.
The statements that are true of receptor-mediated endocytosis is that It allows the internalization of extracellular substances in clathrin-coated vesicles.
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?Receptor-mediated endocytosis can as well be regarded as the clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which can be explained as the process by which cells absorb metabolites as well as hormones, proteins.
It should be noted that in some cases of viruses through the inward budding of the plasma membrane, however the process of endocytosis” can be seen as one that entails both the ingestion of large particles whic could be bacteria as well as the uptake of fluids or macromolecules in small vesicles.
In conclusion, when it take in large moplecules it is known as phagocytosis (cell eating) , in receptor-mediated endocytosis , there is a room for the internalization of extracellular substances in clathrin-coated vesicles.
Therefore, the first option is correct.
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Which body system is responsible for our movement and for moving food from one organ to another?
A skeletal
B cardiovascular
C nervous
D muscular
Option D. muscular system is responsible for our movement and for moving food from one organ to another.
The muscular system is chargeable for the movement of the frame and internal organs. Skeletal (striated) muscle tissues manipulate voluntary movement. easy muscles control involuntary movement in blood vessels and at some stage in the digestive tract.
The muscular system is composed of specialized cells referred to as muscle fibers. Their fundamental feature is contractibility. muscles, attached to bones or inner organs and blood vessels, are answerable for movement. almost all motion in the frame is the end result of muscle contraction.
Skeletal muscles connect to the bone and work hand-in-hand with the skeletal machine to control voluntary motion including walking and jogging. smooth muscles are involuntary muscle groups that might be accountable for the contraction of whole muscular tissues which consist of the belly, intestines and bladder.
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Answer: The answer is muscular.
Explanation:
Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ-tissue layers during _____.
Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ-tissue layers during embryogenesis.
During embryogenesis, the three germ layers—the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm—form from the innermost layer, the hypoblast. Cells move through a process of gastrulation to establish the germ layers. The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system and the epidermis, the mesoderm gives rise to the muscles, skeleton, and circulatory system, and the endoderm gives rise to the digestive and respiratory systems.
Cells must move to specific locations within the embryo in order to form the correct tissue type. For example, skin cells must be in the ectoderm layer, and muscle cells must be in the mesoderm layer. This movement of cells is known as cell migration.
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what are the independent,dependent, and controlled variables
Then the independent variable is the pH level.
The dependent variable is enzyme activity or reaction rate.
The controlled variable is the enzyme concentration.
Independent variables are plotted on the x-axis. The dependent variable that varies with the independent variable is plotted on the y-axis. Because control variables do not change, they are usually not graphed. It depends on other factors.
The test result can be the dependent variable because it can vary depending on several factors, for example, How much you studied, how much sleep you got the night before the test, or how hungry you were when you took the test. A control variable is one that is held constant or finite in a research study. This is a controlled variable because it is not relevant to the purpose of the study, but may affect the results.
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How i photoynthei part of God’ good deign for life in light of Genei 1:29–31? How can we ue it?
Photosynthesis is part of God's true design for lifestyles in light of Gene everyone human and animal can advantage of it and we will use it through the usage of it successfully.
Both stages of photosynthesis take place in chloroplasts. The mild reactions take region inside the thylakoid membranes, and the Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma. The mild reactions seize electricity from daylight, which they exchange for chemical power this is saved in molecules of NADPH and ATP.
Photosynthesis is a technique utilized by the flora and different organisms to transform light power into chemical electricity that, thru mobile respiration, can later be launched to fuel the organism's activities.
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How many degrees of freedom are there in a chi-squared analysis of phenotype frequencies in the offspring from a dihybrid cross?.
3 degrees of freedom can be derived from the Chi-squared analysis of phenotype frequencies from a dihybrid cross.
The degrees of freedom in a Chi-squared table tells us how many numbers in the Chi grid are free/independent. It can be found out by the formula
d(f) = N - 1
Here
d(f) = Degrees of freedom
N = number of phenotype frequencies
Since there can be 4 possible phenotype frequencies in a dihybrid cross
d(f) = 4 - 1 = 3
Chi-square table actually serves as a source of reference that enlists the chi-square values which is used by statisticians to support their individual hypothesis. In a Chi-squared test the p value equal to or less than the significance level proves that there is ample evidence to prove that the distribution observed is not the same as distribution expected.
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3. the basal ganglia are thought to elicit movement via . group of answer choices a. direct excitation of the primary motor cortex b. direct excitation of the premotor cortex c. disinhibition of thalamic neurons (va/vl) d. direct excitation of thalamic neurons (va/vl)
The basal ganglia are thought to elicit movement via disinhibition of thalamic neurons (va/vl).
The term "basal ganglia" describes a collection of subcortical nuclei that play a variety of tasks, including motor learning, executive behaviors, and emotions in addition to their primary job of controlling movement. The putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra are the other four pairs of nuclei that make up the basal ganglia. For a very long time, it has been considered that thalamic neurons fire in burst mode during sleep and unconsciousness and in tonic mode during perceptive states. However, new research indicates that bursts could also be important for the encoding of sensory data. The clusters of tightly packed neuronal cell bodies that make up the thalamus are known as thalamic neurons. Just above the brainstem in the middle of the brain, the thalamus is an oval, paired gray matter structure.
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A process in which two haploid gametes unite to form a genetically unique diploid cell.
The process which involves the fusion of two haploid gametes unite to form a genetically unique diploid cell is known as fertilization.
What is meant by fertilization?Fertilization can simply be defined as the process which is concerned with union of the male and female gametes to produce new offsprings. In order words, this process specifically occurs when two different haploid gamates of diffusion cells unite or come together to form new offsprings. That being said, fertilization is a process which occurs in both plants and animals and in various species of living organisms. Also, different types of fertilization occurs in viviparous, oviparous and ovoviviparous animals.
However, in science, there are different types of fertilization known, among which includes the following:
Internal fertilizationExternal fertilizationIn conclusion, we now perfectly understand and can confirm from the explanation given above that the union of two haploids forms a diploid cell.
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How does a chambered nautilus control it’s buoyancy? Compare the diversity of forms of molluscs to that of annelids. Describe which group you think covers the greatest range of body form, function & behavior.
Mollusks, like the common snail, are invertebrates. The majority of mollusks have shells. Annelids are worms similar to the common earthworm. Their bodies are divided into segments. On the outside, annelids resemble roundworms, but on the inside, they resemble mollusks.
What is Mollusks ?Mollusks, like snails, scallops, and squids, are invertebrates. They have a tough exterior shell. Between the shell and the body is a layer of tissue known as the mantle.
Tentacles are used by most mollusks for feeding and sensing, and many have a muscular foot. Mollusks also have a coelom, a complete digestive system, and excretory organs. The ocean is home to the vast majority of mollusks. Food is obtained in various ways by different classes of mollusks.
Annelids, like earthworms and leeches, are segmented worms. Annelids have a coelom, a closed circulatory system, an excretory system, and a fully developed digestive system. They have a mind as well. Earthworms are important deposit feeders that contribute to the formation and enrichment of soil. Leeches can be both predators and parasites. Parasitic leeches feed on vertebrate hosts' blood.
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Regarding most cells, the orderly process consisting of interphase and cell division is called the.
The interphase lasts longer, occupying 90% to 95% of the lifetime of most cells.
What happens in interphase?In interphase, proteins and enzymes are created first to copy the cell's DNA, which is necessary for proper cell division, and then to permit mitosis, which is the process by which cells divide. These procedures need a lot of cellular energy and must proceed smoothly, which necessitates patience and accuracy. Once cell division begins, the majority of cellular activity are paused, allowing the cell to successfully divide into two while disregarding other tasks.
During this period, which nature has made relatively brief, the cell is fairly sensitive, resulting in the production of two brand-new, fully developed, healthy daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.
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