The gal80 gene that blocks the ability of gal80 protein to interact with gal3p by the activation of gal80 gene.
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, galactose turns on the allosteric sign transducer Gal3 protein (Gal3p), which in flip inactivates the repressor Gal80p, thereby activating the Gal4p-established transcriptional activation of GAL genetic switch.
If the GAL80 gene product can not engage with Gal3p, there may be no interplay with the Gal4p/Gal80p complicated and consequently no GAL1 transcription. In the absence of galactose, Gal80 binds to and inhibits the transcriptional activation domain (AD) of the GAL gene activator, Gal4, stopping GAL gene expression. Galactose triggers an affiliation among Gal3 and Gal80, relieving Gal80 inhibition of Gal4.
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Part A Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration o electron transport chain citric acid cycle glycolysis acetyl CoA glycolysis acetyl CoA citric acid cycle electron transport chain 0 citric acid cycle electron transport chain glycolysis acetyl CoA glycolysis citric acid cycle acetyl CoA electron transport chain acety CoA citric acid cycle electron transport chain glycolysis Hints My Answers Give Up Review Part s the correct general equation for celular respirat on?
Glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain.
While pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation take place in the mitochondrion, glycolysis happens in the cytosol.
What are the three steps in using glucose for energy?To create ATP, they all metabolize glucose. The Krebs cycle, is also known as citric acid cycle, electron transport, and glycolysis are the three processes that make up cellular respiration.
What exactly is glycolysis in detail?The process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy is known as glycolysis. It also generates 2 pyruvates, ATP, NADH, and water. There is no need for oxygen in the process, which occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell. Both aerobic and anaerobic creatures experience it.
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both mitosis and meiosis begin with a parent cell that is diploid. which of the following best describes how mitosis and meiosis result in daughter cells with different numbers of chromosomes? responses in mitosis, the chromosomes consist of a single chromatid, which is passed to two haploid daughter cells. in meiosis, the chromosomes consist of two chromatids during the first round of division and one chromatid during the second round of division, resulting in two haploid daughter cells. in mitosis, the chromosomes consist of a single chromatid, which is passed to two haploid daughter cells. in meiosis, the chromosomes consist of two chromatids during the first round of division and one chromatid during the second round of division, resulting in two haploid daughter cells. in mitosis, synapsis of homologous chromosomes results in four haploid daughter cells after one division. in meiosis, synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs during the second division and results in four diploid daughter cells. in mitosis, synapsis of homologous chromosomes results in four haploid daughter cells after one division. in meiosis, synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs during the second division and results in four diploid daughter cells. mitosis produces one identical daughter cell after one round of division. meiosis has two rounds of division and doubles the number of chromosomes in the second round of division, producing four diploid cells. mitosis produces one identical daughter cell after one round of division. meiosis has two rounds of division and doubles the number of chromosomes in the second round of division, producing four diploid cells. mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells after one round of division. meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells after two rounds of division.
The best way to understand how mitosis and Meiosis result in daughter cells with differing numbers of chromosomes is that mitosis creates two identical diploid daughter cells after one cycle of division.
How can mitosis and meiosis produce daughter cells with various chromosomal counts?Mitosis divides a parent cell into two identical daughter cells, each of which has the same amount of chromosomes. Meiosis, on the other hand, creates four distinct daughter cells, each of which has half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
Are the parent cells in meiosis and mitosis both diploid?Meiosis and mitotic processes are compared. Meiosis generates four haploid (n) gametes, whereas mitosis generates two diploid (2n) somatic cells that are genetically identical to one another and the original parent cell.
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The primary immune response involves:
The primary immune response involves:
A slow rise in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a gradual decline.Organism has with a particular antigen which will result in the production of effector T and B cells which are activated cells that defend against the pathogenWhat are 3 examples of primary immune response?When an antigen comes into touch with the immune system for the first time, the primary immune response takes place. The immune system must learn to identify antigen, how to build an antibody against it, and finally produce memory cells throughout this period.
Primary immune responses in vitro require antigen to be particularly immunogenic. Examples of primary immune response are:
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what direction does the wind blow
Answer:
East-west
Explanation:
Generally, prevailing winds blow east-west rather than north-south. This happens because Earth’s rotation generates what is known as the Coriolis effect. The Coriolis effect makes wind systems twist counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
which of the following evidence does not support the out-of-africa hypothesis? group of answer choices differences among modern human populations are due to geographic separation for 2 million years. the replacement of other hominin species by homo sapiens expanding beyond africa approximately 60,000 years ago the coalescence time for human mitochondrial dna is between 120,000 and 230,000 years ago, while the coalescence time for non-african mtdna is only about 38,500 years ago. the existence of greater mitochondrial diversity in africa than in the rest of the world combined
The evidence that not support the out of Africa hypothesis is on first sentence. Differences among modern human populations are due to geographic separation for 2 million years.
What evidence supports Out of Africa hypothesis?Now a study of characteristic DNA sequences called "markers" in the Y chromosome adds support to the Out of Africa hypothesis. When scientists sequenced DNA from the mitochondria of a Neandertal 4 years ago, they found that it was very different from that in living humans.The 'Out of Africa' model was the most widely favoured explanation accounting for the origins of modern humans. It suggested that modern humans originated in Africa within the last 200,000 years from a single group of ancestors.Learn about Out of Africa hypothesis here: brainly.com/question/15069281
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If individual II-1 marries a person with the same genotype as individual I-2, what is the chance that their child will be afflicted with hemophilia?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
Answer:
Their chance will be A. 0%
6. which of the following components of the neuromuscular junction would be directly affected by the toxin produced by bacterium clostridium tetani? a. the axon terminals b. the motor end plate c. the sarcoplasmic reticulum d. the synaptic cleft
Motor end plate of the neuromuscular junction would be directly affected by the toxin produced by bacterium clostridium tetani.
Clostridium tetani is a soil bacterium. It is a major causative agent for tetanus. It enters the body through wounds or necrosis. Bacteria that reside in muscles release neurotoxin called tetanospasmin. It enters the axon of the motor neuron and moves retrogressively and reaches the inhibitory neuron where it enters into the axon bulb and prevents the release of neurotransmitters called gamma amino butyric acid and glycine. Hence the inhibitory neuron cannot pass signals to the motor neuron which causes more muscle contraction since signal from the inhibitory neuron reduces muscle contraction.
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what is the clue that this pedigree shows inheritance of a sex-linked trait, not an autosomal one?
Males are affected by the condition at a higher rate than females.
When a female offspring demonstrates a recessive trait and the father is unaffected, as well as when an affected mother has an unaffected son, autosomal traits can also be identified.
What is meant by autosomal traits?
A genetic disorder or trait can be transferred from parent to kid via autosomal dominant inheritance. The genetic disorder can be brought on by one copy of a mutant (changed) gene from one parent. A child has a 50% chance of receiving the mutant gene from a parent who carries it.
A parent's genes should also be examined if a person is diagnosed with an autosomal dominant disease. Marfan syndrome and type 1 neurofibromatosis are two examples of autosomal dominant diseases.
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33. Organic molecules are those that contain at least carbon and oxygen carbon; oxygen; and hydrogen carbon and nitrogen carbon Question 34 (2 points) A nucleic acid is polymer made up of which kind of monomers? alternating sugar and phosphate groups nucleotides amino acids simple sugars
Organic molecules are those that contain at least one carbon and hydrogen atom. A nucleic acid is polymer that is made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.
Organic molecules are those molecules which contain carbon and hydrogen as the very basic building blocks of the molecule.
All though there is no restriction on the type of atom that can be present in an organic molecule. It can have sodium calcium potassium but it should must have at least one carbon and hydrogen in it.
A nucleic acid is a polymer that is made up of monomers.
These monomers are amino acids which are alternating simple sugars attached by phosphate groups.
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a dna molecule that is 1000 base pairs in length would go in the gel than a molecule that is 200 base pairs in length. question 3 options: a) you cannot tell from the information provided b) not as far c) further d) the same distance
A DNA molecule with 1000 base pairs would further in the gel more than one with 200 base pairs.
The speed at which the molecules move through the pores in the gel is inversely proportional to their lengths. This indicates that a smaller DNA molecule will move through the gel further than a larger DNA molecule.
Gel electrophoresis is a method that researchers use to measure the size of DNA fragments. In this procedure, tiny holes called wells are positioned at the edge of a gel along with unknown samples and a DNA standard. The standard includes base pair-measuring fragments of known sizes.
DNA has 200 bases, so 2003420=340A.
A DNA segment that is 1700 base pairs long therefore contains 500 base pairs or 1000 nucleotides.
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if the two genes independently assort, what is the probability, expressed as a percent, that the offspring will be homozygous for the tall height gene?
A plant with the genotype TtYy and a plant with the genotype Ttyy are crossed. The likelihood that the offspring will be homozygous for gene T is 0.25 if the two genes separately assort.
The genetic make-up of an organism is referred to as its genotype. The Phenotype of an individual characterises its look. An organism's genotype determines its phenotype. The genotype of an organism is said to be homozygous if it consists of two copies of the same allele. A genotype is said to as heterozygous if it contains two copies of a distinct allele in an organism.A homozygous recessive condition is characterised as a recessive characteristic when it manifests in one person. This means that if a person exhibits a recessive characteristic, they will undoubtedly have both recessive alleles for that trait since a dominant allele might mask a recessive trait.
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which of the following is / are important for enforcing the specificity of protein synthesis? a) correct trna being attached to the right amino acid b) correct codon matching the right anticodon c) specific mrna finding the right kind of ribosome d) both a and b are needed e) all a, b and c are essential
The correct choices that are important to reinforce the specificity of protein synthesis are:
Correct tRNA being attached to the right amino acid.Correct codon matching the right anticodon.Correct answer: letter D.
These two options are important for enhancing the specificity of protein synthesis, because they ensure that the correct amino acid is added to the protein chain at the correct location. If incorrect tRNA or codons are used, the resulting protein may not have the correct properties or may not be able to perform its intended function.
What is protein synthesis?Is the process by which cells create specific proteins, and it is essential for cell growth and repair. Protein synthesis occurs in two stages:
First, the cell’s genetic code is decoded through the transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA. The mRNA is translated into a specific sequence of amino acids to form a protein.Learn more about protein synthesis:
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which of the following combinations constitute a hormone cascade?a) anterior pituitary gland hormone- growth hormone -liverb) anterior pituitary gland hormone-pancreas-insulinc) thyrotropin releasing hormone-thyroid stimulating hormone-thyroid hormoned) anterior pituitary gland hormone-pancreas- glucagon
A hormone cascade is made up of combinations of thyroid hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and thyroid hormone.
What is the short definition of a hormone cascade?The term "cascade" refers to a series of subsequent activation events involving enzymes (enzyme cascade) or hormones (hormone cascade), each of which amplifies the initial stimulus in turn. Each enzyme in the process of blood coagulation, for instance, activates the one before it until the fibrin clot, the end result, is produced.
What does a hormone cascade look like?The "Hormone Cascade" selects many paths and makes various stops along each pathway to manufacture each hormone that is required. For instance, before being secreted by women's ovaries, the main female hormone, estradiol, goes through progesterone, testosterone, and other intermediate processes.
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some similarities between homo erectus and homo heidelbergensis include the following except: a) long, low skull b) possession of a mental eminence (a chin) c) large brow ridges (supraorbital tori) d) thick brain case
With the exception of a long, low cranium, homo erectus and homo heidelbergensis share some traits.
What is H. heidelbergensis skull characteristics contrast with H erectus?The brain of H. heidelbergensis was bigger. erectus, smaller than most contemporary humans, and with a rounder cranium than H. erectus. erectus. Generally speaking, the skeleton and teeth are smaller than in H.
What characteristics can be deduced from Homo heidelbergensis?H. Heidelbergensis exhibits archaic characteristics such a big face, a strong post-orbital bar, and small stature. H., however In comparison to early Homo genus members, heidelbergensis also exhibits more derived features, such as a big brain case and teeth.
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what codes for proteins that your body uses to make eye pigment, hair color, hair texture and etc.?
Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid that code for certain proteins and carry out specific protein functions in one or more types of physiological cells.
Which four distinct gene types are there?
It is made up of millions of little molecules called bases. A, C, T, and G are the four different chemical kinds. A gene is a section of DNA with the amino acid sequences As, Cs, Ts, and Gs.
A gene is the primary structural and functional element of heredity. Genes are made out of DNA. Some genes act as instructions for making proteins. However, many genes do not encode for proteins. A human gene can range in size from a few hundred DNA bases to over 2 million bases.
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a recessive disorder is a genetic disorder . a. with two functioning alleles b. that will express itself in the presence of two defective alleles c. that involves change in chromosome number d. that will express itself in the presence of one functioning allele e. that involves change in chromosome structure
You must inherit two altered genes (mutations), one from each parent, in order to have an autosomal recessive condition. Two carriers typically transmit these diseases on to their offspring.
What is a genetic condition with dominant and recessive traits?Recessive genes are thought to be inherited in either an X-linked or autosomal recessive fashion. Disease could arise if the faulty gene is present in two copies. A dominant hereditary condition results, however, if only one aberrant gene is required to cause a disease.
Recessive disorders are caused by what genotype?A recessive hereditary characteristic, such as a smooth chin as opposed to a dominant cleft chin, is only expressed in individuals with an aa genotype; hence, offspring must have one recessive allele from each parent to exhibit a recessive trait.
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In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, gene regulation most commonly occurs at the level of ____initiation.
Prokaryotic transcription and translation take place in the cytoplasm concurrently, and transcription is regulated.
What is the same about prokaryotes and eukaryotes in terms of gene regulation?At any point in the process of gene expression, gene regulation can take place. In other words, gene regulation can take place at any point along the route from DNA to RNA to protein. Numerous genes regulate their expression during the stage of transcription, the DNA to RNA step in the process, in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
What degrees of gene regulation are there?In particular, there are two degrees of control over gene expression. The first way transcription is regulated is by regulating the amount of mRNA that can be generated from a given gene. The translation of mRNA into proteins is regulated by post-transcriptional processes, which constitute the second level of regulation.
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your next paragraph will focus on your gene of choice. you should find one to two reliable sources that discuss that gene. focus on the group of cancer-causing genes that this gene belongs to, its normal function, and why the mutation can lead to the cell cycle becoming out of control. is your mutated gene inherited, or does it become mutated throughout a person's lifetime? if you could develop a drug that treats cancer caused by your mutated gene, how would the drug work? would the drug damage non-cancerous cells as well? explain
There are currently 342 genes linked to somatic mutations and 70 genes linked to germline mutations on the list of known cancer genes. However, in most cases, cancer is caused by mutations in two fundamental types of genes: proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
Several genes known as proto-oncogenes are responsible for turning normal cells into malignant ones when they mutate (Adamson, 1987; Weinstein & Joe, 2006). Proto-oncogene mutations are often dominant in nature, and the mutated form of an oncogene is referred to be an oncogene. Proto-oncogenes frequently produce proteins that promote cell proliferation, prevent cell differentiation, and prevent cell death. The preservation of tissues and organs as well as normal human development depend on each of these processes. However, oncogenes frequently show increased synthesis of these proteins.
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p is the principal (starting amount) True or false
Answer:
what would p be the principal of? is there more to the question?
Explanation:
learning through art monohybrid cross
A monohybrid cross is genetic and designed to study the inheritance of a single trait or gene.
A cross is the process of fertilization and production of a new generation. mono means 'single'. Johann Gregor Mendel is the "Father of Genetics"
A hybrid is a plant that results in the cross between two plants That are both pure for different forms of the same trait.
A cross is a genetic mix between two individuals with homozygous genotypes whose results are in opposite phenotypes for a certain genetic trait.
The cross between two monohybrid traits is known as a "Monohybrid Cross.”
An example of a monohybrid cross is breeding a long-stemmed pea plant. A cross between the two creates heterozygous offspring.
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4.9. The allele for black noses in woives dominant ove the allele for brown noses. There no known selective advantage for one nose color over another In wolves. If this remains true; which of the following statements most Iikely TRUE about the change in wolf nose colors over many generations? Black noses becomcMorc common than they are nOW Black noses will stay about Ihe same Irequency as now Black noses will become less common than they are now Brown noses will disappear after enough generations pass Aeemt Answver 5aved SimUText seivet. Q4.10. large population of Iand turtles 0n an isolated Island has two alleles for & that determines shell thickness The allele for thinner shells dominant over the gene allele for thicker shells. The thinner-shell allele occurs at frequercy of 8096- Assuming there is no net advantage thlck or thin shells what should the frequency of homozygous thlcker-shelled turtles be in the population? (Hint: Use large Punnett square [0 calculate the answer:) 1690 5080 6493 1/1 Iijt
The black noses will stay about the same frequency as they are now. Thus, the correct option is B.
The frequency of homozygous thicker-shelled turtles will be 64% in the population.
The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce more successfully than other organisms in a population in a certain environment is known as a selective advantage. It serves as the foundation for population evolution through natural selection.
In wolves, the allele for a black nose predominates over the allele for a brown nose. There is no selective advantage, though. As a result, the frequency of the black nose character won't change.
Punnett Square Explanation:
Frequency of dominant allele (say p) = 0.4
Frequency of recessive allele (say q) = 1- 0.4 = 0.6
Frequency of homozygous dominant individuals (AA)= p2= (0.4)2= 0.16
Frequency of heterozygous individuals (Aa)= 2pq = 2(0.4)(0.6) = 0.48
Frequency of homozygous recessive individuals (aa)= q2= (0.6)2= 0.36
The correct questions are:
4.9. The allele for black noses in wolves is dominant over the allele for brown noses. There is no known selective advantage for one nose color over another in wolves. If this remains true, which of the following statements is most likely TRUE about the change in wolf nose colors over many generations?
Black noses will become more common than they are now.
Black noses will stay about the same frequency as now.
Black noses will become less common than they are now.
Brown noses will disappear after enough generations pass.
4.10. A large population of land turtles on an isolated island has two alleles for a gene that determines shell thickness. The allele for thinner shells is dominant over the allele for thicker shells. The thinner-shell allele occurs at a frequency of 80%. Assuming there is no net advantage to thick or thin shells, what should the frequency of homozygous thicker-shelled turtles be in the population? (Hint: Use a population Punnett square to calculate the answer.) ? 4% 16% 50% 64%
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Where do secondary bronchi supply air to?
Your lungs receive air through the bronchi. The bronchioles at the end of the bronchi transport air to the alveoli, which are tiny sacs in your lungs. Your body's alveoli carry out gas exchange.
Air travels via your bronchi to and from your lungs. The bronchi also function as a filter for foreign particles and moisturisers for the air you breathe. Your airways are coated with mucus-producing cells. Your airways are kept wet by the mucus. In order to safeguard your lungs and stop infection, it also captures bacteria, viruses, fungus, and other particles. Cilia, which like microscopic hairs, line the bronchi. The cilia assist in removing particles and mucus (phlegm) from your lungs. The bits stuck in the mucus leave your body or enter an external source when you cough or swallow.
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Thin filaments of muscle (thin myofilaments).
The thin filaments of muscles are actin.
The muscles are made up of thin as well as thick myofibrils.
The thicker filaments are made up of myosin whereas the thinner thinner filaments are made up of actin.
Along with actin, the other proteins that are present in the myofilaments are tropomyosin and troponin.
The myofilaments combine to form myofibrils. These three proteins help in the complex functioning that is done by the muscles.
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are there other uses of basagran herbicide other than herbicide
Answer: established bluegrass, fescue, bentgrass, Bermudagrass, bahiagrass, centipedegrass, zoysiagrass, ryegrass
Explanation:
the hereditary determinant of a trait or a section of dna that codes for a protein.
Gene the component of DNA that codes for a protein or the genetic factor that determines a characteristic.
What is hereditary ?
The transfer of genetic information from one set of parents to another is known as heredity, also known as inheritance or biological inheritance. This process occurs through either asexual or sexual reproduction, and results in the offspring cells or organisms acquiring the genetic makeup of their parents. Individual differences can compound through genetics, leading to the natural selection-driven evolution of species. Genetics is the study of heredity in biology.
When a male and a female gamete combine their nuclei to create a zygote, this process is known as fertilization, and it is through this process that genetic traits are passed from parents to children. For instance, a baby born to two parents with blue eyes would always have blue eyes.
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As discussed in the chapter opener, select all of the characteristics common to individuals with down syndrome.
Multiple select question.
a. increased risk of cardiac defect
b. upwardly slanted eyes
taller than normal
c. ow muscle tone extreme mental dysfunction
d. mild to moderate intellectual disability
Down syndrome is often referred to as Trisomy 21. The newborn may experience difficulties with their mental and physical development as a result of this additional copy, which alters how their body and brain grow. People with Down syndrome may act and appear alike, yet each one has unique skills.
All races and socioeconomic classes are susceptible to Down syndrome, but older mothers are more likely to give birth to a child with the condition. A woman who is 35 years old has a probability of conceiving a child with Down syndrome of roughly one in 350, and by the time she is 40, her likelihood rises to one in 100.
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how is the spinal cord like a two way highway
The spinal cord is comparable to a two-way street. The spinal cord transmits information to the brain about the body's internal and external conditions. The spinal cord delivers instructions from the brain to the body in the opposite direction.
What is the "highway" of the spinal cord?Information is transferred between the brain and the body through the spinal cord. When the spinal cord is damaged, the brain's ability to communicate with the rest of the body is compromised.
Which bodily part serves as a message superhighway?The spinal cord descends from the brain via the back. It consists of nerve fibers that branch off to reach every organ and part of the body. Through this network of nerves, the brain communicates with other parts of the body.
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Which lymphatic structure is impossible to palpate? A. Inguinal nodes B. Axillary nodes C. Popliteal nodes D.
Thymus
Thymus is lymphatic structure is impossible to palpate
Small clusters of lymphoid tissue known as lymph nodules can be found under moist epithelial membranes in the respiratory, urinary, and digestive systems. Unlike other lymphatic organs like the spleen, tonsils, and lymph node, the thymus does not have lymph nodules. Thymocytes, which are tiny lymphocytes, are clustered together in the cortex, and epithelial reticular cells in the medulla might resemble nodules.It is active up until puberty, after which it begins to wither away, leaving just fatty tissue behind when an adult. The thymus plays no significant function after puberty, and its removal has no negative repercussions or adverse impacts on the immune system. The thymus is unique in that, in contrast to most organs, it grows the fastest in young children. The thymus gradually shrinks and is replaced by fat after you reach puberty. The thymus is essentially just fatty tissue at the age of 75. In the chest, between the lungs, is the thymus gland. It produces T lymphocytes, which are white blood cells that are a component of the immune system and aid in battling illness.
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a selectively permeable membrane divides a container in half. one half of the container, side a, is filled with a starch solution, while the other half, side b, is filled with an iodine tincture. starch is a large macromolecule that forms a milky white solution when dissolved. an iodine tincture contains very small iodide ions and is a brown solution. iodide ions turn dark blue when they react with starch molecules. after several hours, side a is dark blue, while side b is brown. which statement describes the diffusion of solutes through the membrane?
The iodide ions flowed across the barrier, but the starch molecules were blocked.
The information provided indicates that starch is a big macromolecule. Substances always diffuse from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. Iodide ions become dark blue as a result of their reaction with starch. Iodide ions seeped through to the membrane from side B to side A of the container because side A turned dark blue. The side A got dark blue as a result, and the side B would have turned dark blue as well if starch had diffused from side A to side B via the membrane. However, the dark solution was on side B. As a result, the barrier prevented the passage of the big starch molecules.
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two cells are close to each other during early embryonic development. however, one of the cells becomes a muscle cell while the other becomes a liver cell. what is the best explanation of why this occurs?
During early embryonic development some cells becomes a muscle cell while the other becomes a liver cell because They receive different chemical signals in gene expression.
In general, Differentiation of cells in the embryo brings by both internal cellular factors as well as extracellular factors and they also act on the cell from the outside. While it is still difficult to understand about the exact molecular interactions that carry out cellular differentiation.
In many studies it is considered that Cytoplasmic determinants that include proteins, RNA, and organelles present in the cytoplasm of an embryonic cell, are the determinants of cell's gene expression and therefore direct a cell's differentiation.
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