A reaction is said to be endergonic when the addition of free energy from the environment is required for the reaction to proceed.
DefinitionAny response that needs free energy to continue is considered to be endergonic. Photosynthesis is a biologically significant endergonic reaction. The reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose and the oxidation of water to oxygen are both fueled by solar photons, which are used by photosynthetic organisms to carry out this reaction.The entire energy change in the system is known as the enthalpy (H), and this total energy change in the system is used to calculate G: G=H-TS. To calculate G, subtract the energy lost to entropy (S) from the total energy change in the system. The G for an energonic reaction will be positive because they demand an energy input.For more information on endergonic kindly visit to
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Genetic drift occurs more often in exogamous human groups. TRUE or FALSE
Genetic drift occurs more often in exogamous human groups. This statement is false.
Genetic drift is a random process that can occur in any population, regardless of whether it is exogamous or endogamous. Exogamy refers to the practice of seeking a spouse from outside one's own social group, while endogamy refers to the practice of seeking a spouse from within one's own social group. While exogamy can increase genetic diversity in a population, it does not necessarily make the population more or less prone to genetic drift. The occurrence and magnitude of genetic drift in a population is influenced by a number of factors, exogamous including population size, mating patterns, and genetic variation. Small populations are more susceptible to genetic drift, because chance events can have a greater impact on the frequency of alleles. Conversely, large populations are less susceptible to genetic drift, because chance events are less likely to have a significant impact on the frequency of alleles.
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Which structures of a euglena work together to keep it alive?
O A. Organ systems
O B. Tissues
O C. Specialized cells
O D. Organelles
Answer
D. Organelles
Hope it helps
What would be the effect of ACh binding to its receptor on a skeletal muscle cell?
a. Na+ would flow into the cell, and K+ would flow out of the cell.
b. Na+ would flow out of the cell, and K+ would flow into the cell.
c. Ca2+ would flow out of the cell, and Na+ would flow into the cell.
d. Ca2+ would flow into the cell, and Na+ would flow out of the cell.
Option A) Na+ would flow into the cell, and K+ would flow out of the cell, would be the effect of ACh binding to its receptor on a skeletal muscle cell.
According to electron microscopy research, the postsynaptic membrane is a specific structure with a high degree of folding (De Harven and Coers, 1959). Motor nerve terminals are lodged in a gutter or main cleft in the muscle. There are also secondary junctional folds, which are invaginations of the muscular membrane that extend into the sarcoplasm. They enhance the overall surface of the postsynaptic membrane, and AChRs are densely concentrated on the crests of these folds, adjacent to the presynaptic active zones. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are clustered at the folds' bases to enhance postsynaptic membrane excitability.
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Complete Question is:
What would be the effect of ACh binding to its receptor on the postsynaptic muscle cell?
A.) Ca2+ would leak out of the cell as Na+ flowed into the cell.
B.) Ca2+ would flow into the cell as Na+ flowed out of the cell.
C.) Na+ would flow into the cell and K+ would flow out of the cell.
D.) Only Na+ would flow into the cell.
what happens with gametes to create chromosomal abnormalities?
Chromosomal abnormalities can occur in gametes, which are the specialized cells that fuse during fertilization to form a new organism. These abnormalities can result from errors that occur during the process of meiosis, which is the type of cell division that produces gametes.
There are two types of chromosomal abnormalities that can occur during meiosis: numerical abnormalities and structural abnormalities. Numerical abnormalities occur when there are an incorrect number of chromosomes in the gamete, while structural abnormalities occur when the structure of the chromosome is altered.
Chromosomal abnormalities in gametes can lead to genetic disorders in offspring and can result in various developmental and health problems. However, not all chromosomal abnormalities lead to disorders, and the severity of the effects can vary depending on the type and extent of the abnormality.
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Why is the phospholipid bilayer an effective barrier to hydrophilic or polar molecules?
The phospholipid bilayer's efficiency as a hydrophilic or polar molecular barrier is the cause
The phospholipid bilayer is a thin, flexible barrier that encloses the contents of a cell and separates it from the surrounding environment. It is composed of a double layer of phospholipid molecules, with the hydrophobic tails oriented inward and the hydrophilic heads oriented outward. This unique structure is what makes the phospholipid bilayer an effective barrier to hydrophilic or polar molecules.
The hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids create a nonpolar, water-repelling environment that is impermeable to polar or charged molecules. This is because these molecules are unable to interact with the hydrophobic interior of the membrane, which is energetically unfavorable. As a result, hydrophilic or polar molecules are unable to pass through the membrane without the help of specialized membrane proteins, such as transporters or channels.
Furthermore, the polar head groups of the phospholipids create an additional barrier to hydrophilic or polar molecules. The heads of the phospholipids face the aqueous environment on either side of the membrane, and the charged or polar nature of hydrophilic molecules is not compatible with this environment.
In summary, the phospholipid bilayer is an effective barrier to hydrophilic or polar molecules due to the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids creating a nonpolar, water-repelling interior, and the polar head groups of the phospholipids facing the aqueous environment on either side of the membrane. This selective permeability is essential for maintaining the integrity of the cell and regulating the flow of materials in and out of the cell.
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The destruction of the fibrin of a blood clot is called __.
The destruction of the fibrin of a blood clot is called fibrinolysis. Fibrinolysis is a normal physiological process in the body that involves the breakdown of fibrin,
which is a protein that forms a mesh-like network of fibers in a blood clot. The primary enzyme responsible for fibrinolysis is called plasmin, which is produced from an inactive precursor called plasminogen. After a blood clot has formed, the body activates the fibrinolytic system to dissolve the clot and restore blood flow. This process involves the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by a protease called tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) that is released by endothelial cells that line the blood vessels. Once activated, plasmin breaks down the fibrin meshwork that holds the clot together, leading to the breakdown of the clot. Fibrinolysis is an essential process that helps prevent blood clots from becoming too large and causing blockages in blood vessels. It is also important in the healing process after injury, as it helps to remove fibrin deposits and other debris from damaged tissue.
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Determine the highest level of protein structure described by the following. Sort each item into the appropriate bin.
The arrangement of many polypeptide chains in a protein complex is known as quaternary structure. The quaternary structure of a protein is the most complex level of structure.
An illustration of a quaternary structure.The quaternary structure is an arrangement that some proteins and other substances form (Figure 14). As two instances: In addition to the actin microfilament, which is made up of thousands of actin molecules, Haemoglobin is an assembly of four globular proteins.
The combination of many protein chains or subunits into a densely packed structure is known as the quaternary structure of a protein. The primary, secondary, and tertiary structures are unique to each subunit. Van der Waals interactions between nonpolar side chains and hydrogen bonds hold the subunits together.
The most complex level of organisation that is still regarded as a single molecule is the quaternary structure found in proteins. Any protein with two or more peptide chains forming subunits is said to have quaternary structure. The subunits are typically ordered symmetrically and can be unique or identical.
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if 24% of a dna sample is made up of thymine, t, what percentage of the sample is made up of adenine, a?
If 24% of a DNA sample is made up of thymine(T)
Then percentage of Adenine(A) will be also 24% as they are complementary therefore (AT) will be 48%.
Erwin Chargaff proposed the Chargaff's rule.Chargaff's rules state that in the DNA of any species, the total amount of guanine should be equal to the amount of cytosine as they are complementary and the amount of adenine should be equal to the amount of thymine i.e., A+G=T+C. The base pair rule is 1:1 for any species.It helps in determining the structure and composition of DNA in various organisms.
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consider the na /k pump and its position in the cell membrane. when it is open to the outside of the cell, for which ion does the pump have thehighest affinity? a) ob) oc) od)
When exposed to the external environment of the cell, the Na/K pump has the greatest affinity for binding and moving Na+ ions.
What are ions?Ions are atoms or molecules that are electrically charged and have either gained or lost one or more electrons. A neutral atom has an equal number of positively and negatively charged protons and electrons. However, an atom becomes charged and is known as an ion if it gets or loses an electron. Cations are positively charged ions, and anions are negatively charged ions. Ions are essential for a variety of biological and chemical activities, such as the transmission of nerve impulses, the contraction of muscles, and the synthesis of ionic compounds like salts. The body's osmotic pressure, acid-base balance, and other physiological functions are also maintained by them.
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What muscles are not attach to the bones?
Heart muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles are not bone-attached. Keep in mind that these muscles are controlled involuntarily. Hollow organs like blood arteries, the digestive system, the bladder, and the uterus can contract because of smooth muscle.
What are muscles do?By pulling on the joints, muscles enable movement. They also assist the body in chewing and making it easier for food to go through the digestive system. Even when we are absolutely still, our muscles are still working in every part of the body. The muscular system, an organ system, is made up of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Although some muscles can function entirely independently, the neurological system controls the muscular systems in vertebrates.
Why is muscle important?You can move with ease and keep your muscles strong to keep your body strong. They support your enjoyment of sports, dancing, dog walks, swimming, and other enjoyable activities. Additionally, they assist you with those other (less enjoyable) tasks you have to complete, such as making the bed, cleaning the carpet, or mowing the yard. To be deemed healthy, a lean muscle percentage should be between 70% and 90%. Your body fat percentage so ranges from 10% to 30%. Body fat levels in athletes typically range from 7 to 22%. Men typically have lean mass in the 80–90% range, whereas women typically have lean mass in the 70–85% range.
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Why can't fragile X be cured?
are cyanobacteria named for their ability to degrade areas comtaminated with cyanide?
Answer: Cyanobacteria are of interest (and are named for) their ability to degrade areas contaminated with cyanide.
Explanation:
Answer:
Big no
Explanation:
Cyanobacteria are not named for their ability to degrade areas contaminated with cyanide. The name cyanobacteria comes from the blue-green pigmentation of these microorganisms, which is due to the presence of a blue-green photosynthetic pigment called chlorophyll. Cyanobacteria are capable of carrying out photosynthesis and producing oxygen, much like green plants, but they are not known for their ability to degrade areas contaminated with cyanide.
just tell me if you kinda confuse
ALLEN
What is the classification of fibrous protein?
Long, thin, insoluble fibres or filaments are a characteristic of the family of proteins known as fibrous proteins. They give support and structure to cells and tissues and frequently serve structural functions.
Along with globular and membrane proteins, fibrous proteins are often categorised as one of the three primary forms of protein architectures. Several subgroups of the fibrous proteins are further separated based on the unique structural and functional traits they possess. Fibrous proteins include, for instance:
The body's most prevalent fibrous protein, collagen, gives connective tissues including tendons, ligaments, and skin its strength and stability.
Hair, nails, feathers, and other structures that offer mechanical strength and defense include the hard, soluble protein known as keratin. Elastin is a fibrous protein that is present in elastic tissues including skin, blood vessels, and the lungs. It gives these tissues suppleness and flexibility.
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what do the polar functional groups have in common? hydrophilic what do you notice about the nonpolar functional group? hydrophobic
Polar functional groups share the common characteristic of being hydrophilic due to their ability to interact with water molecules, while nonpolar functional groups are hydrophobic because they lack the ability to interact with water molecules.
Polar functional groups are groups of atoms that contain electronegative elements such as oxygen or nitrogen, which create a partial negative charge on the functional group. This partial negative charge allows polar functional groups to interact with water molecules, making them hydrophilic or "water-loving." Examples of polar functional groups include hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (-C=O), and carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
Nonpolar functional groups do not contain any electronegative elements or have a symmetrical arrangement of atoms, creating a neutral or only slightly polar functional group. Because they lack a partial charge, nonpolar functional groups are unable to form strong interactions with water molecules and are therefore hydrophobic or "water-fearing." Examples of nonpolar functional groups include alkyl (-CH3), methyl (-CH3), and phenyl (-C6H5) groups.
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The correct question is given as:
What do the polar functional groups have in common? What do you notice about the nonpolar functional group?
which of the following is the most direct cause of muscle relaxation? choose the best answer. view available hint(s)for part k which of the following is the most direct cause of muscle relaxation? choose the best answer. ca2 unbinds from troponin, which results in tropomyosin re-covering myosin binding sites. the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber exhausts all of its available atp. the delivery of action potentials from the motor neuron stops. the voltage created along the t-tubule fades and the muscle fiber membrane returns to a resting potential value.
Tropomyosin re-covers myosin binding sites as a result of Ca2+ dissociating from troponin.
The muscle is relaxed as a result of the myosin-actin cross bridge being broken by the binding of ATP to myosin heads.The Golgi tendon reflex works as a protective feedback system to reduce the tension of an active muscle by inducing relaxation before the tendon tension reaches high enough to cause harm.Ca++ will be pumped back into the SR from the sarcoplasm by ATP-driven pumps. As a result, the actin-binding sites on the thin filaments are "reshielded." Ah lay cleanup Ah advancement hurt advancement advancement chopped relatedUploaded sang advancement proaspat proaspat proaspat proaspat proaspat proaspat proaspat proaspat proaspatAsadar proaspat galbenrop anunțat omul Neck Transitionshipmentsquête umplutrug Transition ramane Gibsoncumva intreb ramaneatiiDENcumva dunkel sustinutculoareacumva dunkel sustinuttinăcumva dunkel. . When tropomyosin binds to calcium, muscles relax. Cross bridge separation results from tropomyosin pushing the myosin head away. Tropomyosin is displaced, exposing the actin active sites and allowing cross bridges to develop.
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Capsules are neutrally charged. This being the case, what is the purpose of emulsifying the sample in serum in this staining procedure
The bacterial samples adhere better to the glass slides when serum is used.
What does emulsifying accomplish?
Emulsification's goal is to stabilize emulsions by stopping the breakdown that results from creaming aggregation and coalescence. Reduced dispersion density, smaller dispersed particle sizes, and oil droplet surface protection are viable solutions for these problems.
The capsule stain's function is to make the bacterial capsule's presence known. By using simple staining techniques or after the Gram stain, it can be difficult to see the water-soluble capsule of some bacterial cells.
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Which of the following is a potential cause of edema?
Edema, the medical term for this swelling, is brought on by an excess of fluid in the organs. A vein that is not working properly or venous insufficiency, also known as heart failure, are commonly to fault.
Is edema a significant issue?If you develop edema or swollen in your body, it's crucial to visit your doctor. Edema can cause your skin to expand, and if it is not treated, the swelling may get worse and represent a serious threat to your health. Edema can be a temporary or permanent condition, depending on the origin.
Does edema imply cardiac failure in all cases?Edema can be brought on by different illnesses in addition to being a prevalent sign of heart failure. Due to the body's cardiovascular system not functioning as well as it should in heart failure, fluid accumulates.
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At least 2-3 sentences explaining how the outrageous offspring is a model proving sexual reproduction causes genetic variation in offspring
What is the era as the period of many changes
Pls help!!
The era that is considered to be the period of many changes is the Renaissance Period.
What happened in the Renaissance Period ?Renaissance Period is indeed considered to be a period of many changes. The Renaissance, which took place in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century, was a time of great cultural, intellectual, and artistic revival.
During the Renaissance, artists, writers, and scientists made many important discoveries and innovations that changed the course of history. The invention of the printing press, for example, allowed for the dissemination of knowledge and ideas on a scale that had never been seen before.
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what is the sites where dna replication and separation occur?
The sites where DNA replication and separation occur are called the replication fork.
During DNA replication, the double-stranded DNA molecule is "unzipped" by specialized enzymes called helicases, which break the hydrogen bonds holding the two strands together. The resulting Y-shaped structure is called the replication fork, where the newly synthesized DNA strands are produced. The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments. Replication occurs bidirectionally from the replication fork, and the two strands are separated as the fork progresses. Once the replication is complete, the two resulting DNA molecules are identical to each other and to the original molecule. The replication fork is a critical structure in DNA replication, and its proper function is essential for the accurate transmission of genetic information.
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The total mass of living matter as each trophic level is called Its _____.
A) abiotic factors
B) food chain
C) biomass
D) biotic factors
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The Correct choice will be : C.) Biomass
Bio mass is defined as mass of all living matter at a trophic level.
7. Since the allele for color blindness is located on the X chromosome, color
blindness
1 cannot be inherited
2 occurs only in adults
3 is sex-linked
4 none of the above
Since the allele for color blindness is located on the X chromosome, color blindness is sex linked.
So the correct option is Option C.
Sex-linked inheritance are passed down through generations through one of either X or Y chromosomes because X and Y are sex chromosomes. When one inheritance is dominant then it occurs when a gene consisting of that trait from one parent causes disease, even though the other gene from the another parent is normal. Colour blindness is an example of sex linked inheritance.
Those suffering from red green colour blindness, they generally cannot distinguish between red and green colour. The allele for this disease is located on X chromosome.
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the central part of an atom in which protons and neutrons are held together called___
The central part of an atom in which protons and neutrons are held together called as nucleus.
DefinitionNeutrons and protons, which have opposite electric charges, make up atomic nuclei. The strongest fundamental force now understood, known as the strong force, is what holds these things together. A normal atom's nucleus typically holds more than 99.9% of the atom's mass yet makes up much less than.01 percent of its volume.Ernest Rutherford, using data from the 1909 Geiger-Marsden gold foil experiment, found the atomic nucleus, a small, compact region made up of protons and neutrons, at the center of an atom.For more information on atomic nucleus kindly visit to
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for cells that communicate by electrical synapses, the message travels between cells via group of answer choices ions moving across the synaptic cleft. the diffusion of neurotransmitters. gap junctions. active transport across the synaptic cleft. passive transport across the synaptic cleft.
A neuron transmits a neurotransmitter to a muscle cell through a synaptic cleft. Chemicals called neurotransmitters allow for neurotransmission.
The neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that can transfer a signal from one nerve cell to target cells, such as, for example, other nerve cells, across biological junctions called "synapses" (e.g., neurons). The process of exocytosis occurs inside the cell when the neurotransmitters are moved into internal vesicles that are joined with the cell membrane to release them in the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters then bind to cell receptors found on the postsynaptic membrane, causing postsynaptic cells to respond. For instance, the neurotransmitter glutamate can stimulate nerve cells by attaching to the N-methyl-D-aspartate transmitter-gated ion channel (NMDA).The signals are transmitted across the chemical synapse via a chemical messenger.
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why would a scientist want to know the sequence of a dna molecule?
A scientist would want to know the sequence of a DNA molecule because it will help screen for different diseases, help treat those who have genetic disorders, and create treatments for new illnesses.
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the molecule that carries the genetic material required for an organism's growth and operation. DNA has a double helix structure, which is made up of two connected strands that loop around one another to form a twisted ladder.
Each strand's backbone is made up of deoxyribose and phosphate groups that alternate. Each sugar is linked to one of the four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T). To connect the two strands, adenine forms chemical bonds with thymine and cytosine forms chemical bonds with guanine. The instructions for building a protein or RNA molecule are among the biological information encoded by the nucleotide sequence along the DNA backbone.
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The genetic scheme for classifying rocks is based on:________
Two factors, TEXTURE and COMPOSITION, are used to classify rocks.
The sizes and shapes of the mineral grains and other components that make up a rock, as well as how these sizes and shapes relate to one another, determine the texture. As a result, volcanic textures, sedimentary textures, and metamorphic textures are all different. The types of minerals and their proportions, or MINERALOGY, are accepted as the natural expression of composition for the purposes of this exercise and regular classification. Fortunately for you, each of the three types of rocks has a different mineralogy in addition to having a different texture.
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an organism that uses co2 and acquires energy from hydrogen would be classified as a .
An organism that uses CO2 and acquires energy from hydrogen would be classified as a chemoautotroph.
Chemoautotrophs are organisms that obtain energy from chemical reactions with inorganic compounds, such as hydrogen, and use carbon dioxide as their carbon source to synthesize organic molecules. They play an important role in many ecosystems and are capable of surviving in harsh environments, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents and hot springs. Examples of chemoautotrophs include some bacteria and archaea. Chemoautotrophs are important in many ecosystems, as they can support primary production in environments where light energy organisms is not available, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents or cave ecosystems. Some chemoautotrophic bacteria, such as Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter, play a key role in the nitrogen cycle by converting ammonia to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate, respectively.
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what happens with gametes to create chromosomal abnormalities?
Gametes are reproductive cells that contain half the genetic material of an individual. When two gametes combine during fertilization, the resulting embryo will have a full set of chromosomes.
What is genetic?Genetics is the study of how traits and characteristics are passed down from parents to offspring. It is a branch of biology that focuses on the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next. This information is stored in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is a complex molecule made up of four nucleotides.
Chromosomal abnormalities can occur when there is an alteration in the number or structure of the chromosomes. This can happen when the gametes contain an incorrect number of chromosomes or if the chromosomes have been damaged in some way. These abnormalities can be caused by external factors such as radiation or other environmental insults, or they can occur spontaneously. When a gamete contains an incorrect number of chromosomes, it is known as aneuploidy. Examples of aneuploidy include trisomy (an extra chromosome), monosomy (a missing chromosome), and polyploidy (more than two sets of chromosomes). Structural chromosomal abnormalities occur when a piece of a chromosome is missing, duplicated, inverted, or translocated. These abnormalities can be caused by errors in the processes of gamete formation or by external factors such as radiation or drugs.
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Place the labels in order denoting the flow of blood through the structures of the heart beginning with the vena cavae Systemic capillaries Ascending aorta1 8 15 Bicuspid valve (mitral) Pulmonary valve 2 9 6 Superior vena cavae Pulmonary artery 3 10 L. subclavian artery Right ventricle Aortic valve Left ventricle 4 Pulmonary trunk Lungs 5 Tricuspid valve Left atrium 13 Right atrium Coronary arteries Pulmonary vein
1) body 2) inferior/superior vena cava 3) right atrium 4) tricuspid valve 5) right ventricle 6) pulmonary arteries 7) lungs 8) pulmonary veins 9) left atrium 10) bicuspid valve 11) left ventricle 12) aortic valve 13) aorta
Differentiate between double circulation and systemic circulation?Double circulation:
Blood circulates twice through the heart in a single complete cycle thanks to the phenomenon known as double circulation.The pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation are two distinct channels through which blood cycles twice.Animals and birds both have two circulatory systems.Systemic circulation:
A systemic blood flow connects the heart and bodily tissues.The left ventricle supplies oxygenated blood to every part of the body.Blood that has lost oxygen returns from the tissue to the right atrium.The systemic circulation delivers oxygen and other vital nutrients to tissues while also transporting CO2 and other dangerous substances for removal.To learn more about circulation visit:
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QuestionIn metaphase I, the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochore of ______.In metaphase II, the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochore of ______.Ahomologous; non-homologous chromosomesBnon-homologous; homologous chromosomesCsister chromatids; homologous chromosomesDhomologous chromosomes; sister chromatids
Otpion D, In metaphase I of meiosis, the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochore of homologous chromosomes.
During this phase, the homologous chromosomes align in the center of the cell in preparation for separation in anaphase I. The spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores, which are protein structures located on the centromeres of each homologous chromosome. This attachment allows the spindle fibers to pull each homologous chromosome towards opposite poles of the cell. In contrast, in metaphase II of meiosis, the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochore of sister chromatids. During this phase, the sister chromatids align in the center of the cell in preparation for separation in anaphase II. The spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores, which are protein structures located on the centromeres of each sister chromatid. This attachment allows the spindle fibers to pull each sister chromatid towards opposite poles of the cell.
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The complete Question is:
Which of the following is true of a codon? (A) It never codes for the same amino acid as another codon. (B) It can code for more than one amino acid. (C) It can be either in DNA or in RNA (D) It is the basic unit of protein structure
