The best approach to take to address this question would be to perform a phylogenetic analysis of the genes in question.
Phylogenetic is the study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms, and it can be used to determine the evolutionary history of genes and proteins. In this case, the researcher would need to obtain the DNA sequences of the genes for the proteins of interest from multiple different organisms. Then, he would need to align the sequences and construct a phylogenetic tree, which would show the relationships among the different genes and proteins. This would allow him to determine whether the genes form a multigene family, and to infer which of the proteins arose first evolutionarily.
Other approaches that could also provide useful information while being less definitive include:
1. Comparing the protein sequences for similarities, this would give some insight about the relationship of the proteins, but it would not be as definitive as a phylogenetic analysis.
2. Examining the expression patterns of the genes in different tissues or under different conditions, this could provide information about the functional diversification of the genes, but would not provide information about the evolutionary history of the genes.
3. Comparative genomics can be used to identify synteny, which is the presence of groups of genes in the same order on the same chromosome, this could give some indication of the relatedness of the genes, but would not provide information about the evolutionary history of the proteins.
Therefore, to obtain the most definitive information about the evolutionary history of the genes and proteins, a phylogenetic analysis would be the best approach to take.
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While the atria are relaxing, the ventricles are in systole/diastole and the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open/closed whereas the semilunar valves are open/closed
While the atria are in diastole (relaxing), the ventricles are in systole (contracting). The tricuspid and bicuspid valves (also known as the atrioventricular valves) are closed during ventricular systole, and the semilunar valves (the aortic and pulmonary valves) are open, allowing blood to be pumped out of the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
While the atria are relaxing and filling with blood, the ventricles are contracting and expelling blood. This is known as the cardiac cycle, which is divided into two phases: systole and diastole.
During diastole, the atria are in a relaxed state while the ventricles are in a relaxed state. In this phase, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves, also known as the atrioventricular valves, are open, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles.
The semilunar valves, the pulmonary and aortic valves, are closed, preventing blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the pulmonary artery and aorta.
As the ventricles contract during systole, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves close, preventing blood from flowing back into the atria. This increase in pressure in the ventricles causes the semilunar valves to open, and blood is forced out of the heart and into the circulatory system. The atria then begin to fill with blood again, and the cycle repeats.
The cardiac cycle is controlled by electrical impulses generated by the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node, which coordinate the contraction of the atria and ventricles.
The heart's ability to pump blood efficiently is dependent on the proper timing and coordination of the cardiac cycle. Overall, this cycle is vital for the oxygenation and nutrition of the body by pumping the blood and supplying it to all the body parts.
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which of the following statements is false? a. organisms placed in the same genus are least closely related. b. the scientific name for humans is homo sapiens. c. moving from species to kingdom, more different species are included in each higher category. d. species that are in the same genus share very specific characteristics. e. taxonomists are biologists who classify organisms.
False statements is a. organisms placed in the same genus are least closely related.
In general, Genus is termed as a group of related species which has more features related to species of other genera. Hence ,Organisms that are placed in the same genus are very closely related.
So, Two species present within the same genus will share a recent common ancestor in their evolutionary history. These two species will be closely related to each other than two species classified into different families. Therefore, members representing the same genus, but different species interbreed, could produce infertile offspring. example include mule, which is the product of a cross between a male donkey and a female horse.
Hence, A is correct option
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where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found
The respiratory tract is where pseudostratified columnar epithelia most frequently occur. On the apical surface of these cells, cilia are present.
In contrast to the skin's epithelium, a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium appears to have several layers but is actually made up of just one sheet of cells. This illusion results from the arrangement of the nuclei within the individual columnar cells. These formations, which may be seen clearly under a microscope, can be found at different depths, giving the illusion of stratification. The cilia, which resemble microscopic hairs and line the cells, are easier to see under a microscope. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells are most prevalent along the respiratory tract and function to trap and move foreign objects into the lungs and nasal passages.
The function of pseudostratified epithelia is secretion or absorption. Since stratified epithelia lack cilia, a specimen that seems stratified yet possesses cilia is actually a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. The trachea and bronchi are more frequently lined with ciliated epithelia. The bigger ducts, like the parotid gland ducts, are lined with non-ciliated epithelia.
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Natalie wants to do a report about growing human organs in livestock.
She plugged five key words into a search engine: human, pig,
transplant, organ, and science. Which of the following search results
would be the most reliable sources for her report? Choose the two that
apply.
A. Front page article in the Daily Post newspaper,
"Scientists Clone
New Creature, Half-Human, Half-Pig!"
B. Science article in The Economist magazine, "Stem cells and gene
editing may turn domestic animals into organ factories."
C. Buzzfeed website, "
"Scientists just created the first Human-Pig
Embryo.
D. Video on Federation of American Scientists website, "Pigs: Source
of Replacement Organs for Humans?"
Answer:
B and D
Explanation:
A science article in an accredited magazine and a video on the Federation of American Scientists website would be the most credible two sources
A newspaper article and Buzzfeed would be less credible
When comparing complete tetanus with unfused tetanus, which is true?A) In complete tetanus, no relaxation occurs between stimuli.B) In complete tetanus, maximum tension is developed.C) In complete tetanus, the muscle fiber is stimulated at a higher frequency.D) A and BE) A, B, and C
The true statement when comparing complete tetanus with unfused tetanus is: (B) In complete tetanus, maximum tension is developed.
Tetanus is a disease of the muscles caused to a bacterium called Clostridium tetani. The bacterium releases harmful toxins in the body that causes painful contractions. In severe conditions, the disease can even lead to death.
Tension in the muscles is the physiological condition where they remain in semi-contracted form for long durations of time. This can result in formation of lumps called muscle knots in the body. It is the situation when the myosin heads remain attached with thin filaments.
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what is needed in the culture medium of animal cells? select all that are minimally necessary for all animal cell cultures
In the culture medium of animal cells, it required nutrients, growth factors, and amino acids that are generally not synthesized by cells, hence A, B, and C are the correct options.
What are the requirements of the animal cell culture?If there is a need to grow animal cells in the culture medium, it requires all the necessary substances, which grow the cells in the tissue.
Glucose and amino acid are major requirements to make cells in living conditions, metabolism provides energy to the cells. Growth factors are also required to increase cell size.
Therefore, A, B, and C are the correct options.
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The given question is incomplete, so most probably complete question is,
What is needed in the culture medium of animal cells? select all that are minimally necessary for all animal cell cultures
A. nutrients such as glucose
B. growth factors
C. any amino acids or vitamins that the cells cannot make themselves
D. bovine serum albumen
E. carbon dioxide
_________will undergo __________ fermentation and convert 2 pyruvic acid molecules into ________and _________
Answer:
NADH and ATP will undergo lactic acid fermentation and create 2 pyruvic acid molecules into ADP and NAP+
Explanation:
I just used da formula --> Glucose + ADP + NADH → Lactic acids + ATP + NAD+
contains loose connective tissue and sensory touch receptors and is the layer which makes finger prints
Loose connective tissue and sensory touch receptors is the layer which makes fingerprints?
Fingerprints are caused by the skin's papillary layer. The papillary layer, which is a layer within the dermal layer of skin, is what causes the fingerprints to appear on the skin.
The papillary layer is composed of loose areolar connective tissue, which causes the collagen and elastin fibers that make up this layer to create a loose mesh. This superficial layer of the dermis protrudes into the basal layer of the epidermis to generate dermal papillae, which resemble fingers. Fibroblasts, a modest number of adipocytes, and an abundance of tiny blood capillaries are present in the papillary layer. The papillary layer contains defense cells called phagocytes as well, which help fight off bacteria and other pathogens that have entered the skin. Additionally, this layer includes Meissner corpuscles, which are touch sensors, lymphatic capillaries, and nerve fibers.
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combination (synthetic estrogen and progestin) hormonal birth control generally works by...?
Estrogen and progestin combinations function by inhibiting ovulation (the release of eggs from the ovaries). They also alter the uterine (womb) lining to prevent conception and alter the mucus at the cervix (uterine entrance) to inhibit sperm (male reproductive cells) from penetrating.
Hormonal birth control treatments that combine estrogen and progestin distribute estrogen and progestin throughout the body. These hormones primarily prevent conception by preventing pregnancy (the release of an egg from one of the ovaries). They also produce changes in the body that aid in the prevention of pregnancy.
The role of estrogen in combination with hormonal birth control is to regulate bleeding. Menstrual bleeding may change if only progestin is used. To make your "withdrawal bleed" look more like a "normal period," synthetic estrogens are added to these types of contraceptives.
COCs, often known as birth control tablets, provide dependable contraception as well as a number of noncontraceptive advantages.
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when a muscle is held during a stretch for a prolonged period, the gto is activated, which results in the muscle relaxing. what is this action called?
when a muscle is held during a stretch for a prolonged period, the gto is activated, which results in the muscle relaxing. this action is called as autogenic inhibition.
When the Golgi tendon organ (GTO) and muscle spindles are activated, certain muscles are inhibited from contracting. These two musculotendinous proprioceptors, which are found in and around joints and muscles, respond to changes in muscle tension and length, which aids in the management of muscular control and coordination.
When the muscle contracts or stretches, the GTO, which is located between the muscle belly and the tendon, detects increased tension. When a muscle contracts, the GTO is activated, and it responds by inhibiting the contraction and contracting the opposing (antagonist) muscle group. Autogenic inhibition is the name given to this process.
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Which layer of skin does the hair originate from
The first and second layers of skin are where hair is born. The epidermis is the outermost layer, whereas the dermis is the second layer.
A hair's root and strand are encased in a tube-like structure called a hair follicle. Our skin's top two layers contain hair follicles. Our skin's first and second layers, as well as occasionally your third layer (hypodermis), are home to the follicles that hold our terminal hair, which includes the hair on our scalp, eyelashes, and brows.
Even though it is the thinnest layer of skin, the epidermis, which has five layers of its own, guards you from the elements. The top two layers of skin on your body are the dermis and epidermis. The top layer is called the epidermis, while the middle layer is called the dermis. The epidermis and hypodermis are separated by the dermis.
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Which of the Following organisms Reproduce through Spore Formation?
Many different types of organisms reproduce through spore formation, including:
Fungi: Many types of fungi, such as mushrooms and mold, reproduce through the production of spores.
Algae: Many types of algae reproduce through the formation of spores.
Bryophytes: mosses, hornworts, and liverworts reproduce via spores.
Ferns: Ferns reproduce via spores.
Some bacteria: Some types of bacteria, such as Bacillus and Clostridium, reproduce through the formation of spores.
Note that spore formation is one way of reproducing, but not all organism that can form spores reproduce only via spores. Some may have other ways of reproducing as well.
Answer:
Fungi reproduce through spore formation; for e.g., bread moulds.
Explanation:
microscopic examination of an animal cell reveals the presence of a plasma membrane but no cell wall. which additional structures would normally be present within this cell?
Answer:
Microscopic examination of an animal cell reveals the presence of a plasma membrane, but no cell wall. Other structures that would normally be present within this cell include a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, vacuoles, and lysosomes. Additionally, animal cells usually contain cytoskeletons, which are composed of various proteins such as microtubules and actin filaments that provide structure and support to the cell.
two linked genes(a) and (b) are seprated by 18 m.u. a man with genotype aa bb marries a woman who is aa bb. the man's father was aa and bb. what is the probability that their first two children will both be ab/ab?
The probability that their first two children will both be ab/ab genotype is (41/100) ×(41/100) =0.1681.
The genetic distance between two genes is 18 cM. This suggests that recombination frequency between two genes is 18%. Hence the recombinant gamete produced by heterozygous parent is 18%
The parental gametes are 100-18= 82%
Now it is given that man's father is AABB. This suggest that man's genotype is in cis condition. Man's genotype is AB/ab
Parents : AB/ab (Man) × ab/ ab (Woman)
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suppose extracellular [k ] increases by 2.5 mm. if the original extracellular [k ] was 5 mm, how large (and in what direction) is the change in ek ?
The change in ek is +1.5 mV and it is in positive direction.
The Nernst equation is used to calculate the equilibrium potential (eK) of a given ion:
eK = (RT/zF)ln([K+]o/[K+]i)
Where R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, z is the charge of the ion, F is Faraday's constant, [K+]o is the extracellular concentration of K+, and [K+]i is the intracellular concentration of K+.
In this case, we are given that the extracellular concentration of K+ increases by 2.5 mm. If the original extracellular concentration of K+ was 5 mm, the new extracellular concentration of K+ is 7.5 mm. We can plug these values into the Nernst equation to calculate the change in eK:
eK = (RT/zF)ln([K+]o/[K+]i)
eK = (RT/zF)ln(7.5/5)
eK = (RT/zF)ln(1.5)
eK = (RT/zF) × 0.405
eK = (RT/zF) × 0.405
eK = (8.314 × 300/1 × 9.648 × 104) × 0.405
eK = 1.5 mV
Therefore, the change in eK is +1.5 mV.
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The endocrine system releases chemical messengers called , _________ into the blood stream
Answer: Hormones
Explanation:
Hormones are the chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands in the blood.
Answer:
hormones
Explanation:
Compare conservative, semiconservative, and dispersive modes of DNA replication. Sort each characteristic into the appropriate mode of DNA replication.
Three modes of DNA replication:
Semi conservativeConservativeDispersive modeEach daughter strand is made up of one old and one new DNA strand. The original double helix is still intact. The new double helix of DNA is created as a single unit. The ancient DNA has been completely preserved. For this mechanism of replication, the individual covalent phosphodiester linkages must be separated.
The biological process of making 2 identical duplicates of DNA from a single original DNA molecule which is known as DNA replication. DNA replication occurs in all living creatures and is the most important component of biological heredity. This is required for cell division during development and tissue repair, as well as ensuring that each new cell has its own copy of the DNA.
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D. It has long been known in the field of human genetics that wavy hair is the expression of a heterozygous genotype, while curly (C1C1) and straight (C2C2) hair is the expression of a homozygous genotype. If a man with curly hair marries a woman with wavy hair, what percentage of their children will have curly, wavy, and straight hair
Answer:
50% will have curly hair (C1C1) . 50% will will have wavy hair(C1C2). 0% would have straight hair (C2C2).
Explanation:
given the information the man has C1C1 or curly hair and the woman has wavy hair which should be C1C2. Construct a simple punnet square and solve the genotypic ratio. witch is (C1C1) = 2/4 = 50% And (C1C2) = 2/4 = 50%
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1. (03.06 LC) Match the mixture with its description. (4 points) 1. Solution 2. Emulsions 3. Homogeneous 4. Colloid a. Microscopically insoluble particles that are suspended throughout another substance b. Two or more liquids that are normally not mixable c. A solute that is distributed evenly within the solvent d. A mixture that has its different components mixed evenly within the substance
A particular homogeneous mixture in which the constituents of one or more elements are uniformly distributed throughout another substance. a mixture of two liquids, typically immiscible
What sort of mixing is an illustration of homogeneity?A combination of sugar and water, for instance, or salt and water These mixtures are both instances of homogenous mixtures since they have the same components throughout.
The meaning of homogenousGenerally speaking, homogenous refers to having same parts or components. Homogeneous refers to something that is identical in nature of character throughout. A variety of things that are essentially similar to one another or belong to the same kind can also be referred to as homogenous.
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Defend the claim that ribosomes are the most essential organelle in the cell. In your reasoning include evidence of at least 3 organelles that support the ribosome in accomplishing its function for the cell.
Answer:
The ribosome is an essential organelle for many reasons in below
Explanation:
The ribosome is an essential organelle because it is responsible for the synthesis of proteins. Proteins are the most important components of cells, as they serve as a component of all cellular functions such as cell metabolism, replication, and communication.
The cell has three other organelles: mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Both of these organelles perform important tasks within the cell, but neither of them can synthesize proteins. Therefore, it is clear that without the ribosome, there would be no way for cells to synthesize proteins or perform any other tasks.
In addition to being essential to cellular function, the ribosome has been shown to have other important functions in its own right. For example, it has been shown that the ribosome can bind DNA and repair damage caused by free radicals (a type of chemical reaction). Furthermore, some research has shown that certain diseases such as cancer can be caused by defects in ribosomal complexes or genes that encode parts of these complexes.
what four structure do eukaryotes and prokaryotes have in common?
The architecture of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are similar. DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and the plasma membrane are present in every cell.
Four elements are found in every cell: the plasma membrane, which separates the interior of the cell from its surroundings; the cytoplasm, which is the cell's interior jelly-like space; the DNA, which serves as the genetic makeup of the cell; and the ribosomes.
Arrangements of phospholipids and proteins called lipid bilayers are found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, and they serve as a physical barrier between the interior and exterior environments of the cell.
However, a eukaryotic cell is often bigger than a prokaryotic cell, contains a genuine nucleus, which means that its DNA is encased by a membrane, and includes additional membrane-bound organelles that enable functional categorization.
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Which of the following is a renewable energy source?
A.coal
B.natural gas
C.gasoline
D.solar power
Answer: Solar Energy
Explanation:
Other forms of energy like coal, natural gas and gasoline cannot be renewed by physical or mechanical methods. Also, it takes millions of years to form such non-renewable resources.
1. each branching point represents a point in evolutionary history where an ancestral evolutionary lineage gave rise to a new lineage. the most recent common ancestor shared by all lineages in this cladogram is represented by the number fill in the blank text field 1 enter... . the most recent common ancestor shared only by gymnosperms and angiosperms is represented by fill in the blank text field 2 enter...
Each branch point in an evolutionary tree symbolises a time in the past when an ancestor lineage gave rise to a different lineage. A cladogram is a visual representation of the creatures and different species that have ancestors with similar lineages.
A branch point designates the location where one species is different from another. The precise moment at which two evolutionary lineages diverged from a single ancestor is called a branch point. Frequency-dependent selection can cause evolutionary branching by dividing a population with a monomorphic phenotype into two different phenotypic clusters. The population must be driven by directional selection toward a fitness minimum in phenotype space in order for evolutionary branching to occur. A divergence event is represented by each branch point, also known as an internal node.
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Most psychiatric hospitals are a form of primary care.
True
False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
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finger-like membrane extensions, known as microvilli, are supported by the actin cytoskeleton. microvilli located at the apical surface of epithelial cells are responsible for:
Answer:
Microvilli located at the apical surface of epithelial cells are responsible for increasing the absorptive surface area of the cell and increasing the efficiency of nutrient absorption. They are also involved in secretion of substances, as well as in recognition of antigens and other molecules. Microvilli are supported by the actin cytoskeleton, which is composed of a network of actin filaments that provides structure and stability to the microvilli.
look up the formula for macconkey agar either in a microbiology textbook or online. is this a chemically defined or a chemically complex media? why is that important?
Media that have a certain level of nutrients are known as chemically defined media. Take glucose salt broth, for instance.
Because the precise makeup of every nutrient in the medium, including peptone source (pancreatic digest of gelatin) and proteose peptone (meat and casein), is unknown, MacConkey agar is a chemically complicated medium. It offers a variety of growth factors, vitamins, and other amino acids, but it is unknown what exactly goes into making them, and the composition can change from batch to batch of media.
Chemically complicated media are crucial since it is impossible to know what all microbes need to survive. The majority of bacteria can grow on this medium without any problems.
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describe the procedure you followed to gram-stain bacteria. what is the purpose of each of the specific reagents?
The most frequent test to determine whether you have a bacterial infection is a Gram stain. The test will indicate whether your infection is Gram-positive or Gram-negative if you do.
What are Gram positive bacteria?If you are exhibiting signs of a bacterial illness, you could require this test. Numerous bacterial illnesses frequently exhibit the symptoms of pain, fever, and weariness.
The type of infection you have and where in your body it is located will determine any additional symptoms.
Depending on the type of illness, your doctor may need to collect a sample from the suspected infection site or from specific body fluids.
Therefore, The most frequent test to determine whether you have a bacterial infection is a Gram stain. The test will indicate whether your infection is Gram-positive or Gram-negative if you do.
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which of the following best explains why triploid bananas do not produce seeds? responses the cells of the banana plant are unable to replicate dnadna, thus preventing cell division and limiting growth. the cells of the banana plant are unable to replicate d n a , thus preventing cell division and limiting growth. the banana plants lack enough genetic diversity to properly hybridize. the banana plants lack enough genetic diversity to properly hybridize. the production of gametes is disrupted because of unequal pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. the production of gametes is disrupted because of unequal pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. the production of seeds is not required because triploid plants produce gametes without fertilization.
DNA replication is not possible in the banana plant's cells, which prevents cell division and restricts growth.
Successful seed germination is extremely rare in triploids because they rarely produce eggs or sperm with a balanced set of chromosomes.
Most sterile plants don't produce any fruits, and triploid bananas are sterile. The banana fruit, which is the mammalian equivalent of a placenta without fertilisation or an embryo, is produced without any seeds, however. Bananas are sterile and seedless, like other odd polyploids (with three sets of chromosomes), because one set of chromosomes (A or B) lacks a homologous set to pair with during synapsis of meiosis. Because of this, meiosis is disrupted, and no viable gametes (sex cells) are produced.
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If a population of four o'clock flowers consists of 5 RR plants (red flowers), 2 Rr plants (pink flowers), and one rr plant (white flowers), the phenotype frequency of plants with pink flowers is ______.
If a population of four o'clock flowers consists of 5 RR plants (red flowers), 2 Rr plants (pink flowers), and one rr plant (white flowers), the phenotype frequency of plants with pink flowers is _0.25_.
What is Phenotype ?The observable traits of an individual brought about by the expression of genes; the clinical manifestation of a person with a specific genotype.
Genotype is the distinctive DNA pattern of each individual. The two alleles a person acquired for a single gene are more specifically referred to by this phrase. The clinical presentation of a patient's condition is the observable expression of this genotype.
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to separate organelles that are close in size, one employs the technique called sucrose gradient centrifugation. this technique separates organelles by:
to separate organelles that are close in size, one employs the technique called sucrose gradient centrifugation. this technique separates organelles by density
Cells can be broken down in a variety of ways, including osmotic shock or ultrasonic vibration, being forced through a small orifice, or being ground up in a blender. Many of the cell's membranes (including the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum membranes) are broken into fragments that immediately reseal to form small closed vesicles. However, when done correctly, the disruption procedures leave organelles like nuclei, mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes largely intact. The cell suspension is thus reduced to a thick slurry (called a homogenate or extract) containing a variety of membrane-enclosed organelles, each with a distinct size, charge, and density.
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