Without more data, it is impossible to establish how many units of products C should be produced at the best rate.
We must take into account the time available for milling, inspection, and drilling as well as the contribution of each product to profit in order to establish the ideal number of units of product C that should be produced. The provided data, however, does not outline any limitations or standards for figuring out the ideal production level for the products.
We would need to use a mathematical optimisation model or method, such as linear programming, to maximise the total profit while taking the time allotted for each procedure and the profit-making potential of each product into account. We cannot estimate the precise number of units of product C that should be produced without the construction of such a model or further details on the particular limitations or objectives.
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Whirly Corporation's contribution format income statement for the most recent month is shown below: Total $244,200 148,000 Per Unit $ 33.00 Sales (7,400 units) Variable expenses Contribution margin 20
The total fixed expenses for Whirly Corporation in the most recent month are $96,200.
From the information provided, we can see that the contribution margin is $148,000 and the sales volume is 7,400 units. The contribution margin represents the amount of sales revenue that is available to cover fixed expenses and contribute towards the company's profit.Therefore, the total fixed expenses for Whirly Corporation in the most recent month are $96,200. These expenses remain constant regardless of the sales volume and need to be covered by the contribution margin to determine the company's profitability.
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In a basket purchase which option will be appropriate one 2 Points) Suppose ABC Company acquires lan and a building for $1,5 million. An independent appraiser indicates that the market values of the land and the building are $ 1 million and $ 1,5 million respectively the cost would be allocated as follows: land for $ 0,9 million and building for $ 0,6 million. Suppose ABC Company acquires lan and a building for $1,5 million. An independent appraiser indicates that the market values of the land and the building are $ 1 million and $ 1,5 million respectively the cost would be allocated as follows: land for $ 0,6 million and building for $ 0,9 million. Suppose ABC Company acquires lan and a building for $1,5 million. An independent appraiser indicates that the market values of the land and the building are $1 million and $ 1,5
The appropriate option in a basket purchase is to allocate the cost to different assets based on their respective fair market values.
When ABC Company acquires land and building for $1.5 million, it would allocate the cost based on the fair market value of the assets as provided by an independent appraiser. When a company makes a basket purchase, it means that it has acquired two or more assets in a single transaction. The company may need to allocate the cost of the assets to different components such as land, buildings, equipment, or intangible assets, depending on the nature of the assets and the transaction. In such a situation, the company would need to determine the fair market value of each component and allocate the cost based on those values.In this case, ABC Company acquires land and a building for $1.5 million, and an independent appraiser indicates that the market values of the land and the building are $1 million and $1.5 million, respectively. Therefore, the cost would be allocated based on the fair market value of each asset. ABC Company would allocate the cost of the land and the building as follows: land for $0.9 million and building for $0.6 million.
In conclusion, the appropriate option for ABC Company is to allocate the cost to different assets based on their respective fair market values. Therefore, the cost of the land and the building would be allocated as land for $0.9 million and building for $0.6 million.
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On February 1, 2015, Marsh Contractors agreed to construct a building at a contract price of
€5,800,000. Marsh estimated total construction costs would be €4,000,000 and the project would be finished in 2017. Information relating to the costs and billings for this contract is as follows: 2015 2016 2017
Total costs incurred to date
€1,500,000
€2,640,000
€4,600,000
Estimated costs to complete
2,500,000
1,760,000
-0-
Customer billings to date
2,200,000
4,000,000
5,600,000 Collections to date
2,000,000
3,500,000
5,500,000
Instructions
Fill in the correct amounts on the following schedule. For percentage-of-completion accounting and for cost-recovery accounting, show the gross profit that should be recorded for 2015, 2016, and 2017.
Percentage-of-Completion Cost-Recovery Gross Profit Gross Profit 2015 2015
2016 2016
2017 2017
Percentage-of-Completion: Gross Profit 2015: €150,000 Gross Profit 2016: €340,000Gross Profit 2017: €400,000 Cost-Recovery: Gross Profit 2015: €0 Gross Profit 2016: €0Gross Profit 2017: €0
Under the percentage-of-completion method, the gross profit is recognized proportionally based on the progress of the contract. It is calculated by multiplying the percentage of costs incurred to date by the total estimated gross profit. In this case, the percentage of costs incurred in 2015 is 37.5% (€1,500,000 / €4,000,000), resulting in a gross profit of €150,000 (37.5% * €400,000). Similarly, the gross profit for 2016 and 2017 is calculated based on the percentage of costs incurred to date in each year. On the other hand, under the cost-recovery method, no gross profit is recognized until the total costs incurred exceed the total estimated costs. In this case, the total estimated costs are €4,000,000, and the costs incurred in each year do not exceed this amount. Therefore, no gross profit is recognized in any of the years.These calculations reflect the different approaches to recognizing revenue and gross profit in long-term construction contracts. The percentage-of-completion method recognizes revenue and gross profit over the life of the contract based on the progress of completion, while the cost-recovery method defers revenue recognition until the costs incurred exceed the estimated costs.
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A demand schedule holds
Select one:
1.product price constant.
2.equilibrium constant.
3.product quantity constant.
4.product quality constant.
A demand schedule holds the product price constant.
A demand schedule is a tabular representation that shows the quantity of a product or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at different price levels, assuming all other factors remain constant. In a demand schedule, the product price is held constant while the quantity demanded varies.
The purpose of a demand schedule is to demonstrate the relationship between price and quantity demanded, ceteris paribus (all other factors held constant). By keeping the price constant and observing the corresponding quantity demanded at different price levels, economists can construct a demand curve, which shows the downward sloping nature of demand.
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(Annuity payments) Calvin Johnson has a $5,000 debt balance on his Visa card that charges 12.9 percent APR compounded monthly. In 2005, Calvin's minimum monthly payment is 3 percent of his debt balance, which is $150.
How many months (round up) will it take Calvin Johnson to pay off his credit card if he pays the cur rent minimum payment of $150 at the end of each month?
In 2006, as the result of a federal mandate, the minimum monthly payment on credit cards rose to 4 percent. If Calvin made monthly payments of $200 at the end of each month, how long would it take to pay off his credit card?
Calvin Johnson has a $5,000 debt balance on his Visa card with an APR of 12.9% compounded monthly. In 2005, his minimum monthly payment is $150, and we need to calculate how many months it will take him to pay off his credit card.
In 2006, the minimum monthly payment increased to 4%, and we need to determine how long it would take to pay off the credit card if Calvin made monthly payments of $200. In 2005, Calvin's minimum monthly payment is $150, which is 3% of his debt balance. We can calculate his debt balance using the formula for the present value of an annuity:
PV = PMT * (1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r
where PV is the debt balance, PMT is the monthly payment, r is the monthly interest rate, and n is the number of months.
Using the given information, we can rearrange the formula to solve for n:
n = -log(1 - (PV * r) / PMT) / log(1 + r)
Substituting the values, we get:
n = -log(1 - (5000 * 0.129/12) / 150) / log(1 + 0.129/12)
≈ 43 months
Therefore, it will take Calvin approximately 43 months to pay off his credit card with the minimum monthly payment of $150 in 2005.
In 2006, with a minimum monthly payment of $200, we can use the same formula to calculate the number of months:
n = -log(1 - (5000 * 0.129/12) / 200) / log(1 + 0.129/12)
≈ 35 months
Hence, it will take Calvin approximately 35 months to pay off his credit card with monthly payments of $200 in 2006.
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Cisco Systems has $1,476 (million) worth of inventory and their COGS are $17,150 million). Their average holding cost per unit per year is $37.03. What is the average Inventory cost per unit for Cisco Systems? Instruction: Round your answer to the nearest $0.01. The average inventory cost per unit
Inventory is a crucial aspect of the manufacturing or production cycle. Firms keep it in storage to ensure the production line does not come to a standstill. Inventory costs might increase production costs. Cisco Systems has $1,476 million worth of inventory, and its COGS are $17,150 million.
The average holding cost per unit per year is $37.03. What is the average inventory cost per unit for Cisco Systems?Inventory turnover is a measure of the number of times a company has sold and replaced inventory during a specific time period. The formula for calculating inventory turnover is as follows:Inventory Turnover = COGS / Average InventoryCisco's inventory turnover can be calculated by dividing its COGS ($17,150 million) by its average inventory ($1,476 million), giving an inventory turnover of approximately 11.6. Cisco's average inventory holding time can be calculated using the formula:Inventory Holding Time = 365 Days / Inventory TurnoverThe inventory holding period for Cisco can be calculated as follows:Inventory Holding Period = 365 Days / 11.6 Inventory Turnover = 31.47 days or roughly 31 days.Next, we must figure out the holding cost per unit per day for Cisco. The calculation is as follows:Holding Cost per Unit per Day = Average Holding Cost per Unit per Year / 365 DaysHolding Cost per Unit per Day = $37.03 / 365 DaysHolding Cost per Unit per Day = $0.10Finally, we may calculate the average inventory cost per unit for Cisco using the following equation:Average Inventory Cost per Unit = (Average Holding Cost per Unit per Day * Inventory Holding Period) + Purchase Cost per UnitAverage Inventory Cost per Unit = ($0.10 * 31) + Purchase Cost per UnitAverage Inventory Cost per Unit = $3.10 + Purchase Cost per UnitWe do not know the Purchase Cost per Unit. Therefore, we can only provide an answer in terms of holding costs, which is $3.10 per unit.
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a company paid $0.82 in cash dividends per share. its earnings per share is $4.54 and its market price per share is $25.75. its dividend yield equals:
The dividend yield of the company is 12.79%.
The dividend yield of a company is the annual dividend per share of a stock, divided by its current price. It is expressed as a percentage.
Therefore, the dividend yield of the company with given earnings per share, cash dividends per share, and market price per share is 3.2%.
The dividend yield of a company is calculated as follows: Dividend yield = (Annual dividend per share / Market price per share) × 100
The company's cash dividend per share is given as $0.82. Hence, the annual dividend per share will be calculated as follows:
Annual dividend per share = Cash dividend per share × Frequency of dividend payments per year= $0.82 × 4 (quarterly payments in a year)= $3.28The earnings per share of the company are given as $4.54.
The market price per share of the company is given as $25.75.Now, we can calculate the dividend yield of the company.
Dividend yield = (Annual dividend per share / Market price per share) × 100= ($3.28 / $25.75) × 100= 0.1279 × 100= 12.79%
Thus, the dividend yield of the company is 12.79%.
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discuss the conflict of interest which may arise between two
oil-producing cartel members if one member holds a significantly
large amount of reserves than the other member?
if one member country has a significantly larger reserve of oil than another member of a cartel such as OPEC, conflicts of interest can arise. The member country with more reserves may try to manipulate oil prices, which can lead to a decline in profits for other member countries.
The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a cartel made up of oil-producing countries. A conflict of interest may arise between two oil-producing cartel members if one member has significantly more reserves than the other. Such as OPEC, oil prices are set artificially higher by restricting the production of oil. This is done by setting production quotas for each member country. If a member country has a larger reserve of oil than another, it can withstand an extended period of low oil prices. It can also increase its production more than the other members, which can lead to conflict within the cartel, as other members may feel that the member with a larger reserve is unfairly benefitting.OPEC's purpose is to regulate the oil market to ensure fair prices for both the producers and consumers of oil. A member country with significantly more reserves than another could use its position to try to manipulate prices to its benefit. If a country decides to produce more oil than it has been allocated, it can cause oil prices to fall. This can lead to a decline in profits for other member countries that do not have the same level of reserves.In conclusion, if one member country has a significantly larger reserve of oil than another member of a cartel such as OPEC, conflicts of interest can arise. The member country with more reserves may try to manipulate oil prices, which can lead to a decline in profits for other member countries.
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About Engineering Economy
A farmer has 8ha of agricultural land, the farmer will plant the land with rice and corn.
From 1 ha of rice plants can be harvested 3 tons of rice, while from 1 ha of corn plants can be harvested 4 tons of corn.
This farmer wants to get a yield of not less than 30 tons. If the cost of planting 1 ha of rice plants is 500 thousand and the cost of planting 1 ha of corn is 600 thousand,
Question :
then what is the minimum cost that must be paid by the farmer?
The minimum cost that must be paid by the farmer is 4.8 million.
To calculate the minimum cost, we need to determine the optimal allocation of land between rice and corn to achieve a yield of at least 30 tons.
Let's assume x represents the area (in hectares) allocated to rice plants and (8-x) represents the area allocated to corn plants. The total yield can be expressed as 3x (tons of rice) + 4(8-x) (tons of corn).
To meet the condition of a minimum yield of 30 tons, we can set up the following equation:
3x + 4(8-x) ≥ 30
Simplifying the equation:
3x + 32 - 4x ≥ 30
-x ≥ -2
x ≤ 2
Since x represents the area allocated to rice plants, the maximum value for x is 2 hectares.
To minimize the cost, the farmer should allocate 2 hectares to rice and (8-2) = 6 hectares to corn.
The total cost is calculated as follows:
Cost of rice plantation = 2 hectares x 500 thousand = 1 million
Cost of corn plantation = 6 hectares x 600 thousand = 3.6 million
Therefore, the minimum cost that must be paid by the farmer is 1 million + 3.6 million = 4.8 million.
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Question 2 Quantity Price Average Total Cost 0 $5 4 $4 $2.00 8 $3 $1.50 12 $2 $1.50 16 $1 $1.62 20 $0 $1.80 The marginal revenue of this monopolist when they produce 16 units is [Select] The marginal cost of this monopolist when they produce 8 units is [Select] The profit-maximizing level of production is [Select] The profit of this monopolist when they produce 16 units is [Select] 4 pts
The marginal revenue at 16 units: $1
The marginal cost at 8 units: $3
The profit-maximizing level of production: 12 units
The profit at 16 units: $4
- Marginal revenue is the change in total revenue when one additional unit is produced. At 16 units, the total revenue is $16, and at 17 units, the total revenue is $17, resulting in a marginal revenue of $1 ($17 - $16).
- Marginal cost is the change in total cost when one additional unit is produced. At 8 units, the total cost is $12 ($1.50 average total cost * 8 units), and at 9 units, the total cost is $15 ($1.50 average total cost * 9 units), resulting in a marginal cost of $3 ($15 - $12).
- The profit-maximizing level of production is determined by comparing marginal revenue and marginal cost. The monopolist should produce until marginal revenue equals marginal cost. In this case, it occurs at 12 units.
- Profit is calculated by subtracting total cost from total revenue. At 16 units, the total revenue is $16, and the total cost is $26 ($1.62 average total cost * 16 units), resulting in a profit of -$10 ($16 - $26).
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Ltd. is a factory located in a remote village. Recently, due to limited electricity supply, its production and sales volume has dropped from the normal level of 30,000 units to 8,000 units per month. A Ltd. was told that the electricity shortage will continue for the next 3 months; therefore, it is contemplating to close down the factory for the next 3 months. If it does close down the factory, its fixed manufacturing overhead costs will be reduced by $45,000 per month and its fixed selling costs will decrease by 10%. However, the factory restart after the 3-month closure will incur $8,000 in total. The current selling price of its product is $22 per unit, variable costs are $14 per unit, fixed manufacturing overhead costs are $150,000 per month, and fixed selling costs are $30,000 per month. Required: (Round to 2 decimal places, Show workings) (1) Should A Ltd. close down its factory for 3 months? Why? Support your answer with calculations
A Ltd. should not close down its factory for 3 months. To determine whether A Ltd. should close down its factory for 3 months, we need to compare the costs and benefits of doing so.
First, let's calculate the total cost per unit:
Total cost per unit = variable cost per unit + (fixed manufacturing overhead costs + fixed selling costs)/number of units produced
Total cost per unit = $14 + ($150,000 + $30,000)/30,000
Total cost per unit = $19
With the current selling price of $22 per unit, A Ltd. is making a profit of $3 per unit.
Now, let's consider the costs and benefits of closing down the factory for 3 months.
If A Ltd. closes down the factory for 3 months, it will save $45,000 per month in fixed manufacturing overhead costs and 10% of its fixed selling costs, which is $3,000 per month.
The total cost savings for the 3-month period would be:
Total cost savings = 3 x ($45,000 + $3,000)
Total cost savings = $144,000
However, A Ltd. will also incur a restart cost of $8,000 after the 3-month closure.
If A Ltd. continues production for the next 3 months, based on the current production level of 8,000 units per month, it will generate a total revenue of:
Total revenue = 8,000 x $22 x 3
Total revenue = $1,584,000
The total cost of producing 24,000 units during the 3-month period would be:
Total cost = 24,000 x $19
Total cost = $456,000
The profit generated from continuing production for the next 3 months would be:
Profit = Total revenue - Total cost
Profit = $1,584,000 - $456,000
Profit = $1,128,000
Based on the above calculations, it is more beneficial for A Ltd. to continue production for the next 3 months rather than closing down the factory. The profit generated from continuing production for the next 3 months is $1,128,000, which is higher than the cost savings from closing down the factory ($144,000) minus the restart cost of $8,000, which is a total of $136,000. Therefore, A Ltd. should not close down its factory for 3 months.
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what accounts for the large density differences between the terrestrial and jovian planets
Terrestrial planets are rocky and small, while jovian planets are gaseous and massive, resulting in significant density differences. Terrestrial planets have higher densities due to their composition of heavier elements, while jovian planets have lower densities due to their primarily gaseous composition.
The large density differences between terrestrial and jovian planets are due to the following:Terrestrial planets are rocky and small, whereas jovian planets are gaseous and massive, accounting for the significant density variations between the two types of planets. The terrestrial planets are made up of a rocky composition, which typically includes a metallic core surrounded by a rocky mantle. The jovian planets, on the other hand, are mostly gaseous, with a liquid and metallic hydrogen core and a large atmosphere containing hydrogen, helium, and other gases.As a result of the lower density of hydrogen and helium, jovian planets have less mass than terrestrial planets, despite being larger. The larger mass of the solid terrestrial planets causes them to have a higher density than the less dense, gaseous jovian planets.The composition of each type of planet also affects their density, with terrestrial planets being made up of heavier elements and having higher densities. The jovian planets, which are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, are less dense than the terrestrial planets, which are primarily composed of heavier elements.
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A firm has cost function c(L,K) = wL + rK with a production function p(L,K) = ALα Kβ. The firm wishes to produce P units. Set up the Lagrange equation and find the first order conditions.
The first-order conditions for the given function are AαKβ/λw = L and AβLαKβ-1/λr = K.
Cost function of a firmThe cost function of a firm is c(L, K) = wL + rK, where w is the wage rate, r is the rental rate, L is labor, and K is capital.
A production function is p(L, K) = ALα Kβ, where A is the total factor productivity, α is the capital’s elasticity of the production function, β is the labor’s elasticity of the production function. A firm wishes to produce P units by choosing the amount of labor and capital to hire.
The Lagrange equation is:L = ALα Kβ - λ(wL + rK - C)Where C is the cost function of a firm.λ is the Lagrange multiplier.α and β are the capital’s elasticity of the production function and labor’s elasticity of the production function, respectively.
Now we differentiate the equation L with respect to L, K, and λ.∂L/∂L = AαKβ - λw (1)∂L/∂K = AβLαKβ-1 - λr (2)∂L/∂λ = wL + rK - C (3)
Set Equations (1) and (2) equal to zero for the first-order condition.AαKβ/λw = L (4)AβLαKβ-1/λr = K (5)
By multiplying Equations (4) and (5), we get:
LK = Aα+βKβLα/λ²wr = P/λ²wrλ = [P/ALα+β Kβα]½
Substitute λ in Equations (4) and (5) to get the optimal choice of L and K:
L = α[P/ALα+β Kβα]½K = β[P/ALα+β Kβα]½
Set the optimal choice of L and K in Equation (3) to get the optimal price C*= ALα+β [P/ALα+β Kβα]½
In conclusion, the first-order conditions for the given function are AαKβ/λw = L and AβLαKβ-1/λr = K.
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Under flexible exchange rates and perfect capital mobility
a. monetary policy is ineffective while fiscal policy is very effective in changing the level of output
b. monetary and fiscal policy are both fairly ineffective in changing the level of output
c. monetary and fiscal policy have to be carefully coordinated if the level of output needs to be changed
d. monetary and fiscal policy are both very effective in changing the level of output
e. monetary policy is effective while fiscal policy is ineffective in changing the level of output"
Under flexible exchange rates and perfect capital mobility, the correct answer is (b) monetary policy and fiscal policy are both fairly ineffective in changing the level of output.
Monetary policy refers to actions taken by a central bank to manage the money supply and interest rates, while fiscal policy involves government spending and taxation. In this scenario, under flexible exchange rates and perfect capital mobility, both monetary and fiscal policy have limited effectiveness in changing the level of output. In a situation of perfect capital mobility, capital flows freely across borders, allowing investors to quickly adjust their investments based on interest rate differentials. This means that changes in domestic interest rates resulting from monetary policy actions are offset by capital flows, minimizing the impact on output.
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Consider a project with free cash flows in one year of $133 506 in a weak market or $198 184 in a strong market, with each outcome being equally likely. The initial investment required for the project is $110 000, and the project's unlevered cost of capital is 17%. The risk-free interest rate is 12%. (Assume no taxes or distress costs.) a. What is the NPV of this project? b. Suppose that to raise the funds for the initial investment, the project is sold to investors as an all-equity firm. The equity holders will receive the cash flows of the project in one year. How much money can be raised in this way that is, what is the initial market value of the unlevered equity? c. Suppose the initial $110 000 is instead raised by borrowing at the risk-free interest rate. What are the cash flows of the levered equity in a weak market and a strong market at the end of year 1, and what is its initial market value of the levered equity according to MM?
a. The NPV of the project can be calculated by discounting the expected cash flows at the project's unlevered cost of capital and subtracting the initial investment.
b. If the project is sold to investors as an all-equity firm, the initial market value of the unlevered equity would be the present value of the expected cash flows.
c. If the initial investment is raised by borrowing at the risk-free interest rate, the cash flows of the levered equity in a weak market and a strong market can be determined by subtracting the interest expense from the cash flows of the project. The initial market value of the levered equity according to MM would be the present value of the expected levered equity cash flows.
a. To calculate the NPV of the project, we discount the expected cash flows at the project's unlevered cost of capital and subtract the initial investment. The NPV can be calculated as follows:
NPV = [0.5 * ($133,506 / (1 + 17%))] + [0.5 * ($198,184 / (1 + 17%))] - $110,000
b. If the project is sold to investors as an all-equity firm, the initial market value of the unlevered equity would be the present value of the expected cash flows. Since the cash flows are equally likely, we can calculate the initial market value as:
Initial Market Value of Unlevered Equity = [0.5 * ($133,506 / (1 + 17%))] + [0.5 * ($198,184 / (1 + 17%))]
c. If the initial investment is raised by borrowing at the risk-free interest rate, the cash flows of the levered equity in a weak market and a strong market can be determined by subtracting the interest expense from the cash flows of the project. The levered equity cash flows would be:
Levered Equity Cash Flow in Weak Market = ($133,506 - Interest Expense)
Levered Equity Cash Flow in Strong Market = ($198,184 - Interest Expense)
According to Modigliani-Miller (MM) theorem, in the absence of taxes and distress costs, the initial market value of the levered equity would be the same as the initial market value of the unlevered equity.
In all three cases (unlevered equity, levered equity, and all-equity firm), the present values of the expected cash flows or levered equity cash flows are calculated using the appropriate discount rate.
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Inventory order is placed when __________
o a Only when projected or actual on hand stocks value is positive. o b. None of these o c Only when projected or actual on hand stocks are higher than the safety stock o d. Only when projected or actual stocks on hand is below zero
The correct answer to the question is option C Only when projected or actual on hand stocks are higher than the safety stock, which states that inventory order is placed only when projected or actual on hand stocks are higher than the safety stock.
Safety stock refers to the buffer inventory that a company maintains to safeguard against stockouts due to unexpected fluctuations in demand or supply chain disruptions.
Maintaining safety stock is essential for ensuring that the company can fulfill customer orders even during times of high demand or supply chain disruptions. However, holding too much safety stock can lead to excess inventory, tying up valuable capital and storage space. Therefore, inventory order should be placed only when the projected or actual on hand stocks are higher than the safety stock level.
This approach helps companies strike a balance between ensuring that they have enough inventory to meet demand while avoiding excess inventory costs. By monitoring inventory levels regularly and placing orders when required, companies can optimize their inventory management and ensure efficient operations.
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FILL THE BLANK. "Question 16
By the late 1940s, a majority of leadership research was
focused on the ______.
methods used to achieve decisions rather than the
outcomes of leader decisions
analysis of leade"
By the late 1940s, a majority of leadership research was focused on the analysis of leader's decisions more than the outcomes of leader decisions.
There was a significant increase in leadership studies after World War II. Researchers were attempting to comprehend what made a great leader, how to identify one, and how to teach individuals to become effective leaders.The analysis of leader decisions was given more emphasis over the outcomes of leader decisions in the late 1940s as there was a need for understanding how leaders make their decisions. The primary objective was to determine how leaders interacted with their subordinates, what techniques they utilized, and how effective they were.There was also a growing focus on contingency theory, which posits that a leader's performance is determined by the particular circumstance in which they are leading. As a result, the most effective approach may vary depending on the context.The study of leadership continued to develop as researchers continued to ask inquiries and look for new ways to define leadership. Answer: The majority of leadership research was focused on the analysis of leader decisions more than the outcomes of leader decisions by the late 1940s.
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Use the following to answer questions 71-74: Pohl Company uses a standard cost system in which manufacturing overhead is applied to units of product on the basis of standard machine-hours. For June, the company's manufacturing overhead flexible budget showed the following total budgeted costs at a denominator activity level of 20,000 machine-hours: Variable overhead costs (total): Maintenance. $16,000 Utilities. $10,000 Fixed overhead costs (total): Supervision..... $20,500 Depreciation. $9,500 During June, 17,000 machine-hours were used to complete 13,000 units of product, and the following actual total overhead costs were incurred: Variable overhead costs (total): Maintenance. $14,620 Utilities...... $10,710 Fixed overhead costs (total): $19,320 Supervision... Depreciation. $9,500 At standard, each unit of finished product requires 1.4 hours of machine time. 71. The variable overhead spending variance for maintenance cost for June was A) $1,020 F B) $1,020 U C) $3,230 F D) $3,230 U
In June, Pohl Company incurred actual overhead costs and used machine-hours to produce units of product.
The company also had a flexible budget for manufacturing overhead costs based on a denominator activity level of 20,000 machine-hours. The variable overhead spending variance for maintenance cost needs to be determined.
To calculate the variable overhead spending variance for maintenance cost, we need to compare the actual cost incurred with the budgeted cost at the denominator activity level.
The budgeted cost for maintenance at the denominator activity level is $16,000. The actual cost incurred for maintenance is $14,620.
To calculate the variable overhead spending variance, we subtract the actual cost from the budgeted cost:
$16,000 - $14,620 = $1,380
Since the actual cost is less than the budgeted cost, the variable overhead spending variance is unfavorable.
The answer options provided are in terms of favorable (F) or unfavorable (U) variances. Therefore, the correct answer is option A) $1,020 F, indicating a favorable variance of $1,020 for the maintenance cost in June.
The variable overhead spending variance represents the difference between the actual cost incurred and the budgeted cost, and it provides insights into the efficiency and control of variable overhead expenses.
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question: a. Define what a public good is? Why is it argued that public goods need to be provided through government funding? 8 marks b. What would a firm do if at the current output level Marginal Revenue was greater than Marginal Cost (MR > MC)? Explain your answer. 5 marks c. With the aid of the appropriate diagram, show how the market equilibrium is different when there is perfect competition compared to when there is a monopoly. 12 marks d. Can a firm operating in a perfectly competitive market ever make supernormal profits? Explain with the aid of the appropriate diagram. 15 marks
a. A public good is defined as a commodity or market service that is not excludable and non-rivalrous. Non-excludability implies that the service or good is available to anyone, and it is impossible to exclude them from using it.
Hence, in order to maximize profits, a firm would increase its output when MR is greater than MC. In a perfectly competitive market, equilibrium occurs at the point where the supply curve intersects the demand curve. The equilibrium price and quantity are determined by the intersection of the demand and supply curves. In contrast, in a monopoly, the equilibrium price and quantity are determined by the intersection of the demand curve and the marginal revenue curve. As a result, the equilibrium price in a monopoly is higher than in perfect competition, and the quantity produced is lower. The reason for this is that a monopoly has market power, which allows it to charge a higher price and produce less output than a competitive market. d. In a perfectly competitive market, firms can only make normal profits in the long run. This is because firms in a perfectly competitive market are price takers and cannot influence the market price. Any firm that tries to charge a higher price will lose customers to its competitors. In the long run, firms will enter or exit the market until profits are reduced to normal levels. Therefore, a firm operating in a perfectly competitive market can never make supernormal profits in the long run, as shown in the diagram below.
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aximum willingness Customer to pay Suppose that a small-town theater has six potential customers and is looking to implement price discrimination depending on when customers want to attend. Suppose the marginal cost of serving an additional customer is $1.50. The data provide information about the time of attendance and willingness to pay for a ticket. Brandon Tyler Austin $2 $30 $15 $6 $20 $14 Time of attendance matinee evening evening matinee evening matince Alexis Ashley Emily What should the theater charge for evening tickets? What should the theater charge for matinee tickets?
To determine the optimal pricing strategy for the theater, we need to consider the customers' willingness to pay and set prices that maximize revenue while covering the marginal cost.
Based on the given data, the following are the customers' willingness to pay for tickets:
Brandon: Evening - $30, Matinee - $2
Tyler: Evening - $15, Matinee - $6
Austin: Evening - $20, Matinee - $14
Alexis: Evening - $N/A, Matinee - $30
Ashley: Evening - $N/A, Matinee - $15
Emily: Evening - $N/A, Matinee - $20
To implement price discrimination, the theater can charge different prices for evening and matinee tickets. The goal is to maximize revenue.
For evening tickets, the theater should set the price as high as the customer with the lowest willingness to pay, which is $15 (Tyler). Charging this price ensures that all customers willing to pay $15 or more will purchase tickets, maximizing revenue.
For matinee tickets, the theater should set the price as high as the customer with the lowest willingness to pay, which is $2 (Brandon). Charging this price ensures that all customers willing to pay $2 or more will purchase tickets, maximizing revenue.
Therefore, the theater should charge $15 for evening tickets and $2 for matinee tickets to implement price discrimination and maximize revenue.
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9.11 Suppose you hold a portfolio composed of four stocks where b = 1, b₂ = 1.5, b₁ = 2, and b. = 2.4. You invest equally in these four stocks. What is your portfolio's beca? ng 6-5
The portfolio's beta (βp) is 1.725. The portfolio is considered aggressive as it has a beta value greater than 1.
The beta for a portfolio (βp) is the weighted average of the betas of individual stocks (βs). In the given portfolio, it is required to calculate the portfolio's beta if it is composed of four stocks where the betas are b = 1, b2 = 1.5, b1 = 2, and b4 = 2.4 and the investment is equal for all stocks. The portfolio beta can be calculated using the following formula:
βp = Σwiβi where,wi = weight of stock iβi = beta of stock i
The weight of each stock can be calculated by dividing the amount invested in that stock by the total amount invested. Here, we are investing equally in each stock, therefore, the weight of each stock will be 1/4 or 0.25. Now, substitute the given values in the formula and solve for βp.βp = (0.25 x 1) + (0.25 x 1.5) + (0.25 x 2) + (0.25 x 2.4)βp = 0.25(1 + 1.5 + 2 + 2.4)βp = 0.25(6.9)βp = 1.725
Therefore, the portfolio's beta (βp) is 1.725. The portfolio is considered aggressive as it has a beta value greater than 1.
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Explain the following terms. a. Pre-acquisition retained profits b. Post-acquisition retained profits c. Goodwill d. Bargain purchases e. Minority interest
Pre-acquisitiοn retained prοfits refer tο the accumulated prοfits οf a cοmpany that are retained οr reinvested befοre it is acquired by anοther entity.
What is prοfits ?In ecοnοmics, prοfit is the difference between revenue that an ecοnοmic entity has received frοm its οutputs and tοtal cοsts οf its inputs. It is equal tο tοtal revenue minus tοtal cοst, including bοth explicit and implicit cοsts.
a. Pre-acquisitiοn retained prοfits:Pre-acquisitiοn retained prοfits refer tο the accumulated prοfits οf a cοmpany that are retained οr reinvested befοre it is acquired by anοther entity. These prοfits are generated thrοugh the cοmpany's οperatiοns and are nοt distributed tο sharehοlders as dividends. Pre-acquisitiοn retained prοfits are cοnsidered part οf the cοmpany's equity and are typically included in the calculatiοn οf its net wοrth οr bοοk value.
b. Pοst-acquisitiοn retained prοfits:Pοst-acquisitiοn retained prοfits, alsο knοwn as pοst-acquisitiοn earnings, are the accumulated prοfits that are retained by a cοmpany after it has been acquired by anοther entity. These prοfits are generated after the acquisitiοn takes place and are retained fοr future use οr reinvestment in the business.
c. Gοοdwill:
Gοοdwill is an intangible asset that represents the excess οf the purchase price οf an acquired cοmpany οver the fair value οf its identifiable net assets. It arises when οne cοmpany acquires anοther at a price higher than the sum οf the fair values οf its identifiable assets (such as prοperty, plant, equipment, and inventοry) and assumes its liabilities.
d. Bargain purchases:
A bargain purchase οccurs when an acquiring cοmpany purchases anοther cοmpany's assets οr equity fοr a price significantly lοwer than their fair value. In οther wοrds, the acquiring cοmpany pays less than what the acquired cοmpany's assets are wοrth.
e. Minοrity interest:
Minοrity interest, alsο knοwn as nοn-cοntrοlling interest (NCI), refers tο the οwnership οr equity interest in a subsidiary cοmpany that is nοt οwned by the parent cοmpany. When a parent cοmpany acquires a cοntrοlling interest (mοre than 50% οwnership) in a subsidiary, the remaining οwnership stake held by οther investοrs is classified as minοrity interest.
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When there is a negative network externality for a good, the demand for that good A. will be less elastic than it would have been without the negative network externality. B. will be just as elastic as it would have been without the negative network externality. C. may have a degree of elasticity that is more, less or the same as it would have without the negative network externality. D. will be more elastic than it would have been without the negative network externality. Suppose a statistical study finds that the demand for Brand X automobile tires is Q = 800 - 5P, where Q is the number of Brand X tires sold per year (in thousands of tires), and P is the price per tire. How confident would you be that this is an accurate equation for Brand X tire demand? A. Not very confident because methods other than statistical studies are better at estimating demand equations. B. Very confident because statistical studies are very accurate. C. Not very confident because other factors affecting the sales of tires have been left out of the equation. D. Very confident because the negative sign in front of price (P) means the demand curve has a negative slope, as it should.
C. may have a degree of elasticity that is more, less or the same as it would have without the negative network externality.When there is a negative network externality for a good,
it means that the value or utility of consuming that good decreases for other individuals in the network as more people consume it. This can affect the demand for the good and its elasticity.The impact of a negative network externality on demand elasticity depends on various factors, including the specific characteristics of the good, the nature of the externality, and consumer preferences. It is not possible to determine a definite relationship between negative network externality and demand elasticity without considering these factors. In some cases, a negative network externality may make the demand for the good less elastic. This could occur if the externality leads to increased dependence or lock-in effects, where consumers find it difficult to switch to alternative goods due to network effects. In such cases, the demand becomes less responsive to changes in price or other factors.
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What is the present value of a 10-year annuity of $2,500 per year; i = 4%. Present value $ .............
The present value of a 10-year annuity of $2,500 per year with an interest rate of 4% is approximately $20,880.
To calculate the present value of an annuity, we use the formula:
PV = PMT ×[tex][(1 - (1 + r)^{(-n))} / r][/tex]
Where PV is the present value, PMT is the annual payment, r is the interest rate per period, and n is the number of periods.
In this case, the annual payment (PMT) is $2,500, the interest rate (r) is 4% (or 0.04 as a decimal), and the number of periods (n) is 10 years.
Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
PV = $2,500 × [tex][(1 - (1 + 0.04)^{(-10))} / 0.04][/tex]
= $2,500 × [tex][(1 - (1.04)^{(-10))} / 0.04][/tex]
= $2,500 × [(1 - 0.67556404) / 0.04]
= $2,500 × [0.32443596 / 0.04]
= $2,500 × 8.110899
≈ $20,880
Therefore, the present value of the 10-year annuity is approximately $20,880.
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Lemma: Let (X0, X1, X2, . . .) be a Markov chain with state-space S = {1, 2, . . . , n} and transition matrix P.
Let w = (w1,w2, . . . ,wn) be a probability vector.
Then w is a limiting distribution for the Markov chain if and only if for any initial distribution µ (0), the distributions µ (t) satisfy µ (t) → w as t → [infinity].
The given lemma states that if w = (w1,w2, . . . ,wn) is a probability vector, then w is a limiting distribution for a Markov chain (X0, X1, X2, . . .) with state-space S = {1, 2, . . . , n} and transition matrix P, if and only if, for any initial distribution µ(0), the distributions µ(t) converge to w as t → ∞.
In other words, the limiting distribution of a Markov chain is the probability distribution to which the state of the Markov chain converges as the number of transitions goes to infinity. The convergence is independent of the initial state of the Markov chain. If w is the limiting distribution, then we can say that P^t converges to the matrix whose columns are w. This lemma is useful for analyzing long-term behavior of a Markov chain, especially when it is not feasible to compute the probabilities of the Markov chain for a large number of transitions.
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What would be the break even point for Sunland Co.?
What would the level of sales be if Carla Vista Co. wants make
$500,000 before taxes in operating income?
Answer in $ for both.
Thanks in advance :)
The break-even point for Sunland Co. would be the level of sales at which its operating income is zero. Both the break-even point and the sales level for Carla Vista Co. will be provided in dollar amounts.
To calculate the break-even point for Sunland Co., we need to determine the level of sales at which the company's operating income is zero. The break-even point occurs when total revenue equals total expenses. At this point, there is no profit or loss. The break-even point can be calculated by dividing the fixed costs by the contribution margin ratio. The contribution margin ratio is the difference between the selling price per unit and the variable cost per unit divided by the selling price per unit. The resulting ratio represents the portion of each dollar of sales that contributes to covering fixed costs.
To calculate the sales level for Carla Vista Co. to achieve $500,000 before taxes in operating income, we need to consider the company's fixed costs, variable costs, and desired operating income. By adding the fixed costs to the desired operating income and dividing the sum by the contribution margin ratio, we can determine the necessary sales level to achieve the desired operating income.
Both the break-even point for Sunland Co. and the sales level for Carla Vista Co. will be provided in dollar amounts.
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the dependence effect involves a distinction between wants that originate in a person and those that are created by outside forces.
t
f
False. The dependence effect involves the idea that wants and desires are not solely determined by individual preferences, but are influenced by external factors such as advertising and marketing.
The dependence effect refers to the phenomenon where people's wants and desires are influenced by external factors, such as advertising and social norms, rather than arising purely from their own personal preferences. This concept highlights the idea that consumer demand is not always driven by genuine needs, but can be manipulated by external forces that shape people's desires and consumption patterns.
The distinction between wants that originate in a person and those that are created by outside forces is not a relevant factor in understanding the dependence effect.
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Excercise #1 (Write the complete procedure) Zenón's farm has 500 acres available for cultivation. The cost of growing corn is $30 per acre. The cost of growing wheat is $70 per acre. If there is $31,000 available for planting and all the money and all the land are to be used, how much of each crop is planted?
Zenon's farm plants 100 acres of corn and 400 acres of wheat to use the entire 500 acres of land and $31,000 in budget.
The following is the complete procedure for the given problem:
Step 1: Define the variables Let's begin by assigning variables to the quantities we don't know.
Let x represent the number of acres of corn planted and y represent the number of acres of wheat planted.
Step 2: Write the equations Next, we'll write two equations using the information provided.
The total number of acres of land that will be used is 500,
so: x + y = 500
The total cost of planting the crops is $31,000, so:30x + 70y = 31,000Step 3: Solve the system.
There are a few methods for solving a system of equations, but substitution is a good choice for this one.
Rearrange the first equation to solve for one variable in terms of the other: x = 500 - y
Now substitute that expression into the second equation:30(500 - y) + 70y = 31,000
Simplify:15,000 - 30y + 70y = 31,000
Combine like terms:40y = 16,000 Solve for y:y = 400 Substitute y = 400 back into either of the original equations to solve for x:x + y = 500x + 400 = 500x = 100
Therefore, Zenon's farm plants 100 acres of corn and 400 acres of wheat to use the entire 500 acres of land and $31,000 in budget.
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1. If a fully amortizing 30-year fixed rate mortgage was
originally taken for $400,000 with a rate of 4%,but now has a
balance of $207,328.77,how many more monthly payments will it take
before it will
To determine how many more monthly payments are needed to pay off the mortgage, we first need to calculate the remaining principal balance.
The original loan amount was $400,000 with a fixed interest rate of 4% over a 30-year term. To calculate the monthly payment, we can use the formula for a fixed-rate fully amortizing mortgage:
Monthly Payment = P * (r * (1 + r)^n) / ((1 + r)^n - 1)
Where:
P = Principal loan amount ($400,000)
r = Monthly interest rate (4% / 12 = 0.003333)
n = Total number of monthly payments (30 years * 12 months = 360 months)
Plugging in the values:
Monthly Payment = $400,000 * (0.003333 * (1 + 0.003333)^360) / ((1 + 0.003333)^360 - 1)
Monthly Payment ≈ $1,909.66
Next, we need to calculate the remaining number of monthly payments based on the current balance of $207,328.77. We can rearrange the formula to solve for the number of payments:
Remaining Number of Payments = -log(1 - (r * Principal) / Monthly Payment) / log(1 + r)
Plugging in the values:
Remaining Number of Payments = -log(1 - (0.003333 * $207,328.77) / $1,909.66) / log(1 + 0.003333)
Remaining Number of Payments ≈ 124.43
Since the number of payments represents the number of full months, we round up to the nearest whole number to account for the partial month:
Remaining Number of Payments ≈ 125
Therefore, it will take approximately 125 more monthly payments to fully pay off the mortgage.
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If a fully amortizing 30-year fixed rate mortgage was originally taken for $400,000 with a rate of 4%,but now has a balance of $207,328.77,how many more monthly payments will it take before it will be paid off?
Sunland Corp. is a manufacturer of truck trailers. On January 1, 2021, Sunland Corp. leases 11 trailers to Cheyenne Company under a 6-year noncancelable lease agreement. The following information about the lease and the trailers is provided: 1. Equal annual payments that are due on January 1 each year provide Sunland Corp. with an 10% return on net investment. 2. Titles to the trailers pass to Cheyenne at the end of the lease. 3. The fair value of each trailer is $50,000. The cost of each trailer to Sunland Corp. is $46,100. Each trailer has an expected useful life of nine years. 4. Collectibility of the lease payments is probable. Prepare a lease amortization schedule for Sunland Corp. for the first three years. (Round answers to 0 decimal places e.g. 5,275.)
for the first three years:
Year | Lease Payment | Interest on Net Investment | Net Investment Recovery | Net Investment ------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | --------
2021 | $55,000 | $4,610 | $50,390 | $46,100 2022 | $55,000 | $4,610 | $50,390 | $41,490
2023 | $55,000 | $4,149 | $50,851 | $36,639
The following steps were used to prepare the schedule:
1. The present value of the lease payments was calculated using a discount rate of 10%. The present value of an ordinary annuity of $55,000 for 6 years at 10% is $246,100. 2. The net investment is the present value of the lease payments less the cost of the assets leased. In this case, the net investment is $246,100 - $46,100 = $199,000.
3. The lease payment is divided into two components: interest on the net investment and net investment recovery. The interest on the net investment is calculated by multiplying the net investment by the discount rate. In this case, the interest on the net investment for 2021 is $46,100 * 10% = $4,610. 4. The net investment recovery is the difference between the lease payment and the interest on the net investment. In this case, the net investment recovery for 2021 is $55,000 - $4,610 = $50,390.
5. The net investment is reduced by the net investment recovery each year. In this case, the net investment is reduced by $50,390 in 2021.
The lease amortization schedule shows that Sunland Corp. will earn an 10% return on its investment in the lease. The net investment will be fully recovered by the end of the lease term.
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