autoimmunity.The immune system might mistakenly attack the body's natural tissue on occasion.
What brings about autoimmunity?The exact cause of autoimmune disorders is unknown.In the majority of cases, a number of factors, including:Genes that could increase your risk of contracting the illness.If you have the gene, the environment, like a virus, will cause the disease (s).
What autoimmune examples are there?Lupus, arthritis, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis are examples of common ones.Numerous different tissue types and almost every organ in your body are susceptible to autoimmune disorders.Numerous symptoms, including as discomfort, exhaustion, rashes, nausea, migraines, dizziness, and more, may be brought on by them.
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the signaling transduction process includes a. amplification of the signal b. conversion of the original ligand signal to a secondary signaling chemical c. phosphorylation cascades, in many signaling pathways
When an extracellular messenger binds to a cell surface receptor, a process known as signal transduction takes place that results in modifications to the cell's biochemistry, cell biology, and gene transcription that enable the cell to react to the information it has just been given.
What does signal transduction entail?the process by which a cell responds to substances outside the cell by using signaling molecules that are present both inside and on the cell's surface.
How does signal transduction work?The transfer of chemical signals from a cell's exterior to its interior is referred to as signal transduction (also called cell signaling). For cells to respond appropriately, signals must be successfully transferred into the cell. Cell-surface receptors start this process.
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A Venn diagram comparing DNA and Genes
DNA and genes are both made up of the same nucleotides, and the gene is present on the DNA, but not all the DNA is in the gene segment. The gene codes for a certain character.
What are the similarities and differences between DNA and genes?The DNA has the gene, and the exons parts of the gene code for the trait, while the DNA and gene are both made up of nucleotides. The gene undergoes the transcription process for the expression of the trait, and the genes present in the euchromatin do this. The heterochromatin can't take part in this transcription process.
Hence, DNA and genes are both made up of the same nucleotides, and the gene is present on the DNA, but not all the DNA is in the gene segment. The gene codes for a certain character.
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the code is nonoverlapping, meaning that, assuming standard translation, a given base participates in the specification of one and only one amino acid.
The genetic code is nonoverlapping, meaning that, assuming standard translation, a given base participates in the specification of one and only one amino acid. The statement is true.
The term "genetic code" refers to the instructions given by a gene to a cell on how to produce a certain protein. When predicting the amino acid sequence of a protein from genetic material, the genetic code is helpful.
Given that the genetic code is the generator, it is possible that there be multiple Gordons. This is one of the questions. Here, we discuss whether a given assertion is true or false. More than one general can use the same minor acid, otherwise they couldn't. With the exception of the two and the majority of their minor sits, the minor assets such as as particles, acid glue, atomic accident, valine, el anin, and Matthew ning are all moving. Only the one genetic code that is hidden includes the two minor sets; the other minor sets are not included.
Therefore, the statement given in the question is true
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under the right growing conditions, a particular species of plant has a doubling time of a month and a half. suppose a field containes 46 plants of this species to start in april. how many plants will there be in september
While many gardens may begin to slow down in September, the growing season is just beginning in the southern parts of the United States. You can continue to sow quick-growing crops in September to keep your vegetable garden producing well.
If so, do they bloom in September?Fall flower seeds are best planted in September. This fall, a variety of plants can be planted to begin blooming in the early spring.
Which blooms are popular in September?It blooms in a variety of hues, including purple, white, red, and pink, and different flower colors denote different meanings. According to Greek mythology, the Greek goddess Astraea's tears are thought to be the source of asters.
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which is an effect of aging on upper and lower urinary tract function? acid-base balance increased blood flow to the kidney increased glomerular filtration rate susceptibility to develop hypernatremia
An effect of aging on upper and lower urinary tract function is susceptibility to develop hypernatremia.
So, the correct option is D.
Elderly people are more likely to develop hypernatremia. These patients frequently have acid-base imbalances, a reduced glomerular filtration rate, and decreased blood supply to the kidneys. Kidney and bladder difficulties, such as urinary retention, leakage, or urinary incontinence (inability to contain pee), are more likely to develop as we age, including UTIs of the bladder and other types.
The kidneys' capacity to rid the bloodstream of waste is reduced when blood flow to them declines. Incontinence and nocturia may result from a person's lack of bladder and sphincter muscle control.
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few adult workers, brood pattern is spotty, drone brood or drone adults are not necessarily present
This is a adult workers symptom that can be present in colonies. For a detailed example, see bee colonies. In bee colonies, they have workers that lay eggs but no queen. Since worker bees are female and have ovaries, they can lay eggs if the colony goes for a long period of time without a queen. But they will only be able to produce infertile eggs.
Why are worker bees considered female?Workers are nevertheless considered female for anatomical and genetic reasons. Genetically, a worker bee does not differ from a queen bee and can even become a laying worker bee, but in most species will produce only male (drone) offspring.The hive will likely be at its busiest during the summer, with between 20,000 and 50,000 bees. The majority of these bees are referred to as "workers," and they are infertile females who spend their entire lives collecting food, making wax cells, and filling those cells with honey and pollen.Learn more about bee colonies here: brainly.com/question/19972646
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polypeptides in the er are usually larger than polypeptides synthesized from the same mrna that have not entered the er
When compared to polypeptides made from the same mRNA but not yet inside the ER, ER-resident polypeptides are typically smaller. On the rough ER, transmembrane proteins for the plasma membrane are synthesised.
In the ER, what happens to polypeptides?Therefore, with the aid of the molecular chaperones that promote the folding of polypeptide chains, these polypeptides fold into their three-dimensional conformations within the ER (see Chapter 7). For instance, BiP, a member of the Hsp70 family of chaperones, is one of the important proteins in the ER lumen.
Which proteins are produced in the crude ER?Whey proteins and casein, two important milk proteins, are among the proteins produced by the rough ER. The Golgi network is used to transport these proteins, which are contained in secretory vesicles or giant micelles.
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common examples of pathogens are pollen and animal hair
False, common examples of pathogens are pollen and animal hair.
An antigen called an allergen causes the immune system to react in an excessively ferocious way to a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body. Allergies are the term for such reactions.
Technically speaking, an allergen is an antigen that, when exposed to atopic persons, can trigger an immunoglobulin E (IgE) response, resulting in a type-I hypersensitivity reaction.
The majority of Immunoglobulin E responses in humans are only activated in response to parasite infections. Some people, however, may react to a variety of widespread environmental antigens. Atopy is the name given to this inherited tendency. Non-parasitic antigens in atopic people cause erroneous IgE production, which results in type I hypersensitivity.
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Question 41 Which of the following is NOT a function of dendrites?
O convey incoming messages toward the cell body
O generate nerve impulses and transmit them away from the cell body
O provide enormous surface area for receiving signals from other neurons
O produce short-distance signals called graded potentials
Create and send nerve impulses away from the cell body, Dendrites, a part of neuron do not perform this function.
This indicates that choice B) is the best one.
How do neurons work? What are they made of?
Neurons are the fundamental constituents of the brain and nervous system (also known as neurons or nerve cells). The cells known as neurons are responsible for receiving sensory data from the outside world, sending commands to our muscles, and converting and relaying electrical signals at various points along the road.
What are the three functions of neurons?
the gathering of signals (or data); the mixing of incoming signals; (to determine whether or not the information should be passed along).
communicate with the target cells (other neurons or muscles or glands)
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What's the difference between primary ciliary dyskinesia and cystic fibrosis?
However, the two diseases have distinct causes: Cystic fibrosis sufferers' cilia, the cellular "brooms" that typically remove mucus from the respiratory tract, fail, leading to PCD.
Can cystic fibrosis be incorrectly diagnosed?Abstract. Seven (4%) of the 179 kids who had been previously diagnosed with cystic fibrosis were later determined not not have the condition. The necessity of a precise sweat test and the need to demonstrate malabsorption or pancreatic abnormalities in order to support the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis are both emphasized.
What is a precursory symptom of cystic fibrosis?Early indications of CF consist of: When kissing their child, many parents experience salty sweat or a salty taste. weight gain and inadequate growth Constant.
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when a certain medicine enters the bloodstream, it gradually dillutes, decreasing expnentially with a half life of 3 days. the initial amount of the medicine in the bloodstream is a of 0 milliliters. what will the amount be 30 days later?
Let's assume that Smith awards this number, which is 20 dates, in this case. Therefore, it will take 20 days for the medication's concentration in the bloodstream to drop to 1%. All done.
How does a drug enter the bloodstream?The bulk of medicines are given orally, where the gastrointestinal tract breaks them down.
What is the time it takes for a medication to enter your bloodstream?After being taken, a pill is typically absorbed into the blood through the stomach walls; while this process can become active in a few minutes, it often takes an hour or two for the blood levels to reach their peak.
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Light passes through the entire thickness of the neural layer of the retina to excite the photoreceptors. (True or False)
Images are directly focused on the rods in the fovea centralis when it is dark outside. When all cones are equally stimulated, all colors are absorbed by the cones, and black is what is seen.
Cones are bright-light, high-discrimination receptors that provide color vision, while rods respond to low-intensity light for night and peripheral vision. High visual acuity is the result of cones responding to high-intensity light while rods are deactivated during light adaptation.
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red-flowering snapdragons are homozygous for allele r1 . white-flowering snapdragons are homozygous for a different allele (r2 ). heterozygous plants (r1r2 ) bear pink flowers. what phenotypes should appear among first-generation offspring of the crosses listed? what are the expected proportions for each phenotype?
First-generation progeny of the crosses described should exhibit the following phenotypes: a) 1/2 red, 1/2 pink; b) all pink; c) 1/4 red, 1/2 pink, 1/4 white; d) 1/2 white, 1/2 pink.
What ratios can be anticipated for each phenotype?Snapdragons exhibit partial dominance for the blossom color trait; the heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype that is in between the two homozygous genotypes.
Potential genotypes and phenotypes include:
R1R1: red
R1R2: rose
White R2R2
What is the first generation's phenotype?Each person acquires one dominant and one recessive allele (Yy) at the time of gamete union in the zygotes of the F1 generation, and as a result, every member of the F1 generation displays the dominant phenotype. The F1 generation was discovered to have a consistent phenotype.
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transport of glucose from the intestine into the intestinal cell is accomplished by a(n) . this is an example of .
Transport of glucose from the intestine into the intestinal cell is accomplished by symporter. this is an example of secondary active transport
Glucose is absorbed through the gut by way of a transepithelial shipping system initiated on the apical membrane via the cotransporter SGLT-1; intracellular glucose is then assumed to diffuse across the basolateral membrane via GLUT2.
Intestinal epithelial cells use lively transport to fulfill their particular function because the cells that transfer glucose from the digested meals to the bloodstream.
Glucose transporters are a extensive group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose throughout the plasma membrane, a procedure referred to as facilitated diffusion
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Why is the muscle of the left ventricle thicker than the muscle of the right ventricle?
The muscle of the left ventricle thicker than the muscle of the right ventricle because blood pump through left ventricle.
The myocardium is thickest withinside the left ventricle, as this chamber ought to create huge strain to pump blood into the aorta and during systemic circulation, Left Ventricle. The left ventricle is the principle powerhouse of the heart, having to pump blood all of the manner across the systemic circulation.
Because of this it has the largest, maximum muscular partitions of any of the chambers. In fact, it's far 3 instances as thick because the proper ventricle.The left ventricle is thicker than the proper ventricle due to the fact the left ventricle has to pump blood into vessels.
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Which of the following cranial nerves carries taste sensation for the base of the tongue?
A. Trigeminal nerve
B. Facial nerve
C. Vagus nerve
D. Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve of the following cranial nerves carries taste sensation for the base of the tongue.
What is Vagus nerve?
The primary nerves of your parasympathetic nervous system are referred to as the vagus nerve or vagal nerves.
Such bodily processes as digestion, heart rate, and the immune system are all under the direction of this system.
What is the vagus nerve's purpose?
Internal organ processes including digestion, heart rate, and respiration are regulated by the vagus nerve, as well as vasomotor activity and some reflex responses like coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting.
What occurs when the vagus nerve is stimulated?
Vagus nerve stimulation is the term for it. The vagus nerve is connected to a device that surgeons implant around the collarbone.
The device stimulates that nerve as it fires, which causes the nerve to send information to the brain. This ups activity in regions that control mood.
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The membrane attack complex (MAC) kills Gram-negative bacteria through opsonization: starving them of nutrients_ the lectin pathway: creating pore on the bacterial membranes antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity; o ADCC.
The membrane attack complex (MAC) kills Gram-negative bacteria through: creating pore on the bacterial membranes
As a result of the activation of the host's complement system, a complex of proteins known as the membrane attack complex (MAC) or terminal complement complex (TCC) is normally generated on the surface of pathogen cell membranes, and as such is an effector of the immune system. , the wowed by the, the wowed by the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, and the, and the, and the, and the When the MAC is assembled, holes are created that damage the target cells' cell membranes, causing cell lysis and death.
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during a follow-up visit to the physician, a client with hyperparathyroidism asks the nurse to explain the physiology of the parathyroid glands. the nurse states that these glands produce parathyroid hormone (pth). pth maintains the balance between calcium and:
Pth maintains the balance between calcium and (d) phosphorus.
Hyperparathyroidism is where the parathyroid glands (in the neck, near the thyroid gland) create too much parathyroid hormone. There are 4 tiny glands that generate this hormone, which helps your body control the calcium levels it requires.
The most frequent symptoms of hyperparathyroidism include persistent fatigue, body pains, difficulty sleeping, bone pain, memory loss, poor focus, depression, and headaches. Parathyroid illness also commonly leads to osteoporosis, kidney stones, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, and kidney failure.
There are three types of hyperparathyroidism: primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Primary Hyperparathyroidism. This type occurs when you have a problem with at least one of your parathyroid glands. ...Secondary Hyperparathyroidism. ...Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism.Learn more about Hyperparathyroidism. to visit this link
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Full Question : During a follow-up visit to the physician, a client with hyperparathyroidism asks the nurse to explain the physiology of the parathyroid glands. The nurse states that these glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH maintains the balance between calcium and:
sodium.
potassium.
magnesium.
phosphorus.
which combinations of hiv therapies would be best, and which would not be as useful? explain the basis of your answer. g
Clinical trials have demonstrated that combination therapy with zidovudine and zalcitabine, zidovudine and didanosine, or zidovudine and lamivudine is more productive than zidovudine monotherapy.
The first combination antiretroviral therapy consisted of two nucleoside analogs. Although a recent study indicated that a protease inhibitor-based combination therapy was superior to a combination of two nucleoside analogs in lowering viral load, the basic idea behind combination therapy hasn't changed: using multiple drugs may delay or prevent the emergence of drug resistance.
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Match the region of the uterine tube with its description.
1. free, funnel-shaped lateral margin
2. expanded region medial to infundibulum
3. extends medially from ampulla to uterus
4. continuous with the uterine wall
-infundibulum
-ampulla
-isthmus
-uterine part
All the region of the uterine tube with its description is below.
What is uterine tube?The uterine tubes or we can say oviducts or fallopian of tubes, are the females structures of that transport to the ova from the ovary in the uterus each month. By the presence of sperm and the fertilization, the uterine tubes transport the fertilized the eggs to the uterus for the implantatio.
1. Free funnel shaped with lateral margin is infundibulum
2 Expanded region medial to infundibulum is ampulla
3.Extend medially from ampulla to uterus is isthimus
4. Continuous with uterine wall is uterine part.
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Queston 25 1.5pts What feature of fats makes them hydrophobic? Fats are large molecules_ Fats are mostly made of carbon and hydrogen which are nonpolar; Fats contain many oxygen atoms: Fats include one glycerol molecule Question 26 1.5 pts All of the following are types of lipids EXCEPT: enzymes steroids phospholipids triglycerides
Feature of fats that makes them hydrophobic is -
Fats are mostly made of carbon and hydrogen which are nonpolar
Fats are hydrophobic (repel water/ water haters) because of long hydrocarbon chains it consists of fatty acid and glycerol.
The long carbon chains is attached to hydrogen and this C-H bond is non polar bond which repels water, this chain is considered to be hydrophobic.
This chain is not water soluble and hence considered as hydrophobic chain, making fats insoluble in water.
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two enzymes, e1 and e2, are both able to catalyze the same chemical reaction. if km1 (for e1) is larger than km2 (for e2), which enzyme has a higher affinity for the substrate?
1. Because Km is inversely related to affinity, E2 has a high affinity for substrate.
E1 has a higher Km value and a lower affinity. E2 has a low Km and a strong affinity.
.High-affinity enzyme ligands are substantially bigger than low-affinity ligands, indicating that the addition of complementary functional groups is likely to boost an enzyme inhibitor's affinity.
Km can be thought of as an approximation of an enzyme's affinity for its substrate: the lower the Km, the higher the affinity. Optimal conditions cannot always be used, and compromises in optimal assay conditions must be made.
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lack of oxygen in cardiac muscle tissue leads to a buildup of lactic acid in the heart. this can lead to a condition of myocardial ischemia, causing a pain in the chest and left arm called
When the heart muscle's supply of oxygen is inadequate in one or more places, a heart attack (myocardial infarction) results.
When the heart muscle's blood supply is restricted, this occurs.
Myocardial infarction, the technical term for a heart attack, is a life-threatening medical emergency in which your heart muscle starts to deteriorate due to inadequate blood flow. This typically results from a blockage in the arteries that carry blood to your heart. A heart attack can result in permanent heart damage and even death if a healthcare professional doesn't quickly restore blood flow.
An emergency that poses a risk to life is a heart attack. Call 911 if you think you're having a heart attack or someone you're with is (or your local emergency services phone number). A delay of even a few minutes might cause irreversible cardiac damage or even death while treating a heart attack.
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In gene expression in eukaryotes, the primary transcript is transported directly to the cytoplasm and prepared for translation. (T/F)
This statement is False because When transcription occurs in eukaryotes, the initial transcript is changed inside the membrane-bound nucleus before being sent to the cytoplasm.
What is transcription, and how does genetics use it?Transcription, which produces RNA from DNA, and Protein, which gives an organism its form, receives genetic information from DNA. The consecutive actions of transcription (turning DNA into RNA) and translation cause this information flow (RNA to protein). When a certain gene product is required at a specific moment or in a specific tissue, transcription takes place.
What steps comprise gene transcription?Initial Step. The double helix of DNA is unzipped by RNA polymerase (initiation)
Next Action. RNA From the nucleotides in the DNA template strand, nucleotides are produced (Elongation)
Step three. When mRNA is produced, it exits the nucleus (termination).
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what is the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and the bloodstream in the lungs called?
what is the purpose of heat fixing? why did the slides need to be heat fixed during the direct stain but not during the negative stain?
Heat fixing kills the bacteria in the smear, firmly adheres the smear to the slide, and allows the sample to more readily take up stains.
Why is heat fixation necessary for straining ?
Heat fixation inactivates viral and bacterial pathogens and is compatible with downstream MALDI mass spectrometry tissue imaging - PMC.
In this method heat is used to help drive the primary stain into the waxy cell walls of these difficult-to-stain cells. The use of heat in this method has been the reason that this technique is called the “hot staining” method.
Heat fixing is used to kill the bacteria on the slide, so the bacteria does not spread. During the negative stain the cells are not stained, the background is so there is no need to kill the bacteria so they do not smear like they would on the direct stain that does stain the cells.
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mark completes posture and dynamic movement assessments which reveal excessive elbow flexion. what muscle group should be lengthened
The correct option is C ; Wrist flexors , Flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris are the two most essential. They both come from the medial epicondyle, where they share a huge tendon of origin with two other flexor muscles, the common flexor tendon.
The flexor carpus radialis, flexor carpus ulnaris, and palmaris longus are the muscles involved. These three muscles start on the cheek, cross the forearm, extend through the wrist through tendons, and insert into the hand bones.
Elbow flexion occurs when your forearm moves toward your body by bending at the elbow. Elbow extension is the inverse movement. The humerus, located in your upper arm, is one of the three bones involved in elbow flexion. ulna, on the forearm's little finger side.
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Full Question ;
Posture and dynamic movement assessments reveal excessive wrist flexion. What muscle group should be lengthened?
A Elbow flexors
B Elbow extensors
C Wrist flexors
D Wrist extensors
true or false? a codon is a group of three bases that can specify more than one amino acid.view available hint(s)for part atrue or false? a codon is a group of three bases that can specify more than one amino acid.truefalse
It is true that a Codon is a trio of nucleotides that can designate many amino acids. Four nucleotides make up the language of DNA and RNA molecules, while 20 amino acids make up the language of protein molecules.
Do three codons equal one amino acid?This proved that the coding unit is made up of three nucleotides. A codon is a triplet of nucleotides that codes for an amino acid. One amino acid is encoded by each set of three nucleotides.
A codon may specify multiple amino acids.Even within a single gene, a codon can spontaneously evolve to code for two different amino acids, with the choice of the inserted amino acid being determined by an RNA structure in the 3′-untranslated region.
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Select the statements that accurately describe antigens:
They are perceived as foreign.
Only whole microbes can serve an antigens.
Proteins are immunogenic antigens.
Antigens provoke an immune response.
The assertions that accurately define antigens are that they are seen as foreign.
What quality does an antigen possess?The majority of antigens have a high molecular weight and are made of proteins or polysaccharides, while they can also be made of lipids, polypeptides, nuclear acids, or other substances. Haptens are low-molecular-weight compounds that have the capacity to elicit an immunological response.
What does an antigen do and what is it called?Your immune system uses antigens as markers to determine whether or not something in your body is hazardous. Viruses, bacteria, cancers, and healthy bodily cells all include antigens.
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1.) Classify each description as applying to either autotrophs or heterotrophs
-rely on other organism for energy
-use inorganic materials to produce energy
-make their own food
-producers
-cannot make their own food
-consumers
-many use photosynthesis to produce organic compounds
-unable to produce organic compounds from inorganic materials
2.) Classify the organisms according to the metabolic process they perform, either cellular respiration, photosynthesis, or both
-dandelions
-seaweed
-frogs
-mold
-tigers
Answer: salmon
Explanation:
Autotrophs make their food through photosynthesis, while heterotrophs depend on autotrophs for food.
What are autotrophs and heterotrophs?Those organisms that make their own through photosynthesis are called autotrophs, while those organisms that don't make their own food and depend on autotrophs are known as heterotrophs.
1) Autotrophs: use inorganic materials to produce energy, and make their own food, producers, and many use photosynthesis to produce organic compounds.
Heterotrophs: cannot make their own food, consumers, unable to produce organic compounds from inorganic materials.
2) Photosynthesis: Dandelions and seaweeds.
Cellular respiration: Frogs, mold, and tigers.
Thus, these are the classification of heterotrophs and autotrophs.
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