A vaccine against HIV proteins made by a genetically engineered vaccinia virus that has infected a eukaryotic cell line is subunit vaccine.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is the virus that affects the immune system of the infected human. If the virus is present in large amounts, they may cause the disease AIDS. The virus can be transmitted through infected blood, from the semen or vaginal discharge of the person, etc.
Subunit vaccine is the one made from proteins or glycoprotein or polysaccharides part of the pathogen. These vaccines are considered to be safer than the whole-pathogen vaccines.
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in receptor-mediated endocytosis, where are the receptors that bind specific molecules located immediately following endocytosis?
The receptors that bind specific molecules located immediately following endocytosis are present on the inside surface of the vesicle.
What are endocytosis?The process of engulfing the substance by breaking the cell membrane is called endocytosis.
Endocytosis is a way substances can enter a cell. That is the very definition of it. Endocytosis is the way that certain substances enter the cell. There are three types: receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis.
2. During endocytosis, an intracellular: vacuole, forms to take in substances. Vacuoles are small vesicles that form when the plasma membrane surrounds a substance that will enter the cell.
Endocytosis may be defined as the cellular process of getting material inside the cells. The materail buds inside the cell, pinched off and taken by the cell. Foreign material and pathogens can be internalized in the cell.
The receptor mediated endocytosis requires the special protein known as clathrin for the internalization of the product. The vesicles forms in this process that contains the material and this material is specific mediated by its receptors. At the end of the process, the receptor move inside the cell and can be recycled for further process.
Thus, the answer is on the inside surface of the vesicle.
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Describe the one-gene, one polypeptide hypothesis and list some of the evidence in favor of it.
Genes specify the structure of enzymes, and each gene encodes the structure of one enzyme .
Many genes accounted for single polypeptide chains of a protein comprised of multiple chains. It states that the function of an individual gene is to made the production of a specific enzyme.
Scientist name Beadle and Tatum proposed this after demonstrating the relationship between genes and enzymes through experiments with Neurospora, which was mutated and grown on different growth mediums. Hence, one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis states that one gene controls the production of only one polypeptide chain of an enzyme molecule.
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What is textual example?.
An example would be that in 1999, out of a factory's total of 5,000 employees, 4,200 were Trade union members.
textual style "Textual form" refers to a text that is conveyed in alphabetical or other understandable characters using any support that allows for reading, recording, and reproduction of the text's information in tangible form.
Textual form refers to a text that is conveyed in alphabetical or other understandable characters using any support that allows for reading, recording, and reproduction of the text's information in tangible form.This approach entails using a paragraph or a series of paragraphs to communicate data.
An inquiry commission's official report is often presented as text.
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Why is it important for the surface area-to-volume-ratio of exchange surfaces to be maximized?.
Strong "driving forces" help to hasten thermodynamic processes that reduce free energy when there is a high surface area to volume ratio.
How significant is the surface area to volume ratio for drug exchange?All areas of the cell are easily accessible, and substances can diffuse in and out at a high rate. Larger creatures need transport mechanisms to carry chemicals, like oxygen, around the body to where they are needed because of their lower surface area: volume ratio.
The maximal cell size is determined by the surface area to volume ratio; why?In addition, because larger cells have a smaller surface area, there is less plasma membrane accessible to transport molecules into and out of the cell. This is the reason why cells' surface area to volume ratio.
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a sinus infection, or sinusitis, can occur when mucus doesn't properly drain from the paransasal sinuses. it accumulates and can become a breeding ground for bacteria. which cranial bones contain sinuses?
The cranial bones that contain the sinuses are: Frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
Cranial bones are the ones that form the head / skull. These bones protect the brain and also provide structural support to the facial bones. The different cranial bones are: the frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, the occipital bone, the sphenoid bone, and the ethmoid bone.
Sinuses are the cavities present in the bone that are the air filled pockets, present near the nasal passage. The location of sinuses are: behind the forehead, nasal bones, cheeks, and eyes. For healthy sinuses, there should be no presence of any pathogens and germs.
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when do spindle fibers attach to chromosomes during mitosis?
after chromosomes split into chromatids
before chromosomes have condensed
after chromosomes line up at the cell's equator
when chromosomes are being copied
During the Metaphase stage, after the chromosomes line up at the cell's equator the spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes during the mitosis of cell. Thus, the correct option is C.
What are Spindle fibers?Spindle fibers form a protein structure which results in division of the genetic material in a cell. The spindle fiber is necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells during both the types of nuclear division: mitosis as well as meiosis.
Spindle fibers are first visible during the prophase of cell division. It is the first stage of mitosis. During this phase, chromosomes condense and become visible and the spindle fibers emerge from centrosomes. During metaphase stage, the spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids. The sister chromatids line up at the equator (meta-plate), or the center of the cell.
Therefore, the correct option is C.
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men who maintain their testosterone levels beyond the age of show better preservation of visual, verbal, and visual-spatial abilities.
Men who maintain their testosterone levels beyond the age of 50 show better preservation of visual, verbal, and visual-spatial abilities.
Testosterone is the hormone present in male. It is produced in the testicles. The hormone is very useful in maintenance of bone density. fat distribution, muscle strength and mass., etc. It is also necessary for development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate.
Visual-spatial ability is the ability to analyze the locations of the 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional figures. A person must be able to tell what the object is, how far or near it is from the person, etc. Some skills do not require any learning but many require some practice such the tying show laces.
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phytoglobin is a protein that consists of a single globin sub-unit with one heme group. this globin sub-unit has a similar amino acid sequence as the alpha- and beta-subunits of human hb. by binding up the free o2 in a plant cell, it protects organelles from oxygen damage. which statement best describes the o2-dissociation curve of phytoglobin compared to that of hemoglobin?
Phytoglobin is a protein that consists of a single globin sub-unit with one heme institution the shape of the curves is very specific, due to the fact the sigmoidal shape of Hb's curve is because of the interaction of the four subunits, even as hemoglobin includes only one subunit.
Below regular physiologic conditions, a boom in PCO2 causes a lower pH, which allows for grow minute ventilation and consequently increases alveolar ventilation to try to reach homeostasis.
The curve is typically best described through a sigmoid plot. A hemoglobin molecule can bind as many as four oxygen molecules in a reversible manner. The shape of the curve results from the interaction of bound oxygen molecules with incoming molecules. Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen increases as successive molecules of oxygen bind.
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Photosynthesis transforms molecules of water and
carbon dioxide into molecules of
A. carbohydrate and oxygen
B. carbohydrate and nitrogen
C. polypeptide and oxygen
D. polypeptide and nitrogen
Describe how the blood prevent excessive?
Blood clotting, or coagulation, is an important process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. Platelets (a type of blood cell) and proteins in your plasma (the liquid part of blood) work together to stop the bleeding by forming a clot over the injury. Typically, your body will naturally dissolve the blood clot after the injury has healed. Sometimes, however, clots form on the inside of vessels without an obvious injury or do not dissolve naturally. These situations can be dangerous and require accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Clots can occur in veins or arteries, which are vessels that are part of the body's circulatory system. While both types of vessels help transport blood throughout the body, they each function differently. Veins are low-pressure vessels that carry deoxygenated blood away from the body's organs and back to the heart. An abnormal clot that forms in a vein may restrict the return of blood to the heart and can result in pain and swelling as the blood gathers behind the clot. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a type of clot that forms in a major vein of the leg or, less commonly, in the arms, pelvis, or other large veins in the body. In some cases, a clot in a vein may detach from its point of origin and travel through the heart to the lungs where it becomes wedged, preventing adequate blood flow. This is called a pulmonary (lung) embolism (PE) and can be extremely dangerous
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xplain why seedless vascular plants have similar environmental restrictions to nonvascular plants despite having an efficient system for water transport.
Non-vascular plants lack differentiated vascular tissues, whereas seedless vascular plants have vascular tissues that transport water and nutrients throughout their bodies.
Plants with no seeds have vascular tissue but no seeds. Keep in mind that vascular tissue is a type of specialized tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant. Because of the development of vascular tissue, these plants were able to grow much taller than nonvascular plants, resulting in the formation of ancient swamp forests. The seedless vascular plants, like nonvascular plants, rely on water during fertilization because the sperm must swim on a layer of moisture to reach the egg. This characteristic restricts both groups to primarily moist environments.
The primary distinction between seed plants and seedless plants is that seedless plants do not carry propagation seeds, whereas seed plants do. Seed plants produce spores through sexual reproduction.
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if your parents are heterozygous for a gene, what is the chance that you will have at least one copy of it?
If your parents are Heterozygous for a gene,then you have 75% chance that you will have at least one copy of it.
A diploid organism carries two complete sets of chromosomes and thus has two copies of each gene. However, the two copies may not be identical. Different versions of the same gene are called alleles. A homozygous individual carries two copies of the same allele, while a heterozygous individual carries two different alleles for a gene.
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An organelle is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
TRUE
or
FALSE
Answer: False
Explanation:
That would be a Cell.
Sort the examples and descriptions into two categories: density-dependent limiting factors and density-independent limiting factors.
The population’s size is constrained by limiting forces. Abiotic and biotic variables, such as the existence of predators, are examples of limiting factors (e.g., water resources).
Density-dependent While independent factors are unrelated to a population’s density, limiting factors have an impact on a population’s size as a function of density.The following are the density-dependent limiting factors:Competition Disease and parasitism as a region’s population grows, so does the population’s density, which amplifies their effects.The population size is affected by factors dependent on population density by altering the rate of reproduction and survival.Environmental extremes (such as a hurricane or drought) These factors typically have an impact on both small, dispersed populations and big, dense populations because they have an impact on all populations residing in a given area.
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We can use a punnett square to predict the outcome of self-fertilization for the f1 hybrids of a monohybrid cross. In this case, the punnett square should be set up as a blank______ square.
We can use a punnett square to predict the outcome of self-fertilization for the f1 hybrids of a monohybrid cross. In this case, the punnett square should be set up as a 2x2 square.
The Punnett square expresses the likelihood of having children with various genotypes and traits through the representation of crossings between different people.
These crossovers result in various gamete combinations depending on the alleles involved. Keep in mind that each gamete has an allele of one of the relevant genes.
It is assumed that when we speak of monohybrid crossings, we are referring to a single diallelic gene that codes for a single characteristic. The Punnett squares used to illustrate this cross will have two rows and two columns because there are two alleles involved. Punnett square dimensions are 2 by 2.
For the f1 hybrids of a monohybrid cross, self-fertilization may be predicted using a punnett square.
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Portions of eukaryotic mrna sequence that are removed during rna processing are ________.
The portions of eukaryotic mRNA sequences that are removed during RNA processing are introns.
An intron is a region of a gene that does not stay in the final, mature mRNA molecule after that gene is translated and does not encode the amino acids that make up the protein for which that gene is responsible. The majority of the human genome's protein-coding genes are composed of exons and introns.
The most important function of introns is alternative splicing, which enables many proteins to be produced from a single gene. Some introns go through further processing after being spliced so they can encode functional RNA molecules.
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write the balanced equation for cellular respiration. Explain
how the reactionts get to and into the cells in your
liver and what happens to the materials produced
Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen CO2CO₂ + H₂O C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ a sequence of chemical reactions, known as cellular respiration or aerobic respiration, start with the reactants of sugar and oxygen and end with the waste products of carbon dioxide and water.
What substances are generated following the process of cellular respiration?Your red blood cells get carbon dioxide from your mitochondria, Cellular respiration results in the production of carbon dioxide and water, transport it out of your cell, and then deliver it back to your lungs for exhalation. As a result, ATP is produced.
C₆H₁₂ + 6O₂ = 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (as ATP)
Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain are the three primary phases of cellular respiration. While glycolysis can happen under anaerobic conditions, the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen.
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Which statement best describes an environmental consequence of unsealed landfills?
A. Materials in landfills undergo decomposition for hundreds of years.
B. Heavy metals are released as leachate into surrounding waterways.
C. Long-term exposure to mercury and lead in landfills can cause cancers.
D. Landfills can produce carbon dioxide that leak into the atmosphere.
Landfills can produce CO2 that leaks into the atmosphere.
The contaminants in landfill leachate build up and have a negative impact on the ecology and food chains, which may cause genotoxicity, acute toxicity, and cancer in humans.
What about landfills?A method of rubbish disposal where waste is buried under layers of soil to raise low-lying terrain.Solid waste is disposed of in well-managed, well-engineered landfills nowadays.So as to assure compliance with federal rules, landfills are strategically placed, planned, managed, and monitored.Additionally, they're made to safeguard the environment against toxins that might be found in the waste stream.While "whole filled with rubbish" might be your first impression when you hear the phrase, landfills are frequently just a way of stabilizing the ground for construction.Garbage dumps are sometimes mentioned as landfills, even when they are not physical pits that are filled and covered.A big pollutant source with a host of unfavorable consequences.In landfills, trash decomposes very slowly and poses an issue for future generations.Toxins, leachate, and greenhouse emissions from landfills are the three primary issues.Landfills may emit offensive odors, and waste gas may seep through the bottom and gather in surrounding structures.Ammonia, sulfides, methane, and CO2 are the landfill gasses that cause the most worry.The majority of landfill smells are caused by ammonia and hydrogen sulfide.Learn more about landfills here:
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All organisms are composed of one or more cell
TRUE
or
FALSE
Answer:
True
Explanation:
All living things have atleast one or more cell
Do humans depend on photosynthesis?
A: No, humans cannot make food by photosynthesis, so they do not depend on photosynthesis for energy.
B: Yes, all of the food consumed by humans is plants or gets energy from plants, and plants produce their own food through photosynthesis.
C: Yes, but only those humans that avoid meat depend on plants that produce their own food through photosynthesis.
D: No, humans rely on animals for food, and neither humans nor animals depend on photosynthesis for food.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Trust me
bacterial mismatch repair: which protein forms a dimer and scans the dsdna searching for a mismatch?
The protein forms a dimer and scans the dsDNA searching for a mismatch in MutS.
Mismatch repair is the process of correcting mismatched nucleotides in complementary paired DNA strands resulting from DNA replication errors and recombination, and some types of base modifications. Mismatch repair occurs immediately after new DNA is created.
A second complex cuts the DNA near the mismatch and more enzymes cut the wrong nucleotide and the surrounding DNA patch. It describes cells that have mutations in specific genes involved in correcting errors made in copying DNA into the cell. Mismatch repair -deficient cells typically carry many DNA mutations that can lead to cancer.
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When the seed of a tree first starts to grow, what would happen if the cells did not differentiate?.
a tesla has a mass of 1300 kg if a net force of 25n is put on the car what is the acceleration
Answer:
Acceleration, Force, and Mass
A change in an object’s motion—such as Zeke speeding up on his skateboard—is called acceleration. Acceleration occurs whenever an object is acted upon by an unbalanced force. The greater the net force acting on the object, the greater its acceleration will be, but the mass of the object also affects its acceleration. The smaller its mass is, the greater its acceleration for a given amount of force. Newton’s second law of motion summarizes these relationships. According to this law, the acceleration of an object equals the net force acting on it divided by its mass. This can be represented by the equation:
the pedigree represents inheritance of a disease through a human family. what pattern(s) of inheritance could be depicted by the pedigree? filled in symbols
The pedigree represent the Maternal inheritance of the disease .
Pedigree analysis was developed to understand the inheritance of genes from parents to offspring. Pedigree represents inheritance of a disease through a human family.
Two types of pedigree analysis are sex-linked pedigree and autosomal pedigree. Study of pedigree is also important in predicting genetic risks. - It is also used for predicting many genetically inherited disorders such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia.
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bacteria produce many restriction endonucleases. what prevents these enzymes for degrading the hosts dna
Bacteria protect their DNA from restriction enzymes by modifying their recognition sequences.
A bacterial protein termed restriction enzyme, also known as restriction endonuclease, cleaves DNA at specified locations along the molecule. Restrictions enzymes cleave foreign DNA inside the bacterial cell, killing off infected organisms.
When a restriction endonuclease detects a sequence, it catalyzes the hydrolysis of the bond between neighboring nucleotides, which is the splitting of a chemical bond by the addition of a water molecule, to sever the DNA molecule.
Bacteria disguise their recognition sequences to stop this kind of DNA degradation from happening to their own DNA. Methylases are enzymes that modify and shield the recognition sequence from the endonuclease by adding methyl groups (—CH3) to adenine or cytosine bases. The restriction-modification system of a bacterial species is made up of the restriction enzyme and its related methylase.
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How many alleles can one person inherit for a gene that has 100 possible alleles?.
Despite the fact that humans (and all other diploid species) can only have two alleles for any particular gene, populations may include several alleles, leading to the observation of numerous two-allele combinations.
Where are alleles?Any one of a number of genes that may alternately appear at a specific location (locus) on a chromosomal is known as an allele, also known as an allelomorph. Alleles may exist in pairs or there could be several alleles influencing how a certain trait is expressed (phenotype).
What is the dominant allele?A capital letter indicates a dominant allele (A versus a). The combinations that are feasible are AA, Aa, and aa since each child contributes one allele. Aa people display the recessive trait, whereas children with either an AA or an Aa genotype will have the dominant phenotype displayed phenotypically.
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Which technology has been commonly utilized by scientists to manipulate heritable information by producing large amounts of identical recombinant dna molecules? gel electrophoresis gene cloning artificial selection restrictive enzyme analysis.
The technology commonly utilized by scientists to manipulate heritable information by producing large amounts of identical recombinant DNA molecules is: gene cloning.
DNA is one amongst the two types of nucleic acids. It is the most prevalent form of genetic material as it is more stable than the RNA. The structure of DNA is double stranded with sugar and phosphate forming the backbone and nucleotide bases emerging perpendicularly out from it and joined together by hydrogen bonds.
Gene cloning is the simply locating and forming multiple copies/ clones of the gene of interest. This technology is extensively used for laboratory purposes as well as for downstream processing at industrial level.
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Answer:
Gene Cloning
Explanation:
its right
Which of the following lists the three biomes that tend to have the hottest temperatures throughout the year?
Tropical rainforest, deciduous forest, and coniferous forest
Tropical rainforest, tropical grassland, and desert
Desert, chaparral, and polar habitat
Desert, tropical rainforest, and tundra
The three biomes that tend to have the hottest temperatures throughout the year include the following below and is denoted as option B.
Tropical rainforestTropical grasslandDesertWhat is Temperature?This is referred to as the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance or place and high temperature depicts that the area is hot while a low temperature depicts that the area is cold.
In this scenario, areas such as tropical rainforest, grasslands and deserts have a high degree of sun rays reaching the place or area which is therefore the reason why they were chosen as the most correct choices.
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The three biome that have the hottest temperature through out the year are:
* Tropic rainforest
*deciduous forest
*Coniferous forest
what are biomes?
Biomes are naturally occurring community of flora, fauna and vegetation occupying a major territory.e.g. forest.
what is tropical rainforest?
This is a rainforests that occur in area of tropical rainforest climate in which is mostly wet season.
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When are the genes involved in lactose metabolism in e. Coli expressed and when are they turned off?.
Genes involved in lactose metabolism are found in the lac operon of E. coli. It only expresses itself when lactose and glucose are both absent. For E. coli to metabolise lactose (milk sugar) for carbon and energy, the lactose operon must be expressed.
The lac repressor and catabolite activator protein are two regulators that control the operon ``on" and "off" states in response to lactose and glucose concentrations (CAP). The particular on/off switching of an organism's genes is made possible by the gene regulatory proteins. In order to control the patterns of gene expression that give each cell type its distinct properties, different choices of gene regulatory proteins are present in various cell types.
.
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Which principle of natural selection is described as 'organisms have different traits within a population'. overproduction, differential reproduction, genetic variation , struggle to survive
Three factors inevitably lead to natural selection: most qualities are inherited, more offspring are generated than can survive, and kids with more advantageous traits will endure and create more offspring than those with less advantageous traits.
What is the impact of natural selection in genetic variation?An evolutionary mechanism is natural selection. Environment-adapted organisms have a higher chance of surviving and dispersing the genes that contributed to their success.
As it can result in adaptation and variation in a species, overproduction is sometimes referred to as a driving factor in natural selection.
Therefore, Over time, this mechanism leads to the evolution and divergence of species.
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