A variety of natural processes can affect Earth's atmospheric temperature in a relatively short period of time. Which of the following would contribute to an overall cooling of Earth's atmospheric temperature?

The pace at which gas molecules collide with their container's walls will slow down as the gas's molar mass increases. As a result, the rate at which molecules strike the walls will be reduced.

However, despite what we may have been told, temperature is a measure of how quickly gas molecules are moving. As a result, we might think about it in a container that is the same size as the original molecule. The compound's molar mass is an average over multiple samples, each of which will likely have a different mass because of the existence of isotopes. The standard atomic weights are most frequently used to calculate the molar mass.

Learn more about molar mass here

https://brainly.com/question/23576507

#SPJ4

a)The magnitude of force at the support point is 1455 N.

b)The direction of the force at the supporting point is in equilibrium.

c)The magnitude of force at the left-hand end is 1030 N.

d)The direction of force at the left-hand end is equilibrium.

Given,

length of board = 3m

distance of pivot = 1.0m

weight of diver = 450N

weight of diving board = 260N

a)

The force at the support point is the sum of all forces multiplied by their distance.

[tex]F_s=f_1d_1+f_2d_2\\[/tex]

here,

f1 = force applied by diver=450 N

d1=distance covered by diver i.e. 1.5 m(half the distance of diving board, because as diver it standing at the centre of board/centre of gravity)

f2=force applied by diving board =260 N

d2=distance covered by diving board = 3m

Now,

[tex]F_s=(450*1.5)+(260*3)\\\\F_s=675+780=1455 N[/tex]

c)

The total torque is zero then,

[tex]f_ld_l-f_1d_1-f_2d_2=0[/tex]

here,[tex]d_1 =1.5-1=0.5m,\d_2=2\ and\ d_l=1m[/tex]

[tex]f_ld_l=f_1d_1+f_2d_2\\\\f_l=(260*0.5)+(450*2)=1030N[/tex]

b) and d)

Because the diver exerts force on both sides at the free end, there is no net force exerted on an object, and it is said to be in equilibrium .Thus, the direction of acting force acting is balanced.

To learn more about equilibrium force refer here

https://brainly.com/question/25329636

#SPJ4

The frequency of a wave is calculated as the number of peaks passing by any point each second.

Wavelength is the distance between two peaks of a wave. It is represented as λ. The formula of the wavelength is

λ = v/f

where,

λ = wavelength

v = velocity

f = frequency

Frequency of a wave is measured by calculating the number of peaks a wave covers per second.

The peaks of a wave are the points where the wave has the highest energies. The peak can also be defined as the point where a wave has the highest amplitude.

To know more about frequency of wave, visit: brainly.com/question/4386945

#SPJ4

How much gravitational attraction there is between two objects depends on their masses and distance from one another. The relationship between an object's mass its gravitational pull is inverse.

The attraction that the earth has over a body is known as the gravitational force. Examples of motion brought on by gravity influence include the downhill motion of water in streams and streams, upward and motion of things that are thrown, like balls, and also the downward motion of fruit and leaf falling to the ground.

The gravitational force, generally known as gravity, affects every material object in the universe. Any two separate mass objects or particles will gravitate toward one another due to the force of gravity. Gravity affects things of all sizes, including galaxy clusters and subatomic particles.

TO know more about gravitational force visit:

https://brainly.com/question/12528243

#SPJ4

The average discharge of the Mississippi River at New Orleans (in cubic feet per second) is 657000 cubic feet per second

Given the average velocity (v) = 2.5miles per hour

Average width of river (w) = 2,000 feet

Average depth of river (d) = 90 feet

Discharge (D) = velocity (ft/sec) x river width (ft) x river depth (ft)

Given 1 mile = 5280ft and 1 hour = 3600 sec

1 mile/hour = 5280/3600 = 1.46ft/sec

2.5 miles per hour = 2.5x1.46 = 3.65ft/sec

D = 3.65X2000X90 = 657000 ft^3/sec

Hence the discharge of the Mississippi River is 657000 ft^3/sec

To learn more about velocity click here https://brainly.com/question/18084516

#SPJ4

As the frequency of radiation A is lower than that of radiation B. Then the wavelength of A will be more than that of radiation B.

The formula for the wavelength of radiation is

                    λ = v/f

where λ is the wavelength of the radiation

          c is the speed of the radiation

          f is the frequency of this radiation.

Both the frequency and wavelength were indirectly proportional to each other. The longer the wavelength, the lower will be the frequency and vice versa. The speed at which a wave propagates is equal to the product of its frequency and wavelength, justifying the link between these two parameters.

Learn more about the electromagnetic radiation in

https://brainly.com/question/4185163

#SPJ4

1) Nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of two protons and two neutrons. 2)  Nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of a nucleus. 3) The third option is greater than. 4) The fourth option is equal to.

1) The mass of a ₂⁴He nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of two protons and two neutrons, all separated from each other.

2) The mass of a ³₂He nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of a ¹₁H nucleus and a ²₁H nucleus, separated from each other.

3) The mass of a ²³⁵₉₂U nucleus is greater than the sum of the masses of a ¹⁴¹₅₆Ba nucleus and a ⁹²₃₆Kr nucleus, and two neutrons, all separated from each other.

4) The mass of a ⁵⁶₂₆Fe nucleus is equal to the sum of the masses of a ²⁶₁₂Mg nucleus and a ³⁰₁₄Si nucleus, separated from each other.

Therefore, 1) Nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of two protons and two neutrons. 2)  Nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of a nucleus. 3) The third option is greater than. 4) The fourth option is equal to.

To know more about the nucleus:

https://brainly.com/question/34734091

#SPJ12

Only when a single force is acting on an object without being counterbalanced by another force of equal strength can it be said to be acting on it in an imbalanced manner.

The forces acting on an item are known as balanced forces when the net force exerted on the object is zero. An object's state of rest or uniform motion remains constant when the forces operating on it are in balance.

If and only if the object is subject to a net force of zero, an object's velocity (a vector) remains constant. In other words, if an object experiences no net force, neither its speed nor its direction of motion will change (including if it is at rest).

To know more about unbalanced forces visit;-

https://brainly.com/question/19054208

#SPJ4

An increase in acceleration led to an increase in force, as demonstrated by the falling of a line of dominos.

Based on the idea of force acting on an object, this.

Currently, the formula for force is known as;

Mass times acceleration equals force

Now, mass and acceleration are the input factors that determine whether the Force will rise or decrease as the output.

Now that the line of dominoes has fallen, it indicates that the force was so great that the dominoes were powerless to withstand it.

Now, this output which is the force became so great as a result of the rise in acceleration of the motion that initiated its movement.

Additionally, the force and acceleration are in direct proportion!

Therefore, we may conclude that a rise in acceleration led to a rise in force.

Correct question :

If a line of dominos is knocked down, which statement can be concluded about the dominos?

An increase in acceleration caused an increase in force.

An increase in force caused a decrease in acceleration.

An increase in acceleration caused a decrease in force.

An increase in force caused an increase in acceleration.

Learn more about Acceleration here:

https://brainly.com/question/24611730

#SPJ4

The value of h is most nearly 6.7 m.  option B is the correct answer

From the question, we have

Body mass m1 = 4 kg

mass of the body on the ground m2 = 2 kg

descent time t = 2s

From Newton's second law,

         T - W₁ = m₁ a

        -T + W₂ = m₂ a

Solving, we get

a = -3.27 m / s²

y = y₀ + v₀ t + ½ a t²

0= y₀ + 0  +½ a t²          

y₀ = ½ 3.27 2²

y₀ = 6.54 m

The value of height is most nearly 6.7 m

Kinematics:

The net force, the mass, and the acceleration of a body are related by Newton's second law.

     ∑ F = m a

Kinematics investigates how objects move while searching for connections between position, speed, and acceleration.

y = v₀ t + ½ a t²

To learn more about Kinematics visit:  brainly.com/question/19818185

#SPJ4

The total angular momentum of the system about point B is [tex]L=m_1r_1\omega_1+m_2r_2\omega_2[/tex]

Angular momentum, also known as moment of momentum or rotational momentum, is the rotating counterpart of linear momentum.

A rigid object's angular momentum is defined as the product of its moment of inertia and its angular velocity. If there is no external torque on the object, it is analogous to linear momentum and is subject to the fundamental constraints of the conservation of angular momentum principle. The vector quantity angular momentum It is derived from the expression for a particle's angular momentum.

Given,

mass of ball 1 = m1

m₂ mass of ball 2=m2

v₁ is the velocity of ball=r₁ω₁

v₂ is the velocity of ball 2=r₂ω₂

The total angular momentum is given as;

[tex]V_{total}=r_1\omega_1+r_2\omega_2\\\\L=m_1r_1\omega_1+m_2r_2\omega_2[/tex]

Hence the total angular momentum  will be [tex]L=m_1r_1\omega_1+m_2r_2\omega_2[/tex]

To learn more about angular momentum refer here

https://brainly.com/question/29512279

#SPJ4

In physics and engineering, a free frame diagram (FBD; also referred to as a force diagram) is a graphical instance used to visualize the applied forces, moments, and ensuing reactions on a frame in a given situation.

A free-body diagram is a sketch of an item of interest with all the surrounding items stripped away and all of the forces acting on the frame shown. The drawing of an unfastened-body diagram is a critical step in the solving of mechanics issues because it helps to visualize all the forces appearing on an unmarried object.

A free-body diagram is a graphic, dematerialized, symbolic representation of the body (structure, element, or segment of an element) wherein all connecting "pieces" have been removed. An FBD is a convenient method to model the structure, structural detail, or phase that is under scrutiny.

Learn more about free body diagrams here:-https://brainly.com/question/10148657

#SPJ4

48296.23 Joule is the internal energy of the gas

In thermodynamics, internal energy is a characteristic or state function that characterizes a substance's energy in the absence of capillary effects and the impacts of external magnetic, electric, and other fields.

Given that,

No. of moles = 7.33 moles

temperature = 317 K

diatomic gas

As we know,

U = n × [tex]C_v[/tex]×T

U = internal energy

n =  no. of moles

[tex]C_v[/tex] = specific heat

[tex]C_v[/tex] = (f/2) ×R = (degree of freedom of gas / 2) × R

For a diatomic gas, f = 5

T = temperature

Now, U = (f/2) × R × n ×T

or, U = (5/2) × 8.314 × 7.33 × 317

or, U = 48296.23 Joule.

Thus, 48296.23 Joule is the internal energy of the gas

To know more about internal energy refer to:

https://brainly.com/question/25737117

#SPJ1

Answer:

Electrical Injuries:

Falls:

Confined Spaces:

The x and y components of the sum of these two vectors are -1 unit and 4 unit respectively.

In physics, a vector is a quantity with both a magnitude and a direction. It is often represented by an arrow whose length is proportional to the magnitude of the quantity and whose direction is the same as that of the quantity.

Given that the two vectors A and B have components (0, 1) and (-1, 3), respectively.

Hence,

The x component of the sum of these two vectors is = 0+ (-1)unit  = -1 unit.

the y component of the sum of these two vectors is = 1 + 3 unit  = 4 unit.

Learn more about vector here:

https://brainly.com/question/29740341

#SPJ1

a) The basic equation of rigid body dynamics for angular motion is I * alpha = Sum(T), where I is the moment of inertia of the spacecraft, alpha is the angular acceleration, and T is the sum of the torque applied by the motors.

For constant angular acceleration, the equation becomes I * eps = Sum(T), where eps is a constant value. If we assume that all the motors have the same constant angular acceleration, the equation becomes I * eps = m1eps1 + m2eps2 + m3*eps3.

For variable angular acceleration, we need to integrate the equation of torque with respect to time, to get the angular velocity. The equation becomes I * dw/dt = Sum(T)

To zero out the rotational velocity, we need to apply a torque that is equal and opposite to the initial angular momentum of the spacecraft. The torque can be achieved by adjusting the angular accelerations of the motors in such a way that the angular momentum is cancelled out.

b) Different arrangements of orientation control motors (one, two, three, different angles between them) can affect the speed of settling the rotation. For example, having three motors at 120 degrees apart will provide a more stable and efficient way of canceling out the angular momentum, compared to having only one motor.

The fastest settling of rotation can be achieved by parametrically setting the angular accelerations of the motors in such a way that the angular momentum is cancelled out as quickly as possible. This can be achieved by adjusting the torque applied by each motor, the direction of the torque, and the location of the motors relative to the center of mass of the spacecraft.

To calm the rotation of the spacecraft in the form of a cylinder and cone, we need to find the moment of inertia of the spacecraft relative to the longitudinal axis. The moment of inertia of a cylinder is given by I = 1/2 * M1 * R^2 + 1/12 * M1 * L^2 and the moment of inertia of a cone is given by I = 1/10 * M2 * R^2 + 1/3 * M2 * h^2.

The location of the orientation control motors and the form of angular accelerations are at the student's discretion. To achieve the fastest settling of rotation, the student needs to adjust the torque applied by each motor, the direction of the torque, and the location of the motors relative to the center of mass of the spacecraft. The student can also adjust the parameters of the problem such as the mass, length, radius and height of the spacecraft, the initial rotation speed, and the angular acceleration of the motors.

Rotation around an axis refers to the movement of an object in which it spins around a fixed point or axis. In physics, rotation is defined as a change in the orientation of an object in space with respect to a fixed reference point. The fixed point or axis around which the object is rotating is known as the axis of rotation.

Rotation can be characterized by several properties, such as angular velocity, which describes the rate of rotation, and angular displacement, which describes the total angle through which the object has rotated. The rotational motion of an object can be described by the equations of rotational dynamics, which include the moment of inertia and torque, which describe the forces and energy involved in the rotation.

Learn more about Rotation around an axis in brainly.com/question/18920940

#SPJ1

The Rank from brightest to dimmest is A=B=C.

the word "rak"Definition: Something that is extremely unpleasant to look at, smell, taste, or think about.Origins: A really low status object.a Swedish word that implies thin and feeble and is related to.Honks, grotty, are synonyms.

adjective.having an unpleasant rotten smell.Synonyms include offensive, malodorous, stinking, and malodourous.smelling bad in some way.

To know more about ranking visit:

https://brainly.com/question/29513217

#SPJ4

The difference between these wavelengths is 15.85 nm.

What is wavelengths?

Wavelength is the distance between identical points (adjacent crests) in the adjacent cycles of a waveform signal propagated in space or along a wire.

The number of lines on the grating N= 900 cm

Distance between screen grating L= 2.24 m

Order number = 1

Distance y = 3.20 mm

We need to calculate the width of the slit

Using formula of width

[tex]d=\frac{1}{N}$$[/tex]

Put the value into the formula

[tex]$$\begin{aligned}d & =\frac{1}{900} \\d & =0.00111=1.11 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~m}\end{aligned}$$[/tex]

We need to calculate the angular distance

[tex]$$\theta=\frac{\lambda}{d}$$[/tex]

The angular separation for different wavelength is

[tex]$$\Delta \theta=\frac{\lambda_1-\lambda_2}{d}$$[/tex]

We know that,

Linear separation is

[tex]$$\Delta y=\Delta \theta L$$[/tex]

We nee to calculate the difference between these wavelengths Put the value into the formula of angular separation

[tex]\begin{aligned}& \Delta y=L\left(\frac{\lambda_1-\lambda_2}{d}\right) \\& \lambda_1-\lambda_2=\frac{\Delta y \times d}{L} \\& \lambda_1-\lambda_2=\frac{3.20 \times 10^{-3} \times 1.11 \times 10^{-5}}{2.24} \\& \lambda_1-\lambda_2=1.585 \times 10^{-8} \\& \lambda_1-\lambda_2=15.85 \mathrm{~nm}\end{aligned}[/tex]

Hence, The difference between these wavelengths is 15.85 nm.

To learn more about Wavelength visit:https://brainly.com/question/13533093

#SPJ4

a) I² = Io cos²(θ2) = 796 W/m² x (0.5)² = 198.5 W/m²

b) Ifinal = I2cos²(θ3) = 198.5 W/m² x (0.75)² = 137.2 W/m²

c) Ifinal-new = Io cos²(θ3)cos²(θ2) = 796 W/m² x (0.75)² x (0.5)² = 103.9 W/m²

d) We can calculate the Ifinal,Rlnew by first calculating the intensity of the beam after passing through the first polarizer (I1):

I1 = Io cos²(θ2) = 796 W/m² x (0.5)² = 198.5 W/m²

Then, we can calculate the intensity of the beam after passing through the second polarizer (I2):

I2 = I1cos²(θ3) = 198.5 W/m² x (0.75)²= 137.2 W/m²

Finally, we can calculate the intensity of the beam after passing through the third polarizer (Ifinal,Rlnew):

Ifinal,Rlnew = I2cos²(θ2) = 137.2 W/m² x (0.5)²= 34.3 W/m²

For more questions like Intensity click the link below:

https://brainly.com/question/18878706

#SPJ4

Within the summer, the ice will soften due to hotter temperatures and longer exposure to the sun. for the duration of the summertime, whilst sea ice will attain its thinnest through mid-September, the place blanketed through ice is about 1/2 the scale of the wintry weather maximum.

Better ocean temperatures cause melted glaciers, bleached coral reefs, and worsened hurricanes. increasing ocean temperatures may have strongly bad results for our economies and great lifestyles. Oceans put off massive portions of carbon dioxide from the environment through natural strategies.

We already see consequences scientists expected, inclusive of the lack of sea ice, melting glaciers and ice sheets, sea degree upward thrust, and greater severe warmth waves. Scientists predict worldwide temperature will increase from human-made greenhouse gases will maintain. intense climate damage may even grow and accentuate.

Learn more about temperatures  here

https://brainly.com/question/26866637

#SPJ4

Answer:

1200 N/m

Explanation:

k = spring constant = 600 N / .5 m = 1200 N / m

If a proton is added to the nucleus of germanium, the atom would increase in mass and have different elemental properties (option D).

Mass number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus. The atomic number of the element is the number of protons contained in the nucleus of the atom.

Elements are arranged in an hierarchical order on the periodic table, which is a tabular chart of the chemical elements according to their atomic numbers so that elements with similar properties are in the same group (column).

According to this question, germanium is an element on the periodic table with atomic number of 32. This means that germanium has 32 protons in its nucleus. The number of protons of an atom represents the identity of that element.

This means that adding a proton to the nucleus of germanium atom will increase it to 33, hence, changing the identity of the element.

Therefore, option D correctly describes what will happen if a proton is added to germanium atom.

Learn more about atomic number at: https://brainly.com/question/16858932

#SPJ1

If you increase either mass or velocity, the momentum of the object increases proportionally. If you double the mass or velocity you double the momentum.

what is momentum?

As momentum depends on both velocity and the direction of the body's motion, it is quantified by "mass velocity". Since velocity is a vector and mass is a scalar, momentum is a vector quantity. Mass times speed equals momentum.

"The motion of an item equal to the product of its mass and its velocity" is referred to as momentum. When something is said to have momentum, it refers to its unique mass and direction of motion.

To learn more about mass or velocity, visit:https://brainly.com/question/2548537

#SPJ4

The mercury tube is sealed at the top, and ambient pressure is inversely proportional to the height of the mercury within.

Living on Mercury wouldn't be simple, but it might not be impossible. Remember that you wouldn't last very long without a space suit because there isn't any atmosphere up there. On top of all of this, Mercury experiences one of the Solar System's biggest temperature variations.

Mercury is frequently utilized in numerous devices, including switches and batteries, since it is an effective electrical conductor. In small-scale mining operations, it is utilized to amalgamate gold and silver because it easily joins with other metals.

To know more about Mercury visit:

https://brainly.com/question/9418447

#SPJ4

Answer:

45N and 15N respectively..

Explanation:

(i)

To draw a sketch of the bookshelf, we can represent the supports P and Q as vertical lines on a horizontal axis, with the length of the bookshelf indicated between them. The book is located at a distance of 25 cm from support Q.

[Sketch of bookshelf with supports P and Q, and book located at a distance of 25 cm from Q]

(ii)

We can use the principle of moments to calculate the forces at supports P and Q. The principle of moments states that the sum of the moments of the forces acting on an object about a pivot point is equal to zero. We can use this principle to calculate the forces at the supports P and Q by taking the pivot point as the center of the bookshelf (50 cm from P and 50 cm from Q).

The weight of the bookshelf is 30 N, and the weight of the book is 21 N. The distance from the pivot point to the book is 25 cm, and the distance from the pivot point to support P is 50 cm.

We can set up the following equations to represent the principle of moments:

Moments about pivot point = 0

(30 N * 50 cm) - (21 N * 25 cm) = 0

Solving for the force at support P, we get:

F_P = 45 N

We can also solve for the force at support Q by setting the moments about the pivot point equal to zero:

(30 N * 50 cm) + (21 N * 25 cm) = 0

Solving for the force at support Q, we get:

F_Q = 15 N

Therefore, the forces at supports P and Q are 45 N and 15 N, respectively.

Answer:904.8m³

Explanation:

V=4π/3×(r)³

V=4π/3×(6)³

V=4π/3×216

V=4π×72

V=288π

V=904.8m³(904.77)  

Initial magnetic flux through the coil = LI

where L = inductance and I current through the coil

Final magnetic flux when the switch was opened =0

Flux change = LI -0=LI

Average voltage generated across the switch just after it was opened

= |LI/dt|

Given L = 0.50 H

        I = 0.20 Amp

       dt = 250*10^-6 Sec

Voltage generated = (0.50*0.20)/(250*10^-6)=400 volt

Voltage, also called electromotive force, is surely the energy in line with unit charge. In other phrases, voltage is the difference in electric powered capacity among two factors. Cutting-edge is simply the price of drift of electrical charge.

We outline voltage as the amount of capability electricity among  points on a circuit. One point has greater charge than any other. This distinction in fee among the 2 points is referred to as voltage.

Learn more about voltage here:- https://brainly.com/question/1176850

#SPJ4

400 volt

Initial magnetic flux through the coil = LI

where L = inductance and I current through the coil

Final magnetic flux when the switch was opened =0

Flux change = LI -0=LI

Average voltage generated across the switch just after it was opened

= |LI/dt|

Given L = 0.50 H

        I = 0.20 Amp

       dt = 250*10^-6 Sec

Voltage generated = (0.50*0.20)/(250*10^-6)=400 volt

Magnetic Flux:

Specifically in electromagnetism, the magnetic flux through a surface is the integral of the normal component of the magnetic field B across that surface. Usually displayed as Φ or ΦB. The SI unit of magnetic flux is Weber and the CGS unit is Maxwell.

Learn more about magnetic flux:

https://brainly.com/question/10736183

#SPJ4

The energy stored in the capacitor after the dielectric material is inserted is approximately 9.648 joules.

The energy stored in a capacitor is given by the formula:

E = 1/2 * C * V^2

Where E is the energy stored in the capacitor (in joules), C is the capacitance of the capacitor (in farads), and V is the voltage across the capacitor (in volts).

When a material with a dielectric constant of 7.20 is inserted between the plates of the capacitor, the capacitance of the capacitor increases by a factor of 7.20. This means that the energy stored in the capacitor also increases by a factor of 7.20.

Therefore, the energy stored in the capacitor after the dielectric material is inserted is:

E = 1.34 J * 7.20 = 9.648 J

So the energy stored in the capacitor after the dielectric material is inserted is approximately 9.648 joules.

To know more about dielectric constant, visit:

brainly.com/question/16751858

#SPJ1

The sculpture measures 16.70 kg, which is in accordance with the requirement.

Wires, often in the form of a wire rope, are used to transport mechanical loads. In the realm of electricity with telecoms transmissions, a "wire" might be an electrical cable. The "solid core" of this kind of cable might be formed of a wired connection or numerous strands that have been braided or stranded together.

Use the string's tautness' fundamental frequency as a formula.

f = (1/2L)*√(T/μ) .... (Eqn1)

Where,

f= frequency in Hertz =95Hz

T = String tension equals Mg

M represents the sculpture's mass, thus what is it?

g= 9.8m/s^2

L= Length of the string=90cm=0.9m

Mass density is equal to mass of string divided by string length.

mass of string =5g=0.005kg

L=0.9m

μ=0.005/0.9 = 0.0056kg/m

Using (Eqn1)

95 = 1/(2*0.9) √(T/0.0056)

171 = √(T/0.0056

Square both sides

29241 = T/0.0056

T= 163.74N

Recall that T =Mg

116.12= M * 9.8

M=163.74/9.8

M= 16.70kg

Consequently, the sculpture weighs 16.70kg.

To know more about Mass visit:

https://brainly.com/question/16452786

#SPJ4

Answer:

Specific Latent Heat

Explanation:

The specific latent heat of a substance is the amount of energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of the substance without changing its temperature.