The reconstruction of the south, In 1866, Tennessee became the first Confederate state to be readmitted into the Union.Tennessee ratified the 14th Amendment, which guaranteed citizenship rights to former slaves.
The Volunteer State had also been the last one to withdraw from the Union, after a statewide referendum on June 8, 1861.Tennessee became the sole state.
During reconstruction that did not have an appointed military governor. Many whites proved reluctant to offer blacks full citizenship rights, including the right to vote.
Whites continued to control the state during reconstruction only two blacks were elected to the Legislature. But whites widely believed that reconstruction had seriously harmed their interests.
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BRAINLIEST! According to Soviet leadership, what was the only way of ensuring a lasting peace in the world?
A Keeping Germany weak
B A revolution replacing capitalist elites with a global classless society
C A strong United Nations Security Council
D Free liberal democracies rather than monarchies throughout the world
The Soviet leadership believed that a revolution that replaced the capitalist elites with a world classless society was the only way to guarantee a sustainable peace in the world.
Define Capitalism.An economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and their use for profit is known as capitalism. Capital accumulation, competitive markets, the pricing system, private property, the recognition of property rights, voluntary exchange, and wage labor are key aspects of capitalism.
Socialism is a left-wing economic ideology and movement that embraces a variety of economic systems distinguished by the predominance of social ownership over private ownership of the means of production.
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please answer number 12.
The way that the second source undercuts the first source's reliability about the conflict between the Spanish and Aztecs is d. The first source shows the Aztec warriors unfazed by the Spanish use of gunpowder, but the second source shows that gunpowder made the Aztecs faint.
How did the Spanish conquer the Aztec ?After 93 days of siege by Cortés' army, the Spanish were able to take Tenochtitlán because to their superior weaponry and a deadly smallpox epidemic. Following Cortés' victory, the Spanish started to firmly establish their dominance over the region that would eventually become the colony of New Spain.
The second source challenges the credibility of the first source about the fight between the Spanish and Aztecs in the following ways: The Spanish use of gunpowder didn't seem to bother the Aztec warriors, according to the first account, but the second source reveals that it did.
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from 1945 to 1960, the american economy grew significantly because of rapid population growth, but the growth was misleading because the economy was actually declining in real per capita dollars. t/f
The statement is false that from 1945 to 1960, the american economy grew significantly because of rapid population growth.
In the 15 years following World War II, the United States saw spectacular economic development while the Cold War developed. After the war, prosperity returned, and the United States solidified its position as the richest nation in the world.
America had reached what economist Walt Rostow referred to as the "high mass consumption" stage of economic development by 1960, when per capita income was 35% higher than it had been in 1945.
From $8.4 billion in 1946 to $45.6 billion in 1958, short-term credit increased. By the mid-1950s, 60% of Americans had achieved a "middle-class" quality of living (defined as incomes between $3,000 and $10,000 in constant dollars), compared to only 31% in 1929, the final year of prosperity before the start of the Great Depression.
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In the 1980s, Australian scientists Warren and Marshall discovered that Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative, curved bacillus was the major cause of:______.
The gram-negative, bent bacteria Helicobacter pylori was the primary cause of peptic ulcers in the 1980s, Australian researchers Warren and Marshall found.
The gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori typically appears as a spiral-shaped bent rod inside the human host, but it has the ability to change into a coccoid shape under adverse environmental conditions. It also has flagella that provide locomotion.
The lining of your stomach, small intestine, or oesophagus can become irritated from peptic ulcers. Gastric ulcers are peptic ulcers that develop in the stomach. Your lower oesophagus develops an esophageal ulcer.
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You are waiting in line to use the diving board at your local pool .while watching people dive into the pool from the board you realize that using a diving board to spring into the air before a dive is a good example of Newton’s third law of motion explain how a diving board illustrates Newton’s third law of motion.
Because anytime a thing produces a force on another, that other object will exert an equal and opposite force on the first, diving is related to Newton's third law. Every action has an equal and opposite response, according to the third rule of motion. (When the diver leaps from the diving board.
What is Newton's third law.?Generally, Newton's third law states that if an object A applies a force to another object B, then the second object must apply a force to the first object that is equal in magnitude but in the opposite direction.
This rule illustrates a certain symmetry that may be seen in nature, since it states that forces always act in pairs, and that a body cannot exert a force on another without also being subject to a force itself.
When you walk, you exert an action force on the ground of the roadway, which causes a reaction force that propels you ahead. In other words, you push the street when you walk.
When a person shoots a gun, the action force pulls the bullet outside of the gun, while the reaction force causes the gun to move backward.
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Why did the Nazi seizure of power increase the likelihood of another war?
The reason why the Nazi seizure of power increased the likelihood of another war happening was because the Nazis held dreams of expanding Germany.
How did the Nazis cause another war?When the Nazis took over, they began to engage in several things that would lead to war breaking out again on a global stage. These things were always going to be done as the Nazis did not hide their plans on world domination.
The Nazis always maintained that Germany needed more space and the only way that could happen was by invading other countries. As a result, the seizure of power by the Nazis increased the chances of another war.
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Name two composers from spains school of musical nationalism
Two composers from Spain school of musical nationalism are:
Isaac Alienize.Frédéric Chopin.What is composers?Composers are people who write music professionally. A composer is an artist who creates music to be performed or played by players.
Their two most popular composers from Spain school of musical nationalism are:
Isaac Alienize was born on May 29, 1860, and died on May 18, 1909. He was a composer and superb pianist who was a pioneer of the Spanish nationalist school of musicians.Frédéric Chopin was born in 1810 and died in 1849. He was one of the first composers to infuse nationalistic motifs into his works.As a result, the composers from Spain school of musical nationalism Isaac Alienize and Frédéric Chopin.
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The Dragon Boat Festival is a traditional holiday in which country?
Answer:
Dragon Boat Festival The fifth day of the fifth month of the lunar calendar is a traditional Chinese folk festival - the Dragon Boat Festival. It is one of the ancient traditional festivals of the Chinese nation. The Dragon Boat Festival is also called the Dragon Boat Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival. In addition, the Dragon Boat Festival has many other names, such as: Midday Festival, Chongwu Festival, May Festival, Yulan Festival, Girl's Day, Tianzhong Festival, Dila, Poet's Day, Dragon Day and so on.
Explanation:
World War 1
Which of the following countries gained territory from or were formed out of the former Austria-Hungary? (Check all that apply.)
Turkey
Bulgaria
Yugoslavia
Romania
Czechoslovakia
Poland
Italy
France
The Soviet Union
Answer:Czechoslovakia
Explanation:bc
The countries that gained territory from or were formed out of the former Austria-Hungary are: Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Italy.
After the dissolution of Austria-Hungary following World War I, several countries emerged or expanded their territories. Yugoslavia was formed out of the former Austria-Hungary, comprising the territories of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, and Macedonia.
Czechoslovakia, which included present-day Czech Republic and Slovakia, was also created from former Austrian and Hungarian territories. Poland regained its independence and expanded its borders, incorporating parts of former Austrian and Hungarian territories.
Italy acquired territories inhabited by Italian-speaking populations, such as South Tyrol, Trentino, and Trieste, which were previously under Austrian control. The other countries mentioned (Turkey, Bulgaria, France, and the Soviet Union) were not directly formed out of or gained territories from the former Austria-Hungary.
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Who is the Neighbour in Mending Wall?
What do letter excerpts reveal about the places that traded goods with merchants in Calicut?
PLEASE PROVIDE AT LEAST 2 FULL SENTENCES!!!
The letter excerpts reveal about the places that used for trading goods & items with merchants who located in Calicut.
Why merchants choose Calicut?Calicut was a significant trading hub for the Indian Ocean trade and one of the numerous locations where people from South and Southeast Asia came into contact.
Monsoon winds were employed by merchants to exchange spices from Southeast Asian islands for Chinese, Indian, and western goods.
However, India was discovered by Vasco da Gama in 1498 CE where arrived in Calicut. He was permitted to do business in the realm of King Zamorin.
Thus letter reveals the importance of Calicut sea route that overseas traders were attracted to it.
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Which sentence from the excerpt from Bram Stoker's Dracula represents the Gothic convention of eerie structures?
Dracula
by Bram Stoker (excerpt)
All at once the wolves began to howl as though the moonlight had had some peculiar effect on them. The horses jumped about and reared, and looked helplessly round with eyes that rolled in a way painful to see; but the living ring of terror encompassed them on every side; and they had perforce to remain within it. I called to the coachman to come, for it seemed to me that our only chance was to try to break out through the ring and to aid his approach. I shouted and beat the side of the calèche, hoping by the noise to scare the wolves from that side, so as to give him a chance of reaching the trap. How he came there, I know not, but I heard his voice raised in a tone of imperious command, and looking towards the sound, saw him stand in the roadway. As he swept his long arms, as though brushing aside some impalpable obstacle, the wolves fell back and back further still. Just then a heavy cloud passed across the face of the moon, so that we were again in darkness.
When I could see again the driver was climbing into the calèche, and the wolves had disappeared. This was all so strange and uncanny that a dreadful fear came upon me, and I was afraid to speak or move. The time seemed interminable as we swept on our way, now in almost complete darkness, for the rolling clouds obscured the moon. We kept on ascending, with occasional periods of quick descent, but in the main always ascending. Suddenly, I became conscious of the fact that the driver was in the act of pulling up the horses in the courtyard of a vast ruined castle, from whose tall black windows came no ray of light, and whose broken battlements showed a jagged line against the moonlit sky.
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Suddenly, I became conscious of the fact that the driver was in the act of pulling up the horses in the courtyard of a vast ruined castle, from whose tall black windows came no ray of light, and whose broken battlements showed a jagged line against the moonlit sky."
The sentence from Bram Stoker's Dracula that represents the Gothic convention of eerie structures is "I suppose I must have fallen asleep; I hope so, but I fear, for all that followed was startlingly real)—so real that now, sitting here in the broad, full sunlight of the morning, (I cannot in the least believe that it was all sleep.)".
Who was Bram Stoker in this story?When Elisabeta kills herself, a furious Vlad Dracula pledges to revenge on her. When he meets Mina, he believes to be Elisabeta's reincarnation, which changes the course of events.
The Titanic was not sailed by Bram Stoker. 5 days after the Titanic sank on April 15, 1912, as a result of a collision with an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland, he passed away on April 20, 1912.
Stoker passed away on April 20, 1912, following several strokes. Some biographers blamed an excessive labor, while others blame tertiary syphilis for death. His death certificate listed "Locomotor ataxia 6 months" as the cause of death which is likely a reference to syphilis.
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during the tokugawa period, the shoguns desired that daimyos and samurai embrace any of the following professions except
During the tokugawa period the shoguns desired that the daimyo and samurai embrace any of the following professions except military service.
The Tokugawa period, commonly known as the Edo period, was the final era of traditional Japan (1603–1867) and was characterized by internal tranquility, governmental stability, and economic progress under the military dictatorship established by Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Ieyasu's dominion over the entire nation as shogun was attained by strategically balancing the strength of potentially hostile domains (tozama) with friends (fudai) and collateral houses (shimpan).
Beginning in 1635, Tokugawa Iemitsu added a second method of control by mandating that the domanial lords, or daimyo, maintain homes in Edo, the Tokugawa administrative capital (modern-day Tokyo), and spend a few months there every other year.
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miranda v arizona background
In 1966 Miranda v. Arizona (1966) the Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects or an arrested individual is entitled to rights against self-discrimination and to an attorney under the 5th and 6th Amendments of the United States Constitution.
Self-incrimination is the intentional or unintentional act of providing information suggesting one's involvement in a crime, or exposing one to criminal prosecution. The Fifth Amendment provides protection to individuals from being compelled to incriminate themselves. It establishes the privilege against self- incrimination. This prevents the government from forcing a person to testify against himself.
In 1966 Miranda v. Arizona (1996) the Court held that if the police did not inform people they arrest certain types of constitutional rights and also including their Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.
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according to the president, for the first time in american history, americans believed that___.
It made the president, rather than political parties or Congress, the center of American politics. Roosevelt did this through the force of his personality and through aggressive executive action.
He thought the president had the right. Theodore Roosevelt, who took office in 1901 and served until 1909, is considered the first modern president because he significantly expanded the influence and power of the executive office. He uses any and all powers unless specifically denied him. to the. On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, was sworn in as the first President of the United States. Woodrow Wilson, leader of the Progressive Movement, was the twenty-eighth president of the United States 1913-1921. Following a policy of neutrality at the outbreak of World War I, Wilson led the United States into the war to "make the world safe for democracy.
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Which of the following law ideas might be created under the Elastic Clause?
A)Rules for Approving Foreign Treaties
B) Minimum Gas Mileage for Vehicles
C) New Equipment for Armed Forces
D) Checklist Before Declaring War
The following law ideas that might be created under the Elastic Clause: option A. Rules for Approving Foreign Treaties
What is an elastic clause?The Elastic Clause is a constitutional clause that permits Congress to pass the legislation required to execute its powers, both those expressly and overtly mentioned in the Constitution and likewise those implied or covertly mention by the Constitution.
Therefore, the correct answer is as given above. The law ideas that might be created under the Elastic Clause is Rules for Approving Foreign Treaties.
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President Trump appointed which of the following people, a close ally of the oil industry, to head the Environmental Protection Agency?
a. Mike Pence
b. Maxine Waters
c. Scott Pruitt
d. Edward Snowden
c. Scott Pruitt
From 1998 to 2006, Pruitt served in the Oklahoma Senate as the senator from Tulsa and Wagoner counties. Pruitt was elected Oklahoma's Attorney General in 2010. As a self-described "leading advocate against the EPA's activist agenda" in that position, he opposed environmental regulations, same-sex marriage, the Affordable Care Act, and abortion." In the role, he sued the EPA at least 14 times. In February 2013, Pruitt was re-elected for a second term as chairman of the Republican Attorneys General Association. In 2012, he was elected as chairman. Even though he ran unopposed in the subsequent year, between 2010 and 2014, he received at least $215,574 in major corporate and employee campaign contributions.
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What do the excerpts reveal about the places that traded goods with merchants in Calicut?
HELP ME PLEASEE!!!!!
In the extremely competitive and lucrative spice trade, which was not governed by a single political authority, traders from many different civilizations coexisted in Calicut.
Explain trade in Calicut.Calicut was a significant trading hub for the Indian Ocean trade and one of the numerous locations where people from South and Southeast Asia came into contact. Monsoon winds were employed by traders to exchange spices from Southeast Asian islands for Chinese, Indian, and western goods. Along with this trade came the growth of Chinese, Hindu, Buddhist, and Muslim cultural and religious influences.
Merchants from numerous different cultures coexisted in the fiercely competitive and lucrative spice trade, which was not dominated by a single political authority. They did so by adhering to common conventions that increased profit and reduced conflict. The delicate nature of this coexistence, however, made violations of these standards very easy to cause.
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What were the 5 goals of the progressives?
The Progressive movement's main goals were to respect and preserve human life and well-being while minimizing the detrimental impacts of the hard conditions brought on by industrialisation.
Modifying the uneven distribution of wealth among huge firms, the state, and the common population under capitalism. Applying scientific ideas to increase productivity in society and the workplace. The Progressive Era in the United States, which lasted from the late 1890s to the late 1910s, was characterized by significant political and social change with a focus on eradicating monopolies, corruption, waste, and inefficiency.The main areas of focus included women's suffrage, resource preservation, the elimination of child labor, the prohibition of alcohol, monitoring of big businesses, food safety, and political change. The social ills that industry, urbanization, and political corruption had produced were eradicated by progressives.Thus these are the goals of Progressives.
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Match the descriptions with the characters from The Cenci.
1. Count Cenci’s wife and his children’s stepmother,
she loves them like her own and helps to plot his
murder to save the family from his cruelty
2. Count Cenci’s son who is not involved in plotting
his murder and tries to save his family from
execution after they are convicted of killing Cenci
3. Count Cenci’s daughter, she plots to kill her father
to save herself from his incestuous advances and
refuses to repent even when she is sentenced to death
4. Count Cenci’s son who is enraged with his father
for stealing his wife’s dowry and leaving his family
impoverished, he is involved in plotting his murder
A. Giacomo
B. Lucretia
C. Bernardo
D. Beatrice
1. Count Cenci’s wife and his children’s stepmother, she loves them like her own and helps to plot his murder to save the family from his cruelty --- Lucretia
2. Count Cenci’s son who is not involved in plotting his murder and tries to save his family from execution after they are convicted of killing Cenci--- Giacomo
3. Count Cenci’s daughter, plots to kill her father to save herself from his incestuous advances and refuses to repent even when she is sentenced to death----Beatrice
4. Count Cenci’s son who is enraged with his father for stealing his wife’s dowry and leaving his family impoverished, he is involved in plotting his murder---Bernardo
What is The Cenci?
Generally, The Cenci is a play by the 19th-century British poet and playwright Percy Bysshe Shelley. It is based on the true story of Beatrice Cenci, a young woman who was tried and executed for the murder of her father in 16th-century Rome.
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Why was Kansas and Nebraska organized as territories? Why was the
issue of slavery dragged into it?
Answer:
In January 1854, Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois introduced a bill that divided the land immediately west of Missouri into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. He argued in favor of popular sovereignty, or the idea that the settlers of the new territories should decide if slavery would be legal there.
Explanation:
6. Describe how Justice John Marshall helped decide how powerful the federal government would be
Marshall's brilliant legal analyses had two outcomes. They enhanced the Court's status as a coequal with the legislative and executive arms of government, and they created the Court's power of judicial review in the political system.
John Marshall, who was he?American politician and jurist John Marshall (September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 until his passing in 1835. He continues to be the chief justice with the fourth-longest tenure of any justice in American history. Supreme Court, he is widely recognized as one of the most influential justices ever to serve. Marshall previously held the position of fourth U.S. Secretary of State under John Adams as president.
Marshall is most remembered for two significant contributions to the administration of modern-day America. In order for the court to claim equal standing with Congress and the Executive he first created the department's standing and authority and a balanced administration with distinct powers. He argued that the court has the power to interpret the Constitution as the supreme law and to keep the other arms of government accountable to it.
Second, Marshall gave the Constitution interpretations that considerably increased the federal government's authority.
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Why were European countries able to expand and be Imperial in the 1800s?; What countries Imperialized the world in the 1800s?; What event caused the spread of imperialism in the 1800s?; What was one way industrialization led to rising imperialism in the 1800's?
Ancient imperialism is evident in the history of China and the history of West Asia and the Mediterranean, an endless series of empires. to the 4th century). That is in stark contrast to the Assyrian people, who were oppressed in their liberal treatment and ensured that it would last for a long time. It was eventually superseded by Greek imperialism. When Greek imperialism reached its zenith under Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), the union of the Eastern Mediterranean and Western Asia was achieved. But a Cosmopolis, where all citizens of the world should live together in harmony and with equal rights, remained Alexander's dream. It partially came true when the Romans built their empire from England to Egypt.
In contrast to the old imperialism, the New Period of Imperialism was an intensive imperialistic expansion from the second half of the 19th century until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. The new impetus for expanding territorial control included not only the former Western European colonial powers but also newcomers such as Germany, Italy , Japan, Russia, and the United States.
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When Philip IV assumed the Spanish throne in 1598 at the age of sixteen, his principal adviser urged him to rival all the other courts of Europe by
sending a naval force against England.
employing the greatest painters of the day.
forming an alliance with Louis XIV of France.
traveling to Florence, Rome, and Venice to absorb Renaissance humanism firsthand.
When Philip IV assumed the Spanish throne in 1598 at the age of sixteen, his principal adviser urged him to rival all the other courts of Europe by sending a naval force against England. The correct answer is this: Employing the greatest painters of the day.
Philip is known for his love of theatre as well as the "astonishing zeal" with which he acquired works of art. Philip favoured eminent dramatists like Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Lope de Vega, and others on stage. Philip has been given credit for contributing to the writing of various comedies. Perspective scenery was employed in court theatre; at the time, commercial theatre did not use this new Italian concept. The illusion of Baroque royal theatre has been compared by some authors to the illusion of kingly power that the performances were intended to support.
However, some recent scholarship contends that Philip's financial support for playwrights may not have been as significant as previously believed.
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in 1565, the (2) founded st. augustine, florida, the oldest permanent european settlement in the united states.
Answer: Founded in 1565, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European and African-American origin in the United States.
Place these major moments in the history of American foreign relations in chronological order from earliest to most recent.
'Place these major moments in the history of American foreign relations in chronological order from earliest to most recent George Washington gives his Farewell Address.
Chronology is the science of putting events in chronological order. For example, consider using a timeline or series of events. It is also a "determination of the actual timing of past events". Chronology is part of periodization.
Rehearsal dinner is Friday night. After that, we ask many guests to clean up for tomorrow's wedding ceremony. Clarification: In these sentences, the transition to "after" emphasizes the chronology of events (first dinner, then cleaning).
If you put dates in chronological order, the same applies to dates. Dates are sorted from newest to oldest. Imagine walking down (or down) a flight of stairs. When you do this, you start high and end low.
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this was a fierce battle on a small pacific island in february-march of 1945 that took place against japanese forces. the us gained a key military airstrip as a result.\
The us gained a key military airstrip as a result is Battle of Iwo Jima.
The United States Marine Corps (USMC) and United States Navy (USN) landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during the Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February – 26 March 1945), a significant battle that took place during World War II.
Battle of Iwo Jima, (February 19–March 16, 1945), World War II conflict between the United States and the Empire of Japan. The United States mounted an amphibious invasion of the island of Iwo Jima as part of its Pacific campaign against Japan.
The Battle: On February 19, 1945, U.S. Marines assaulted Iwo Jima following months of naval and aerial bombardment. Deep within the volcanic rocks, the Japanese defenders of the island were holed up in bunkers. roughly 70,000 Americans The battle featured 18,000 Japanese soldiers and Marines.
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Fill in the blanks below with names for six genera of Miocene hominoids and list the part of the world in which each was found: Fossil primate Where it was found
Hominoids are clearly present in Middle and Late Miocene taxa, and by the end of the Miocene, the majority of these taxa could be classified as either pongine (Pongo) or hominine (African ape and human).
Though there have been some suggested candidates, the hylobatid clade (gibbons and siamangs) has no conclusive fossil record. Miocene hominoids dispersed throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia in a pattern that is similar to that of many other contemporaneous terrestrial mammals. The emergence of land bridges, modifications in regional and global climatic conditions, and evolutionary innovations allowed for these intercontinental movements. The majority of the characteristics that distinguish hominids evolved in the vast subtropical region that covered much of Eurasia.
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this is the hebrew designation of the books in the old testament canon that are typically thought of in english as historical books. they represent the history of israel from a prophetic perspective.
Some believe that because the phrase "Old Testament" implies that there must also be a "New Testament," Judaism and its Bible are out-of-date and insufficient.
As was already mentioned, there are four main divisions of the Old Testament, each with a distinct emphasis on the person of Christ. We now reach the second set of twelve books, which covers the history of the people of Israel, beginning with Joshua and ending with Esther. These texts span the nation's history from its first land acquisition to its two deportations and subsequent land loss as a result of unbelief and disobedience. These twelve books, which span around 800 years of Israel's history, detail the conquest and occupation of Canaan, the kingships of the judges, the divide of Israel into the northern and southern Kingdoms, the fall of the northern Kingdom to Assyria, and the exile.
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which three topics became a major focus of the enlightenment?
Deism, the belief in the presence of a creator who does not interfere with the cosmos, was one of the fundamental concepts that dominated Enlightenment philosophy. Liberalism is the belief in freedom and human rights. Republicanism is the viewpoint that a country ought to be run like a republic with a focus on liberty.
Enlightenment Age: What Is It?The Enlightenment, often known as the Age of Enlightenment, was a philosophical and intellectual movement that dominated Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries and had a significant impact on the rest of the world. The pursuit of knowledge using reason and the evidence of the senses, as well as values like liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity, and constitutional governance, were central to the Enlightenment. It also covered a wide range of concepts.
In addition to conferences held in scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons, and coffeehouses, philosophers and scientists of the time also published their thoughts in books, journals, and pamphlets. The political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries were made possible by the Enlightenment concepts, which challenged the legitimacy of the monarchy and the Catholic Church. The Enlightenment is the philosophical ancestor of many 19th-century movements, including liberalism, communism, and neoclassicism.
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