Sunlight is the initial source of energy in an ecosystem, which then moves through primary producers (plants and algae), primary consumers (herbivores), secondary and tertiary consumers (people), and so on.
According to the 10% rule of Lindman's energy efficiency of any ecosystem, these forms constitute trophic levels, and only 10% of the energy spent by one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level to whom it feeds food.As a result, of the benefits that plants receive from sunshine, only 10% are consumed by herbivores.It transitions from herbivores to carnivores and so forth.For the sake of simplicity, we shall use the 10% rule to our scenario when comparing the mass of one trophic level to the next.
a) Humans were herbivores and got their mass from plants
As each corn on average weighs 130 g
The amount of mass transferred to humans will be only 10% of that
= (10/100) x 130 = 13 g
Total mass of humans is given as 290,000,000,000,000 or 290 x [tex]10^{12}[/tex] g
To make such a big mass number of corns that only provide 13 g will be =290 x [tex]10^{12}[/tex] g / 13
= 22.3 x [tex]10^{12}[/tex] g ears of corn required.
So, number of corns needed for a total of humans = 22.3 x [tex]10^{12}[/tex] g
b) Humans were carnivores then we calculate how many cows would make that much human mass and how many corns needed for each cow and then multiply these numbers:
Each Cow weighs 700,000 g or 700 x [tex]10^{3}[/tex]g
And it will provide only 10% of its mass to consumers
= (10/100) x 700 x [tex]10^{3}[/tex]g
= 70 x [tex]10^{3}[/tex] g
To make complete mass of humans we will need,
(290 x [tex]10^{12}[/tex])/(70 x [tex]10^{3}[/tex]) = 4.1 x [tex]10^{9}[/tex] g cows.
We know that each com only provides 13 g to primary consumers. Hence each cow will need,
= (700x[tex]10^{3}[/tex]) / 13
= 53.8 x [tex]10^{3}[/tex] g ears of corn
Therefore, the total number of corns required to make the total human mass will be (4.1x[tex]10^{9}[/tex]) x (53.8 x [tex]10^{3}[/tex])
= 220.6 x[tex]10^{12}[/tex] g ears of corn
Number of corns needed for a total of humans = 220.6 x[tex]10^{12}[/tex] g
c) Diet for humans:
From the aforementioned comparison, it is clear that eating a non-vegetarian diet results in our consuming a lot more first crops or primary consumers—in fact, ten times more.
If we all go to a vegetarian diet, we will be able to feed more people than we can by eating meat due to the planet's constantly growing population.
When we consume from plants directly, as opposed to when we consume it indirectly through a carnivorous diet, we can feed ten times more people.
Learn more about energy transfer through trophic levels here:
https://brainly.com/question/15021598
#SPJ9
A student used a calibrated micrometer, which measure in ‘units’, to measure the length of a cell. Each unit is equal to 0l01mm the student measured a cell as having a length of 5 units. Calculate the length 1mm = 1000 micrometers
If a student used a calibrated micrometer, which measures in ‘units’, to measure the length of a cell. Each unit is equal to 0.01 mm the student measured a cell as having a length of 5 units. The 5 units of measurement on a calibrated micrometer would be equal to 50 micrometers
What is a unit of measurement?
A unit of measurement is a specified magnitude of a quantity that is established and used as a standard for measuring other quantities of the same kind. It is determined by convention or regulation.
As given in the problem, a student used a calibrated micrometer, which measures in ‘units’, to measure the length of a cell. Each unit is equal to 0.01 mm the student measured a cell as having a length of 5 units.
The measurement of the one unit of the cell = 0.01 mm
The measurement of the five units of the cell = 5 × 0.01 mm
=0.05 mm
1 mm = 1000 micrometers
0.05 mm = 0.05 ×1000 micrometers
= 50 micrometers
Thus, the 5 units of measurement on a calibrated micrometer would be equal to 50 micrometers.
To learn more about the unit of measurement here, refer to the link;
brainly.com/question/12629581
#SPJ1
which method carries the highest risk of failure ?
The first step in the production of seeds is pollination. Researchers studying pollination failure have demonstrated that it can happen at all stages and levels of the dispersal process.
Why does this method carry the highest risk of failure?If pollen is transferred to a stigma too little, too much, too late, too mixed in composition, or too poorly in quality, there is an increased risk of pollination failure. It is connected to plants when they are overly specialized or selective as well as pollinators when they are too few or inconsistent. It is linked to communities that are too fragmented, genetically deficient, or undergoing rapid change, as well as populations that are too small, too few, or genetically uniform. The successful conservation and recovery of rare plants, the maintenance of crop yields, and the sustainable use of resources from wild plants, such as forest lumber, can all be aided by an understanding of the causes of pollination failure in plants.To learn more about pollination visit:
https://brainly.com/question/28301188
#SPJ9
Read the scenario.
Scientists are studying compounds in a newly discovered rain forest plant.
The plant produces an unusual substance that local people say acts as an anesthetic.
What color change should the scientists look for when testing for carbohydrates?
brown to dark blue
purple to blue
dark blue to brown
blue to purple
In order to understand what the newly discovered substance is made up of, scientists can perform tests like the Iodine test.
The correct answer will be, if it is made up of carbohydrates, then the iodine color will change from brown to dark blue or blue-black.
Starch is one type of carbohydrate that can be detected using iodine. In the presence of starch, iodine turns from brown to a more blue-black tint. The response is somewhat inaccurate because other carbs are assessed in different ways, but starch, one type of carbohydrate, is the one that comes closest to the proper response.Benedict's solution is another specialized reagent that is commonly used to check for simple carbohydrates like glucose. Benedict's solution is blue, but if there are any simple carbs, it will turn green or yellow if there are few, and red if there are many.So, the iodine color changes from brown to dark blue.
Learn more about iodine test here:
https://brainly.com/question/14077292
#SPJ1
PLEASE HELP EVEN IF MY ANSWERS ARE RIGHT STILL TELL ME THEM PLEASE
Which mode of inheritance results in both alleles being detected equally in the heterozygous phenotype?
A codominant pattern of inheritance occurs when both alleles of a heterozygote are equally expressed in the phenotype.
What is heterozygous?Heterozygous is the term used to describe the existence of two distinct alleles at a specific gene locus. One normal allele, one mutant allele, or two separate mutant alleles can all be present in a heterozygous genotype.
Inheritance that is codominant is what?In codominant inheritance, a gene expresses in two distinct forms (alleles), each of which produces a slightly different protein. The characteristics of the genetic condition are influenced by both alleles, which also affect the genetic trait. Humans' MN blood group system serves as an illustration of codominance, as do speckled poultry, which express alleles for both black and white plumage, and roan cattle, which express alleles for both red and white hair.
to know more about heterozygous please check the link given below:
brainly.com/question/3258389
#SPJ4
Mucosal cells make up the mucosa, which lines the lumen. Mucosal cells are in direct contact with food and harsh digestive secretions. How long do the mucosal cells live?.
Mucosal cells make up the mucosa, which lines the lumen. Mucosal cells are in direct contact with food and harsh digestive secretions. The mucosal cells live for two to five days.
The mucosal cells are present in the epithelial lining of many of the cavities and organs of the body. The main function associated with mucosal cells is the secretion of mucus.
The mucosal cells of the lumen secrete mucosa which acts as a lubricant for the food in the lumen and also kills bacteria. As mucosal cells of the lumen have to survive harsh conditions such as acidic pH, digestive secretions etc, hence these cells live for only two to five days. New mucosal cells are made continuously and the damaged ones are removed from the body.
To learn more about the mucosa, click here:
brainly.com/question/12977672
#SPJ4
The part of the brain that "sounds the alarm" when stress is present is called the:____.
The part of the brain that "sounds the alarm" when stress is present is called the reticular activating system.
Define Reticular Activating System.The reticular activating system (RAS) is a network of neurons in the brain stem that mediates behavior and activates awake, desynchronized cortical EEG patterns. It also projects posteriorly to the thalamus and directly to the cortex.
How Reticular Activating System Functions?The essential function of the reticular activating system is the control of arousal and sleep–wake transitions. The thalami's intralaminar nuclei, which diffusely transmit to the cerebral cortex, receive input from the ascending reticular activating system. The reticular activating system's ascending projections improve the cortex's attentive state and enable the conscious perception of sensory stimuli.
to know more about reticular activating system please check the link given below:
brainly.com/question/15072797
#SPJ4
which chemical can we only get from eating protein
What is the complementary DNA stand for a sequence?
Answer:
DNA consists of two complementary strands which runs anti parallely to each other and forms a helix like structure due to their twisting angle geometry[tex].[/tex]
Complementary strand means, if you are given the nitrogenous base sequence of any one strand, you can easily find the sequence of other strand by the simple rule of "A binds with T and C binds with G" i.e. purine binds with pyrimindines in other words.
Observations are what is based on?
All organic compounds contain the element _____
A. Nitrogen
B. Oxygen
C. Carbon
D. Phosphorus
Answer:
C. Carbon
Explanation:
Carbon is the only element that is found in all the organic compounds.
PLEASE HELP!!!!! Question 1 of 10
Which sentence best describes the role of ATP synthase in the production of
ATP?
OA. It is the part of the electron transport chain that makes ADP
molecules from ATP molecules and phosphate groups (P).
B. It is the part of the Krebs cycle that makes ATP by joining ADP
molecules and phosphate groups (P).
C. It is the enzyme in the cytoplasm that makes ATP by joining ADP
molecules and phosphate groups (P).
D. It is the enzyme in an inner membrane that makes ATP by joining
ADP molecules and phosphate groups (P).
The role of ATP synthase in the production of ATP is that it is the enzyme in the cytoplasm that makes ATP by joining ADP molecules and phosphate groups (P) and is denoted as option C.
What is ATP synthase?This is referred to an enzyme which belongs to the class ligases and is responsible for catalyzing the reactions involved in the formation of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).
ATP synthase acts in the cytoplasm of cells where ADP molecules and phosphate groups (P) combine together to form ATP which is the energy currency of the cell and needed for their daily activities.
Read more about ATP synthase here https://brainly.com/question/893601
#SPJ1
Answer:
the answer is c
Explanation:
trust me bro
The law of supply and demand
is a simplification of economic patterns. What
other factors might affect the cost of copper?
Aside from the economics, copper is utilised to transfer energy and is found in almost everything electric. Because copper is frequently utilised for its quality and applications, its price may rise.
What is the significance of copper in the economy?Copper demand has always been a good predictor of economic health. It is a "workhorse metal" utilised in a variety of sectors and consumer uses, including plumbing and refrigeration, as well as smart phones and solar panels. Copper demand grows as companies expand, new homes are built, and vehicles are manufactured.
Taxation and government regulation, supplier market power, the availability of replacement goods, and economic cycles may all move or change the form of supply and demand curves.
learn more about supply and demand refer
https://brainly.com/question/4804206
#SPJ9
All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. This property is called polarity. True or false?.
All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface, and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. This property is called polarity.
Yes it is true. Tissues are the group of cells present in the body which are present very near to each other and they are organized in different shapes and forms of different sizes to perform different functions and to make up the organ system of the body and the tissues can be specific in their function or one tissue can perform many functions as well and there are mainly 4 types of tissues.
Which are epithelial ,connective, muscle, and nervous tissue and epithelial cells among them are the ones to be present both inside and outside of the body and they mainly function to protect the skin layering and also to line up the skin blood vessels, urinary tract and other organs so they also work for the contraction and relaxation of the tissues as they are lined up in urethra , uterus and urinary tract and epithelial cells have two surfaces the upper one is called as the apical surface and the lower one is called as the basal surface and as they are fond in different position and involved in different function this phenomenan is called as polarity so yes this is true.
To know more about this epithelial click at https://brainly.com/question/13404204
#SPJ4
Most pathogenic bacteria prefer environmental conditions that are
Answer:
warm and moist
Explanation:
it is easier for it to breed and grow in warm and moist environments
How many haploid sets of chromosomes are present in a diploid individual cell with a chromosome number of 32? 8 32 16 2 1
The correct option is (c) 16
There are 16 pair of chromosomes present in diploid individual cell with a chromosome number of 32.
This is due to the fact that each of our chromosomes is paired up, with one chromosome from each pair coming from each biological parent. Every human cell in the body has 23 pairs of these chromosomes, making our diploid number 46 and our 'haploid' number 23. 22 of the 23 pairs are considered to be autosomes. The 'X' and 'Y' chromosomes, which make up the 23rd pair, are responsible for sexual differentiation. This pair of chromosomes is in charge of "sex-linked" diseases that run in some families, such the blood disorder haemophilia, which primarily affects men. Males have an X and Y chromosome, whereas females have a pair of X chromosomes.Learn more about the chromosomes with the help of the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/1596925
#SPJ4
What is meant by the term insulin resistance? cells in target tissues lose all ability to respond to insulin?
The term insulin resistance means a condition when the cells of liver, muscles, and fats do not respond to insulin thus by not in taking any glucose from the blood in our body.
The term insulin resistance often leads to the condition of type 2 diabetes where the cells resist the uptake of glucose in the blood thereby increasing the blood glucose levels in the body of an individual. This condition of increased blood glucose level is called hyperglycemia.
This is also connected with other ailments like high blood pressure, rise in cholesterol, obesity etc. it may also result in dehydration, confusion, and low energy in the body.
To know more about type 2 diabetes refer to the link below
https://brainly.com/question/24226387
#SPJ4
What is the fundamental difference between the feedback mechanism involving oxytocin and birth and the mechanism involving insulin and blood sugar?
According to the given statement:
Insulin's activity is intended to function as a negative feedback system.There is no typical homeostatic range for birthing.Insulin's purpose in this is to generate facilitated diffusion pathways in body cell plasma membranes, allowing glucose to enter the cell.During labor, the level of oxytocin continues to rise until the end point is achieved.Briefing:Insulin's activity is intended to function as a negative feedback mechanism. The objective is to maintain blood sugar levels within normal homeostatic limits. Insulin's purpose in this situation is to open wider developmental channels in body cell plasma membranes, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, blood sugar levels fall. Other actions will be taken as needed to raise blood sugar levels. There is no typical homeostatic range for birthing. There is a climactic endpoint, which is birth. During labor, the level of oxytocin continues to rise until the end point is achieved.
To know more about oxytocin visit:
https://brainly.com/question/1996049
#SPJ4
describe the different types of climate change
Answer:
There are approximately five main climate types on Earth:
TropicalDryTemperateContinentalPolarThe food web illustrated here exists in Yellowstone National Park.
Secondary
consumers
Red fox
Raven (detritivore)
Primary
consumers
Snowshoe
Red squirrel
hare
Moose
Beaver
Primary
producers
Pine
Maple
Balsam Fir Cottonwood Aquatic plants
If gray wolves were to go extinct, what would be the two most likely effects
on the ecosystem?
Answer:
If the gray wolves go extinct here are two likely effects;
The bever population will increase The aquatic plants in the ecosystem will decreaseExplanation:
If the gray wolves becomes excent then the things that they feed on like the snowshoes hares, deer, and bevers will most likely increase because there is not as many predators to keep the population in check.
As for the aquatic plants because there will be more bevers the plant population will decrease a faster rate as a result.
The food web in Yellowstone National Park will certainly experience an increase in aquatic plant population as a result of wolves being introduced to the area. So, the correct option is A.
What is the difference between food chain and food web?All the food networks in a specific ecosystem make up a food web. Each organism in an environment is a link in a number of food chains. Energy and nutrients can go along different food chains as their move through the environment. A food chain is a group of organisms that are consumed in a linear order, passing nutrients and energy along the way.
Animals find food on one end of a food chain, which has only one path. A food web, however, demonstrates several pathways whereby plants and animals were interconnected. Many food chains make up a food web. An organism consumes just one thing in a food chain, but several things in a food web.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
Learn more about Food web, here:
brainly.com/question/2233704
#SPJ5
Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:
The Yellowstone National Park food web is shown below.
Secondary
consumers
Raven (detritivore)
Red fox
Gray wolf
Primary
consumers
Snowshoe
hare
Moose
Beaver
Red Squirrel
Primary
producers
Pine
Maple Balsam Fir Cottonwood Aquatic plants
What would be the most likely effect of adding wolves to the park?
A. Increased aquatic plant population
B. Decreased maple population
C. Decreased cottonwood population
D. Increased elk population
why can carbon atoms can form chains of unlimited lengths?
Answer:
Carbon has the ability to form very strong covalent bonds with its atoms. This property of self-linking with atoms of the same element is termed as catenation.
Catenation is favored by atoms where atom to atom covalent bond is quite strong. In carbon, C-C bond energy is very high (347.3 kJ mol-1) causing catenation. Further, the carbon atom due to its tetravalency, can be bonded to two, three or four carbon atoms by forming single and multiple bonds. Therefore, chains of carbon atoms may be linear, branched or cyclic. Hence, it form long chains of its own atom. Another factor that allows this ability is the very convenient covalent radius of 111 pm.
To date, palytoxin and maitotoxin have been recognized as the longest carbon chain compounds in nature, except for biopolymers such as nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides.
PLEASE HELP!!!!!! ASAP
Answer:
C
Explanation:
I guessed lollolololololol
what factors increase the rate of water evaporation
Mucosal cells make up the mucosa, which lines the lumen. Mucosal cells are in direct contact with food and harsh digestive secretions. How long do the mucosal cells live?.
Mucosal cells make up the mucosa, which lines the lumen. Mucosal cells are in direct contact with food and harsh digestive secretions. The mucosal cells live for two to five days.
In the field of biology, mucosal cells can be described as cells that make up the lining of various organs of the body. They separate various body cavities from the exterior.
The mucosal cells of the lumen are actively involved in the secretion of mucus. This mucus helps in providing lubrication to food as well as protects the lumen from invading pathogens.
As mucosal cells of the lumen are present in a harsh environment, they manage to live only for two to five days. However, the mucosal cells are repeatedly made by the body in order for their function to occur.
To learn more about the mucosa, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/12977672
#SPJ4
What conclusions can you draw about species richness and species evenness between the two areas
A pear tree was saved from the site, rehabilitated and eventually returned to the site of the memorial. What is the tree called?.
The Callery pear tree is called the "Survivor Tree".
After the attacks of 9/11, this Callery pear tree earned the name "Survivor Tree." While removing debris from the World Trade Centre site, workers discovered the severely charred and disfigured tree. It had been injured, yet it still exhibited signs of life. The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation received the tree after it had been taken down from the location, which aided in its recovery and rehabilitation.In 2010, the Survivor Tree made its way back to the Memorial Plaza and rooted itself in the ground close to the towers' footprints. As it grew, cables helped it stay upright. The fresh, smooth, leafy branches that have tenaciously sprouted now stand in stark contrast to the tree's gnarled trunk and stubby limbs. It serves as a tangible representation of perseverance.So, the correct answer is that the Callery pear tree is called the "Survivor Tree".
Learn more about the 9/11 attack here:
https://brainly.com/question/13227981
#SPJ4
What can identifying all genes present in microbiome samples tell you that profiling 16s rrna genes would not?.
16S rRNA gene sequence analysis may be used to find poorly documented, infrequently isolated, or phenotypically abnormal strains, and can lead to the identification of new diseases and noncultured bacteria.
Why can we use 16S rRNA sequencing to categorise and identify gut bacteria?The 16S rRNA gene encodes a ribosomal component that is highly conserved among bacteria and has hypervariable areas scattered throughout its sequence (Clarridge, 2004). These hypervariable areas are specific to each bacterial species and enable categorization or taxonomy.
The results are relative rather than absolute in nature. Due to varied PCR amplification frequencies and insufficient reference databases utilised for sequence analysis, 16S rRNA sequencing might be biassed. It does not establish cause-and-effect correlations.
Learn more about 16S rRNA gene refer
https://brainly.com/question/17749014
#SPJ4
What is a chemical bond?
a collection of bonded atoms
an element only needed in small amounts by
the body
a pure chemical substance made of one type
of atom
an attraction between atoms that allows them
to form larger structures
Answer: D. An attraction between atoms that allows them to form larger structures
Explanation:
took the lesson and it’s correct
How would you distinguish pseudostratified columnar epithelium from all other tissues?.
According to the Histology of the nephron, simple squamous epithelium in the lumen and simple cubic epithelium in the distal tubule.
The nephrons are the functional and filtering part of the kidneys, composed of the renal corpuscle and its renal tubular system.
The renal corpuscle performs the primary filtration of systemic blood that arrives from the glomerular capillary system.The product of this filtration passes to the renal tubular system, which is responsible for absorbing necessary molecules and secreting waste substances.The loop of Henle is lined by simple squamous epithelium, composed of cells with few organelles, little secretion capacity, and few or no microvilli.The distal convoluted tubule, like the proximal tubule, is lined by simple cubic epithelium, with a single layer of cells of similar width and height.#SPJ2
Distinguish pseudostratified columnar epithelium from all other tissues it is composed of a single layer of cells of varying heights; not all cells reach the free surface, and nuclei are at varying heights within cells
There are many differences between both kinds of tissues as tissues are the main part of making up the organ system.
Pseudostratified epithelial differ from columnar epithelium because they have only a single layer of cells but of different heights and also do not have the ability to contract and expand whereas the columnar epithelial cells have various cell layers and are also able to contract and relax and pseudo epithelial cells are found in the bronchi, trachea and the parts of respiratory organs but the columnar is found in the lining of the urethra and uterus and the pseudo epithelial cells are used for the trapping of dust and other foreign particles whereas the columnar is used for expansion of urethra during urination and also pseudo epithelial cells have cilia which also helps in the movement whereas columnar have the microvilli whereas the pseudo epithelial cells are connected to the basal membrane the columnar on the other side are multilayered so only the lower layer comes in the contact with the basal membrane.
To know more about this epithelial cells click at https://brainly.com/question/12806192
#SPJ4
A prairie nature reserve is home to a population of pheasants. This year, the population of pheasants has increased sharply, and scientists think the population has exceeded the carrying capacity. The reserve is also home to a small, scattered population of bison. Scientists think that the bison population is significantly below carrying capacity, although it has been increasing gradually from year to year.
Both the pheasant and bison populations of the nature reserve could be affected by a variety of limiting factors. Which limiting factor affects both populations about equally?
(A) competition within the population for food and water
(B) parasites that spread among species members
(C) a wildfire that spreads across the prairie grasses
(D) competition within the population for living space
(E) native predators that hunt and kill species members
The limiting factor which affects both populations about equally is competition within the population for living space and is therefore denoted as option D.
What is Competition?
This is defined as a type of rivalry between organisms or species for resources such as food, space etc in a particular area over a given period of time.
Since we were told that the the bison population is significantly below carrying capacity and the pheasant population has exceeded the carrying capacity in the same nature reserve then the competition for space affects both equally which is why increase in both has been effectively managed.
Read more about Competition here https://brainly.com/question/9428741
#SPJ1
