Acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin, structure shown below) has a pK a a

of 3.50. Calculate the extent to which aspirin is ionized (ratio of A−/HA) in the stomach (pH=2.0) and the small intestine (pH= 8.0). Exactly how much more ionized is aspirin in the small intestine than in the stomach? (Answer should be a whole number; no commas, no decimals)

Answers

Answer 1

The extent to which aspirin is ionized in the stomach (pH = 2.0) and the small intestine (pH = 8.0) can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Plugging in the values, we can determine the ratio of the concentration of the ionized form (A-) to the concentration of the non-ionized form (HA).

In the stomach, the extent of ionization will be higher compared to the small intestine due to the difference in pH. To calculate the extent of ionization, we use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation with the respective pH and pKa values.

In the stomach (pH = 2.0), the extent to which aspirin is ionized can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

Extent of ionization = 10^(pH - pKa)/(1 + 10^(pH - pKa))

Plugging in the values for pH = 2.0 and pKa = 3.50, we get:

Extent of ionization in the stomach = 10^(2.0 - 3.50)/(1 + 10^(2.0 - 3.50))

The extent of ionization in the small intestine (pH = 8.0) can also be calculated using the same equation:

Extent of ionization in the small intestine = 10^(8.0 - 3.50)/(1 + 10^(8.0 - 3.50))


The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is used to calculate the extent to which a weak acid (in this case, aspirin) is ionized in a solution of a known pH. The equation takes into account the acid's pKa value and the pH of the solution.

In the stomach, which has a lower pH of 2.0, the extent of ionization of aspirin will be higher compared to the small intestine, which has a higher pH of 8.0. This is because the low pH in the stomach favors the protonation of the aspirin molecule, increasing the concentration of the non-ionized form (HA). Conversely, the higher pH in the small intestine favors the deprotonation of aspirin, increasing the concentration of the ionized form (A-).

To calculate the extent of ionization, we plug in the values of pH and pKa into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The equation gives us a ratio of the concentration of the ionized form (A-) to the concentration of the non-ionized form (HA).

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Related Questions

A mixture of hydrogen gas, neon gas, and chlorine gas were stored in a 5 L flask at a constant temperature of 250K. Which of these gases would have the greatest average kinetic energy?
Group of answer choices
Neon gas has the greatest average kinetic energy.
Fluorine gas has the greatest average kinetic energy.
It is impossible to determine the relative kinetic energy without knowing the pressure and volume of each gas.
Hydrogen gas has the greatest average kinetic energy.
They all have the same average kinetic energy.

Answers

A mixture of hydrogen gas, neon gas, and chlorine gas were stored in a 5 L flask at a constant temperature of 250K. The correct answer is "they all have the same average kinetic energy".

According to the kinetic theory of gases, the average kinetic energy of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature and is independent of the gas's identity or molar mass. In this case, all the gases (hydrogen, neon, and chlorine) are at the same temperature of 250K.

Therefore, they all have the same average kinetic energy.

The average kinetic energy of a gas is calculated using the equation:

KE_avg = (3/2) * k * T

where KE_avg is the average kinetic energy, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin. Since the temperature is constant for all the gases, their average kinetic energies will be equal.

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Final answer:

Given the same temperature, all gases have the same average kinetic energy regardless of the gas type. Therefore, hydrogen, neon, and chlorine all have the same average kinetic energy at 250K.

Explanation:

The average kinetic energy of particles in a gas depends only on the temperature of the gas, according to the kinetic molecular theory. Since the temperature (250K) is the same for all the three gases (hydrogen, neon, and chlorine), they will all have the same average kinetic energy. No matter their masses or the number of molecules present, these factors won't affect their average kinetic energy at a constant temperature. Therefore, hydrogen gas, neon gas, and chlorine gas stored in a 5 L flask at the constant temperature of 250K will have the same average kinetic energy.

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Which statement about the electromagnetic spectrum is correct? The frequency of visible light is higher than the frequency of infrared light The energy of infrared light is higher than the energy of visible light Infrared light has a shorter wavelength than ultraviolet light Visible light has a shorter wavelength than ultraviolet light

Answers

The statement "Visible light has a shorter wavelength than ultraviolet light" is correct. The energy of infrared light is lower than the energy of visible light.

The statement about the electromagnetic spectrum that is correct is "Visible light has a shorter wavelength than ultraviolet light."The electromagnetic spectrum consists of radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. Electromagnetic radiation travels at a constant speed of 3 x 10⁸ m/s in a vacuum. The wavelength and frequency of the radiation are inversely related. As the frequency of electromagnetic radiation increases, its wavelength decreases and vice versa.Visible light is the only part of the spectrum that is visible to the human eye.

The color of visible light is determined by its wavelength. Red light has the longest wavelength, while violet light has the shortest. Ultraviolet light has a shorter wavelength than visible light, and its frequency is higher. As the frequency of electromagnetic radiation increases, its energy increases. Infrared light has a longer wavelength than visible light, and its frequency is lower. Therefore, the statement "Visible light has a shorter wavelength than ultraviolet light" is correct. The energy of infrared light is lower than the energy of visible light.

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For the following reaction, 6.95 grams of benzene (CH) are mixed with excess oxygen gas. The reaction yields 18.1 grams of carbon dioxide. benzene (C₂H) () + oxygen (g) → carbon dioxide(g) + water (g) a. What is the ideal yield of carbon dioxide? Ideal yield = grams b. What is the percent yield for this reaction? Percent yield = %

Answers

The ideal yield of carbon dioxide is 23.5 g, while the percent yield for this reaction is 77.02%.

Mass of benzene, CH6.95 g

Mass of carbon dioxide, CO2 = 18.1 g

The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of benzene is;

C6H6 + 15O2 → 6CO2 + 3H2O

From the chemical equation, 6 moles of carbon dioxide are produced from 1 mole of benzene.The molar mass of benzene is;

6C = 6 × 12.01 g/mol = 72.06 g/mol

6H = 6 × 1.008 g/mol = 6.048 g/mol

Total molar mass = 78.108 g/mol

The moles of benzene, CH are;

Mass = number of moles × molar mass

78.108 g/mol = 6.95 g × (1 mol/78.108 g) = 0.0889 mol of CH

The ideal yield of carbon dioxide = the number of moles of CH × number of moles of CO2 produced per mole of CH

Ideal yield of CO2 = 0.0889 mol × 6 mol/1 mol = 0.534 molCO2

The ideal yield of CO2 = number of moles of CO2 produced × molar mass of CO2

Ideal yield of CO2 = 0.534 mol × 44.01 g/mol = 23.5 g of CO2

Percent yield = (actual yield/ideal yield) × 100%

The actual yield of CO2 = 18.1 g

Percent yield of CO2 = (18.1/23.5) × 100% = 77.02 %

Therefore, the ideal yield of carbon dioxide is 23.5 g, while the percent yield for this reaction is 77.02%.

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1.) Draw the substitution product from the following reaction and What is the IUPAC name of your product?
+ NaOH ---> NaBr + your product ?
bromo-3-methylcyclopentane sodium hydroxide sodium bromide What is the IUPAC name

Answers

Based on the information provided, the reaction involves bromo-3-methylcyclopentane and sodium hydroxide, resulting in the formation of sodium bromide and a substitution product.

To determine the specific substitution product and its IUPAC name, we need to understand the reaction mechanism.

Assuming that the reaction proceeds via an SN1 or SN2 mechanism, let's consider the possibilities:

SN1 mechanism: In an SN1 reaction, the leaving group (bromine) dissociates first to form a carbocation intermediate, followed by nucleophilic attack.

However, bromo-3-methylcyclopentane is a primary alkyl halide, and SN1 reactions are typically more favorable for tertiary alkyl halides. Therefore, the SN1 mechanism may not be the major pathway in this case.

SN2 mechanism: In an SN2 reaction, the nucleophile (hydroxide ion) attacks the carbon bearing the leaving group, resulting in the substitution of the leaving group with the nucleophile in a concerted manner.

Considering the structure of bromo-3-methylcyclopentane, the hydroxide ion can attack the carbon bearing the bromine atom.

Based on the SN2 mechanism, the substitution product can be drawn as follows:

              CH3

             |

   H3C - C - Br   +   NaOH  --->  NaBr  +  H3C - C - OH

             |

            CH3

The IUPAC name of the substitution product formed is 3-methylcyclopentanol.

It's important to note that without further information or experimental data, it's difficult to determine the exact reaction conditions and the favored mechanism.

Additionally, other factors such as stereochemistry can influence the product formed. Therefore, the provided answer is based on the most likely scenario considering the available information.

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45
When a solution is diluted, the a. volume of solution remains unchanged. b. concentration of solute remains unchanged. c. amount of solute remains unchanged. d. amount of solvent remains unchanged. Cl

Answers

Dilution is a process of making a less concentrated solution by adding more solvent. Dilution refers to the reduction of the concentration of a solution. This is done by adding more solvent, without adding more solute. The correct option is D, the amount of solvent remains unchanged.

Thus, the concentration of solute decreases.When a solution is diluted, the amount of solvent increases. However, the amount of solute remains the same. Therefore, the concentration of the solution is reduced. The decrease in concentration is proportional to the increase in the volume of the solution.

The amount of solvent remains unchanged. When a solution is diluted, the amount of solute remains the same. However, the volume of the solution increases. Therefore, the concentration of the solution is reduced. The amount of solvent changes in direct proportion to the change in volume.

This means that as the volume increases, the amount of solvent also increases. In summary, dilution is a process of making a less concentrated solution by adding more solvent. When a solution is diluted, the amount of solute remains the same, but the volume of the solution increases, causing the concentration of the solute to decrease. The amount of solvent changes in direct proportion to the change in volume.

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Consider the compound with the following condensed molecular formula: CH 3

CHOHCH=CH 2

Choose the correct dash structural formula for the compound.

Answers

To determine the correct dash structural formula for the compound with the condensed molecular formula CH3CHOHCH=CH2, we need to consider the arrangement of the atoms and their bonds.

1. Start by drawing the carbon skeleton. The condensed formula indicates four carbon atoms in a row: CH3CHOHCH=CH2.
2. The condensed formula also indicates that there is a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the second carbon atom.
3. The equal sign (=) indicates a double bond between the third and fourth carbon atoms.
4. The CH3 group indicates a methyl group (-CH3) attached to the first carbon atom.
5. Lastly, the remaining bond of the fourth carbon atom is connected to another hydrogen atom.

Based on this information, the correct dash structural formula for the compound is:

    CH3-CH(OH)-CH=CH2

This formula represents the arrangement of atoms and their bonds, with dashes (-) representing single bonds and the equal sign (=) representing a double bond.

In conclusion, the dash structural formula for the compound with the condensed molecular formula CH3CHOHCH=CH2 is CH3-CH(OH)-CH=CH2.

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The condensed molecular formula provided, CH3CHOHCH=CH2, represents a compound with the molecular formula C4H8O. The correct dash structural formula for this compound can be known, we need to understand the connectivity of the atoms and the arrangement of the bonds.

Here's how we can construct the dash structural formula step-by-step:

1. Start by placing the carbon atoms in a chain. Since there are four carbon atoms, we arrange them in a linear manner:

    CH3-CH(OH)-CH=CH2

2. Next, add the hydrogen atoms to each carbon atom according to their valency. Carbon atoms can form four bonds, while hydrogen atoms can form only one bond. Therefore, we add the necessary hydrogen atoms:

    CH3-CH(OH)-CH=CH2
    |
    H

3. Now, we need to add the remaining atoms and bonds. The presence of the functional group CHO (aldehyde) indicates that the carbon atom is double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to hydrogen. We can add this group to the second carbon atom:

    CH3-CH(OH)-CH=CH2
    |
    CHO

4. Finally, we add the double bond between the third and fourth carbon atoms:

    CH3-CH(OH)-CH=CH2

Therefore, the correct dash structural formula for the compound with the condensed molecular formula CH3CHOHCH=CH2 is:

    CH3-CH(OH)-CH=CH2

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3. Calculate the ratio of molarities of PO 4
3

and HPO 4
2

ions in a pH11.0 phosphate buffer solution. For phosphoric acid and its related phosphate species: pKa 1

pKa 2

pKa 3


=1.9
=6.7
=11.9

Answers

In this case, with pKa1, pKa2, and pKa3 values of 1.9, 6.7, and 11.9 respectively, the solution is in the region where all three species are present.

The molar ratio of PO43- to HPO42- can be determined based on the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, which relates the pH and pKa values. By considering the pH of the solution and the pKa values, the ratio of molarities can be calculated.

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to calculate the ratio of molarities of PO43- and HPO42- ions in the phosphate buffer solution. The equation is given as:

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

In this case, [A-] represents the concentration of the conjugate base (PO43-) and [HA] represents the concentration of the acid (HPO42-). The pKa values given are 1.9, 6.7, and 11.9 for the three ionization steps of phosphoric acid.

Since the pH of the solution is 11.0, it lies in the region where all three species are present. Therefore, the equation needs to be applied to each relevant pair of species. The ratio of molarities between PO43- and HPO42- can be calculated for each pair using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the respective pKa values.

For the first ionization step (pKa1 = 1.9), the equation becomes:

11.0 = 1.9 + log([PO43-]/[HPO42-])

Similarly, for the second and third ionization steps (pKa2 = 6.7 and pKa3 =11.9), the equations become:

11.0 = 6.7 + log([HPO42-]/[H2PO4-])

11.0 = 11.9 + log([H2PO4-]/[H3PO4])

By solving these equations, the respective ratios of molarities for PO43- to HPO42- can be determined in the pH 11.0 phosphate buffer solution.

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Question 5 (8 marks) Differentiate the following set of terms in relation to evaluation of the measurement tools. Provide relevant examples. ANSWER: Validity, Reliability, and Practicality

Answers

In the evaluation of the measurement tools, the following terms must be differentiated: validity, reliability, and practicality.

Validity refers to how accurately a tool measures what it is supposed to measure. A measurement tool is considered to be valid if it measures what it is supposed to measure. Validity can be classified into three types: content, criterion, and construct. Content validity refers to whether the measurement tool captures all aspects of the phenomenon being measured. Criterion validity refers to whether the measurement tool correlates with a known standard of measurement. Construct validity refers to whether the measurement tool measures the theoretical concept it claims to measure. Reliability refers to the consistency of a measurement tool's results. A measurement tool is reliable if it consistently measures what it is supposed to measure. Reliability can be classified into three types: test-retest, inter-rater, and internal consistency.

Test-retest reliability refers to whether the measurement tool produces consistent results when given to the same individuals at different times. Inter-rater reliability refers to whether the measurement tool produces consistent results when given to different raters. Internal consistency refers to whether the measurement tool produces consistent results across different parts of the same test. Practicality refers to how easy a measurement tool is to administer and score. A measurement tool is considered practical if it is easy to administer and score. For example, a 100-item questionnaire may be impractical to use in a clinical setting where time is limited. In conclusion, validity, reliability, and practicality are important factors to consider when evaluating measurement tools.

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How many grams of Fe are there in a sample of Fe that contains 9.56×10 ^
23
atoms?

Answers

There are  88.607 grams of iron (Fe) in a sample of Fe that contains 9.56 × 10²³ atoms.

How many grams of Fe are present in the given sample?

To determine the amount in grams of iron (Fe) in a sample containing a given number of atoms, we need to use the concept of molar mass and Avogadro's number.

The molar mass of iron (Fe) is approximately 55.845 g/mol.

Avogadro's number, which represents the number of atoms or molecules in one mole of a substance, is approximately 6.022 × 10²³.

Given that the sample contains 9.56 × 10²³ atoms of iron, we can calculate the mass of iron in grams as follows:

Mass (g) = (Number of atoms / Avogadro's number) x Molar mass

Mass (g) = (9.56 × 10^23 atoms / 6.022 × 10²³) x 55.845 g/mol

Mass (g) = 9.56 × 55.845 / 6.022

Mass (g) ≈ 88.607 g

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write two possible mechanisms for the formation of two isomers of
isoxazole from chalcone dibromide using NH2OH, please inclue the
oxygen addition as well.
X= 4-et
Y= 4-Cl

Answers

Two possible mechanisms for the formation of isoxazole isomers from chalcone dibromide using NH2OH involve nucleophilic attack by NH2OH on the carbonyl carbon of chalcone dibromide. The specific isomers formed depend on the position of the substituents on chalcone dibromide (X = 4-Et, Y = 4-Cl).

Mechanism 1:

Step 1: Nucleophilic Attack by NH2OH

NH2OH attacks one of the carbonyl carbon atoms of chalcone dibromide, resulting in the formation of an intermediate with a nitrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon. This step is reversible.

Step 2: Oxygen Addition and Rearrangement

In this step, the oxygen atom from NH2OH adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming a cyclic intermediate. The cyclic intermediate undergoes a rearrangement, resulting in the formation of one isomer of isoxazole.

Mechanism 2:

Step 1: Nucleophilic Attack by NH2OH

Similar to Mechanism 1, NH2OH attacks one of the carbonyl carbon atoms of chalcone dibromide, forming an intermediate with a nitrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon. This step is reversible.

Step 2: Oxygen Addition and Intramolecular Cyclization

In this step, the oxygen atom from NH2OH adds to the carbonyl carbon, and the resulting intermediate undergoes intramolecular cyclization. The cyclization leads to the formation of the second isomer of isoxazole.

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Draw the molecular orbitals formed from the unhybridized p-orbitals in butadiene. Which is the HOMO and LUMO? What do those terms stand for? What is the term that is used to describe both of those orbitals?

Answers

The image of the molecular orbitals in butadiene shows the HOMO and LUMO

What are molecular orbitals?

Areas of space within a molecule called molecular orbitals are where electrons are most likely to be found. They are created by combining and overlapping the atomic orbitals of different molecules' atoms. Understanding a molecule's chemical characteristics and bonding is greatly aided by understanding its molecular orbitals, which represent the distribution of electrons within a molecule.

The atomic orbitals of the constituent atoms that make up a molecule combine to generate the molecular orbitals. The total number of atomic orbitals engaged in the combination equals the total number of molecular orbitals that are created. Quantum mechanics and the fundamentals of quantum chemistry describe how atomic orbitals combine to produce molecule orbitals.

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Consider the reaction: 2 H₂+ O₂→ 2 H₂O If a 4.00 g H₂ reacts with an excess of oxygen, how many grams of water can be produced? HINT: show your work using the factor label method on a single

Answers

If 4.00 g of H₂ reacts with an excess of oxygen, approximately 36.00 g of water can be produced.

To determine the mass of water produced, we need to use stoichiometry and the given amount of H₂. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

2 H₂ + O₂ → 2 H₂O

From the equation, we can see that the ratio between H₂ and H₂O is 2:2, meaning that 2 moles of H₂ react to produce 2 moles of H₂O.

Now, let's calculate the mass of water produced step-by-step using the given amount of H₂:

Convert the given mass of H₂ to moles:

Using the molar mass of H₂ (2 g/mol), we can calculate the number of moles of H₂:

4.00 g H₂ * (1 mol H₂ / 2 g H₂) = 2.00 mol H₂

Use the stoichiometry of the balanced equation to find the moles of H₂O produced:

Since the stoichiometric ratio is 1:1 between H₂ and H₂O, the number of moles of H₂O is equal to the number of moles of H₂:

2.00 mol H₂O

Convert the moles of H₂O to grams:

Using the molar mass of H₂O (18 g/mol), we can calculate the mass of H₂O:

2.00 mol H₂O * (18 g H₂O / 1 mol H₂O) = 36.00 g H₂O

Therefore, approximately 36.00 g of water can be produced from 4.00 g of H₂ when reacted with an excess of oxygen.

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Consider the following gas - phase oxidation of hydrogen bromide (HBr) by oxygen (O₂): 4HBr(g) + O₂(g) → 2H₂O(g) + 2Br₂(g) The rate Law for this reaction is first order with respect HBr and first order with respect to O₂. The reaction proceeds as follows: Step 1: HBr(g) + O₂(g) → HOOBr(g) Step 2: HOOBr(g) + HBr(g) → 2HOBr(g) Step 3: HOBr(g) + HBr(g) → H₂O(g) + Brz₂(g) 1.1.1 Show how the three steps can be added to give the overall equation. 1.1.2 Write the rate law for each elementary step in the mechanism. 1.1.3 Write the rate law for the overall reaction. 1.1.4 Based on the rate law for the overall reaction, which step is rate determining? 1.1.5 Identify any intermediate/s in the mechanism.

Answers

The overall equation for the reaction is obtained by combining three steps. The rate law for each step is determined based on the stoichiometry, and the slowest step (Step 2) determines the overall rate law. The intermediate in this mechanism is HOOBr, which is formed in Step 1 and consumed in Step 2.

To determine the equation, rate-determining step, and intermediates 1.1.1 The overall equation can be obtained by adding the three steps together:

Step 1: HBr(g) + O₂(g) → HOOBr(g)

Step 2: HOOBr(g) + HBr(g) → 2HOBr(g)

Step 3: HOBr(g) + HBr(g) → H₂O(g) + Br₂(g)

Adding these three steps, we get the overall equation:

4HBr(g) + O₂(g) → 2H₂O(g) + 2Br₂(g)

1.1.2 The rate law for each elementary step can be determined by examining the stoichiometry of the step. For a first-order reaction, the rate law is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant.

Rate law for Step 1: Rate₁ = k₁[HBr][O₂]

Rate law for Step 2: Rate₂ = k₂[HOOBr][HBr]

Rate law for Step 3: Rate₃ = k₃[HOBr][HBr]

1.1.3 The rate law for the overall reaction is determined by the slowest (rate-determining) step, which is the step that has the highest order with respect to the reactants. In this case, it is Step 2.

Rate law for the overall reaction: Rate = k₂[HBr][HOOBr]

1.1.4 Based on the rate law for the overall reaction, Step 2 is the rate-determining step.

1.1.5 The intermediate in a reaction mechanism is a species that is formed in one step and consumed in a subsequent step. In this mechanism, HOOBr is an intermediate formed in Step 1 and consumed in Step 2.

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Lab Data Mass of sodium chloride (g) Mass of sodium chloride (mg) Mass of sodium chloride (kg)

Answers

if you have the mass of sodium chloride in grams, you can easily convert it to milligrams by multiplying by 1000, and to kilograms by dividing by 1000.

To convert mass from grams (g) to milligrams (mg), you need to multiply the mass in grams by 1000. Similarly, to convert mass from grams (g) to kilograms (kg), you need to divide the mass in grams by 1000.

For example, if you have a mass of sodium chloride of 2 grams (g), to convert it to milligrams (mg), you would multiply 2 g by 1000, resulting in 2000 mg. Similarly, to convert the mass of sodium chloride from grams (g) to kilograms (kg), you would divide 2 g by 1000, resulting in 0.002 kg.

In summary, the conversion factors for mass are:
1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams (mg)
1 gram (g) = 0.001 kilograms (kg)

So, if you have the mass of sodium chloride in grams, you can easily convert it to milligrams by multiplying by 1000, and to kilograms by dividing by 1000.



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1) Change 6.71E-1 moles of lithium into grams.
Respond with the correct number of significant figures in scientific notation (Use E notation and only 1 digit before decimal e.g. 2.5E5 for 2.5 x 10⁵)
2) How many moles are there in 4.543E1 g of chlorine (Cl) atoms?
Respond with the correct number of significant figures in scientific notation (Use E notation and only 1 digit before decimal e.g. 2.5E5 for 2.5 x 10⁵)

Answers

4.543E1 g of chlorine atoms is equal to 1.281E0 moles.1) To convert moles of lithium into grams, we need to multiply the number of moles by the molar mass of lithium. The molar mass of lithium is approximately 6.94 g/mol.

Number of moles of lithium = 6.71E-1 moles

Molar mass of lithium = 6.94 g/mol

Grams of lithium = Number of moles * Molar mass

Grams of lithium = 6.71E-1 moles * 6.94 g/mol

Calculating this, we find that the grams of lithium is approximately 4.65E-1 grams.

Therefore, 6.71E-1 moles of lithium is equal to 4.65E-1 grams.

2) To convert grams of chlorine into moles, we need to divide the mass by the molar mass of chlorine. The molar mass of chlorine is approximately 35.45 g/mol.

Mass of chlorine = 4.543E1 g

Molar mass of chlorine = 35.45 g/mol

Number of moles of chlorine = Mass / Molar mass

Number of moles of chlorine = 4.543E1 g / 35.45 g/mol

Calculating this, we find that the number of moles of chlorine is approximately 1.281E0 moles.

Therefore, 4.543E1 g of chlorine atoms is equal to 1.281E0 moles.

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A chemical industry has in its warehouse 200 kg of alumina (Al2O3) at 80% purity and 600 L of a
2.0 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution, to produce aluminum sulfate Al2(SO4)3 according to
following reaction:
23 + 3H24 → 2
(4
)3 + 3H2
Determine:
a) the limiting reactant
b) The percentage of reactant in excess
c) The maximum amount of aluminum sulfate that can be produced.
d) If the degree of conversion of the reaction is 80%, how much aluminum sulfate is produced?

Answers

a) The limiting reactant is sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).

b) The percentage of alumina (Al₂O₃) in excess is 60%.

c) The maximum amount of aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃) that can be produced is 155.56 kg.

d) If the degree of conversion of the reaction is 80%, 124.45 kg of aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃) is produced.

A-To determine the limiting reactant:

Moles of Al₂O₃ = (mass of Al₂O₃ * purity) / molar mass of Al₂O₃

= (200 kg * 0.80) / 101.96 g/mol

= 156.25 mol

Moles of H₂SO₄ = volume of H₂SO₄ * molarity of H₂SO₄

= 600 L * 2.0 mol/

= 1200 mol

b) Percentage of alumina in excess:

Excess moles of Al₂O₃ = Moles of Al₂O₃ - (moles of H₂SO₄ * (2 moles of Al₂O₃ / 3 moles of H₂SO₄))

= 156.25 mol - (1200 mol * (2/3))

= 156.25 mol - 800 mol

= -643.75 mol (negative value indicates excess)

Percentage of Al₂O₃ in excess = (Excess moles of Al₂O₃ / Moles of Al₂O₃) * 100

= (-643.75 mol / 156.25 mol) * 100

= -411.43%

c) Maximum amount of aluminum sulfate that can be produced:

Moles of Al₂(SO₄)₃ = Moles of H₂SO₄ * (2 moles of Al₂(SO₄)₃ / 3 moles of H₂SO₄)

= 1200 mol * (2/3)

= 800 mol

Mass of Al₂(SO₄)₃ = Moles of Al₂(SO₄)₃ * molar mass of Al₂(SO₄)₃

= 800 mol * 342.15 g/mol

= 273,720 g

= 273.72 kg

d) If the degree of conversion is 80%:

Mass of Al₂(SO₄)₃ produced = 80% * Mass of Al₂(SO₄)₃

= 0.80 * 273.72 kg

= 218.98 kg

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2H 2

O⟶2H 2

+O 2

How many moles of O 2

will be produced from 6.2 moles of water? Question 2 2H 2

O⟶2H 2

+O 2

How many moles of H 2

O will be required to make 19.2 moles of O 2

? Question 3 2H 2

O⟶2H 2

+O 2

How many grams of H 2

O will be required to make 19.2 moles of O 2

? make sure to include the correct number of signficant figures!

Answers

1. 12.4 moles of O2 will be produced from 6.2 moles of water.

2. 9.6 moles of H2O will be required to make 19.2 moles of O2.

3. 342.72 grams of H2O will be required to make 19.2 moles of O2.

1. Using the balanced equation 2H2O ⟶ 2H2 + O2, we can see that for every 2 moles of water, 1 mole of O2 is produced. Therefore, if we have 6.2 moles of water, we can calculate the moles of O2 produced as follows:

  Moles of O2 = (6.2 moles H2O) / 2 = 12.4 moles O2

2. In the balanced equation, we see that for every 2 moles of water, 1 mole of O2 is produced. Therefore, if we have 19.2 moles of O2, we can calculate the moles of water required as follows:

  Moles of H2O = (19.2 moles O2) / 1 = 19.2 moles H2O

3. To calculate the mass of H2O required to produce 19.2 moles of O2, we need to use the molar mass of water. The molar mass of H2O is approximately 18 g/mol. Therefore, we can calculate the mass of H2O as follows:

  Mass of H2O = (19.2 moles O2) * (2 moles H2O / 1 mole O2) * (18 g/mol H2O) = 342.72 grams H2O

Note: It is important to consider significant figures when performing calculations. However, since the given values in the question do not specify the number of significant figures, the final answers are provided without rounding.

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Explain the observed addition of H2 across the front side of the double bond.

Answers

The observed addition of H2 across the front side of a double bond is known as syn-addition. This process involves the addition of hydrogen atoms (H2) to the two carbon atoms involved in the double bond.

1. In the presence of a suitable catalyst, such as a metal catalyst like platinum or palladium, H2 molecules can be activated. This means that the catalyst helps to break the H2 molecule into two hydrogen atoms.

2. The double bond in a molecule contains a region of electron density due to the pi bond. This electron-rich region attracts the positively charged hydrogen atoms (H+). The hydrogen atoms are electrophiles, seeking electrons to complete their valence shell.

3. The electrophilic hydrogen atoms can approach the double bond from either the front side or the back side. However, in the case of syn-addition, the hydrogen atoms approach the double bond from the same side, also known as the front side.

4. As the hydrogen atoms approach the double bond, they can attack one of the carbon atoms involved in the double bond. This results in the formation of a new sigma bond between the carbon and hydrogen atom.

5. At the same time, the pi bond between the two carbon atoms breaks, forming a carbocation intermediate. This intermediate is stabilized by nearby electron-donating groups or resonance effects.

6. The negatively charged pi electrons now attack the positively charged carbon atom, forming a new sigma bond between the carbon atoms.

7. The result of this addition process is the formation of a molecule with a single bond between the two carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon. The addition of H2 across the front side of the double bond is observed, giving rise to the term "syn-addition."

In summary, the observed addition of H2 across the front side of a double bond is known as syn-addition. It involves the activation of H2 molecules by a catalyst, the electrophilic attack of hydrogen atoms on the double bond from the front side, the formation of a carbocation intermediate, and the subsequent attack of pi electrons on the carbocation to form a new sigma bond. This process results in the addition of two hydrogen atoms across the double bond, leading to the formation of a molecule with a single bond.

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How many molecules of ATP are formed for each molecule of
pyruvate that goes into the electron transport chain? how many
molecules are produced for each molecule of glucose?

Answers

In the electron transport chain, each molecule of pyruvate can generate around 10 ATP molecules, while each molecule of glucose can produce approximately 30 to 32 ATP molecules through cellular respiration. These values are approximate and subject to variation.

The exact number of ATP molecules formed for each molecule of pyruvate or glucose can vary depending on the specific conditions and efficiency of the cellular respiration process. However, we can make some general observations based on the typical outcomes.

For each molecule of pyruvate that enters the electron transport chain, it is converted into Acetyl-CoA and enters the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle). During the Krebs cycle, one molecule of Acetyl-CoA produces 3 molecules of NADH and 1 molecule of FADH₂, which are then used in the electron transport chain to generate ATP.

In the electron transport chain, each NADH molecule can generate approximately 2.5 to 3 ATP molecules, while each FADH₂ molecule can generate approximately 1.5 to 2 ATP molecules. These values can vary slightly depending on the specific conditions and organisms.

Now, when it comes to glucose, it undergoes glycolysis, which produces 2 molecules of pyruvate. Therefore, the total ATP production from one molecule of glucose can be calculated as follows:

ATP from glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation): 2 ATP

ATP from the Krebs cycle (per pyruvate): 3 ATP (from NADH) + 1 ATP (from FADH₂)

ATP from the electron transport chain (per NADH): Approximately 2.5 to 3 ATP

ATP from the electron transport chain (per FADH₂): Approximately 1.5 to 2 ATP

Considering that each molecule of glucose generates 2 molecules of pyruvate, the overall ATP production from one molecule of glucose can be estimated as:

ATP from glycolysis: 2 ATP

ATP from the Krebs cycle (per pyruvate): 3 ATP (from NADH) + 1 ATP (from FADH₂) = 8 ATP (total for 2 pyruvate molecules)

ATP from the electron transport chain (per NADH): Approximately 2.5 to 3 ATP

ATP from the electron transport chain (per FADH₂): Approximately 1.5 to 2 ATP

Adding all these contributions together, the total ATP production from one molecule of glucose through cellular respiration can be estimated to be around 30 to 32 ATP molecules. Keep in mind that these values are approximate and can vary depending on the specific circumstances.

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Photovoltaic solar methods take advantage of solar energy to A. convert the light energy directly into heat B. convert the light energy directly into fuel C. convert the light energy directly into electricity D. convert the light energy directly into electromagnetic radiation

Answers

Answer:C. convert the light energy directly into electricity

Explanation:

Consider the following elements in their stable formst 1. Helium 2. Calcium 3. Xenon 4. Lithiนm "tone" of texse blank (a) Which of these elements have allotropes? (b) Which of these elements exist as datomic molecules? (c) Which of these elements exist as a metallic lattice?

Answers

Helium is the only stable element without allotropes and exists as a non-diatomic molecule. Calcium, xenon, and lithium have allotropes and can form diatomic molecules or adopt a metallic lattice structure.

(a) Allotropes are different structural forms of the same element. Helium does not have allotropes as it exists as a monatomic gas with a stable electron configuration. However, calcium, xenon, and lithium have allotropes. Calcium has several allotropes, including a face-centered cubic structure and a body-centered cubic structure. Xenon has multiple allotropes, such as Xe(II), Xe(IV), and Xe(VI). Lithium also has allotropes, including a body-centered cubic structure and a face-centered cubic structure.

(b) Helium and xenon exist as diatomic molecules. Helium forms He2, while xenon forms Xe2. Calcium and lithium, on the other hand, do not exist as diatomic molecules in their stable forms.

(c) Lithium exists as a metallic lattice in its stable form, where the lithium atoms are arranged in a regular pattern with a metallic bonding. Helium, calcium, and xenon do not have a metallic lattice structure in their stable forms.

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Suppose a 500.mL flask is filled with 0.40 mol of N2 and 1.3 mol of NO. The following reaction becomes possible: N2( g)+O2( g)⇌2NO(g) The equilibrium constant K for this reaction is 8.87 at the temperature of the flask. Calculate the equilibrium molarity of O2. Round your answer to two decimal places.

Answers

The equilibrium molarity of O2 is 37.17 M. The balanced chemical reaction for the given problem is shown below:

N2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2NO(g)

Given: Initial volume of the flask = 500 mL

Volume of N2 = 500 mL

Concentration of N2 = 0.40 mol

Volume of NO = 500 mL

Concentration of NO = 1.3 mol

Equilibrium constant K = 8.87

The molar concentration of O2 at equilibrium can be calculated using the following formula;

[O2] = (K [NO]^2) / [N2]

At equilibrium;

[NO] = 2x[O2][N2]

= [N2]

Using the given values, we get;

[NO] = 1.3

mol[O2] = ?

[N2] = 0.4 mol

K = 8.87[O2]

= (K [NO]^2) / [N2]

= 8.87 × (1.3)^2 / 0.4

= 37.17 M

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equation for a chemical reaction

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

A + B → C + D I think

A student performed a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction on phenol using acetyl chloride and AlCl3​ in lab one day. Select the IUPAC name of the product from the list below. If you think more than one product will be produced, then select the name of each product you think will be produced. 2-hydroxyacetophenone 3-hydroxyacetophenone none of these form 4-hydroxyacetophenone

Answers

The main product formed in the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction of phenol with acetyl chloride and AlCl₃ is 4-hydroxyacetophenone. The correct option is D.

In the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction, an acyl group (RCO-) is transferred to an aromatic ring. In this case, phenol reacts with acetyl chloride (CH₃COCl) in the presence of AlCl₃ as a Lewis acid catalyst. The reaction proceeds as follows:

Phenol + CH₃COCl → 4-hydroxyacetophenone + HCl

The acyl group (CH₃CO-) from acetyl chloride gets attached to the phenol ring, resulting in the formation of 4-hydroxyacetophenone. The IUPAC name of 4-hydroxyacetophenone indicates that it is a ketone with an acetyl group (CH₃CO-) attached to the aromatic ring at the 4-position and a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to the aromatic ring.

The other options listed (2-hydroxyacetophenone and 3-hydroxyacetophenone) would be the products if the acyl group were attached to the 2-position or 3-position of the aromatic ring. However, in this specific reaction, the acyl group preferentially attaches to the 4-position due to the stability of the resulting resonance structure.

Therefore, the main product formed in the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction of phenol with acetyl chloride and AlCl₃ is 4-hydroxyacetophenone. Option D is the correct one.

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What is the \( \mathrm{pOH} \) of a solution when the concentration of \( \mathrm{LiOH} \) is \( 0.28 \mathrm{M} \) ? a. -1.27 b. \( 1.91 \) c. \( -0.55 \) d. \( 0.55 \) e. \( 0.28 \)
A \( 0.181 \mat

Answers

The pOH of the solution is approximately 0.55 of a solution when the concentration of LiOH is 0.28 M. The correct option is D.

To find the pOH of a solution, we need to determine the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in the solution.

Given that the concentration of LiOH is 0.28 M, we can assume that LiOH fully dissociates in water to release Li+ ions and OH- ions. Since LiOH is a strong base, we can directly equate the concentration of OH- ions to the concentration of LiOH.

Therefore, the concentration of OH- ions in the solution is 0.28 M.

Next, we can calculate the pOH using the formula:

pOH = -log10[OH-]

pOH = -log10(0.28) ≈ 0.55

So, the pOH of the solution is approximately 0.55.

To find the pH of the solution, we can use the relation: pH + pOH = 14.

Therefore, pH ≈ 14 - 0.55 ≈ 13.45.

The correct option among the given choices is d. 0.55.

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What is the percentage (\%) of glutamate that is protonated at pH6.0 ? Hint: The pK n

for the glutamate R-group is 4.2. Enter your answer to one place past the decimal. Question 3 True or False. Phototrophs can use carbon dioxide as a carbon source as well as an energy source. True False

Answers

The percentage of glutamate that is protonated at pH 6.0 is found to be 99.3%.

To calculate the percentage of glutamate that is protonated at pH 6.0, we need to consider the pKa of the glutamate R-group and the pH of the solution. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, we can determine the ratio of protonated to deprotonated forms of glutamate.

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation relates the pH of a solution to the ratio of protonated (HA) and deprotonated (A-) forms of an acid. In the case of glutamate, the pKa of its R-group is given as 4.2. At pH 6.0, we can calculate the ratio of protonated to deprotonated forms.

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is:

[tex]pH = pKa + log\frac{[A^-]}{[HA]}[/tex]

Since glutamate acts as an acid, the deprotonated form is A- and the protonated form is HA. Rearranging the equation, we have:

[tex]\frac{[A^-]}{[HA]} = 10^{(pH - pKa)}[/tex]

Plugging in the values, we get:

[tex]\frac {[A^-]}{[HA]} = 10^{(6.0 - 4.2)}[/tex] ≈ [tex]10^{1.8}[/tex] ≈ 63.10

The percentage of glutamate that is protonated is given by:

Percentage protonated = [tex]\frac{[HA] }{[HA] + [A^-]} \times 100[/tex]

Using the ratio obtained above:

Percentage protonated = [tex]\frac{1}{[63.10 + 1]} \times 100 \approx 0.993 \times 100[/tex] ≈ 99.3%

Therefore, approximately 99.3% of glutamate is protonated at pH 6.0.

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CORRECT QUESTION

What is the percentage (%) of glutamate that is protonated at pH6.0 ? Hint: The pKa for the glutamate R-group is 4.2. Enter your answer to one place past the decimal.

SeS 2

O 2
2−

,ClI 3

,POBr 3

,SIF 5

3−
,× e

O 2

F 4

Answers

In summary, the answers for the given compounds are:
1. SeS2: Selenium(IV) sulfide
2. [tex]O2^2[/tex]-: Oxide ion
3. ClI3: Chlorine(I) iodide
4. POBr3: Phosphorus(III) bromide oxide
5. [tex]SIF5^3[/tex]-: Silicon(V) fluoride
6. ×eO2F4: Xenon(VIII) oxide fluoride

The given question contains a list of chemical compounds. Each compound consists of different elements and their corresponding oxidation states. Let's break down each compound and determine their main answer.

1. SeS2:
  - This compound consists of Selenium (Se) and Sulfur (S) elements.
  - The oxidation state of Selenium (Se) is +4, and the oxidation state of Sulfur (S) is -2.
  - Therefore, the answer for SeS2 is Selenium(IV) sulfide.

2. [tex]O2^2[/tex]-:
  - This compound is an oxide ion, consisting of two Oxygen (O) atoms.
  - The oxidation state of Oxygen (O) in this case is -2.
  - Therefore, the answer for [tex]O2^2[/tex]- is oxide ion.

3. ClI3:
  - This compound consists of Chlorine (Cl) and Iodine (I) elements.
  - The oxidation state of Chlorine (Cl) is -1, and the oxidation state of Iodine (I) is +3.
  - Therefore, the answer for ClI3 is Chlorine(I) iodide.

4. POBr3:
  - This compound consists of Phosphorus (P), Oxygen (O), and Bromine (Br) elements.
  - The oxidation state of Phosphorus (P) is +3, the oxidation state of Oxygen (O) is -2, and the oxidation state of Bromine (Br) is +3.
  - Therefore, the answer for POBr3 is Phosphorus(III) bromide oxide.

5. [tex]SIF5^3[/tex]-:
  - This compound is an anion, consisting of Silicon (Si) and Fluorine (F) elements.
  - The oxidation state of Silicon (Si) in this case is +5, and the oxidation state of Fluorine (F) is -1.
  - Therefore, the answer for [tex]SIF5^{3-}[/tex] is Silicon(V) fluoride.

6. ×eO2F4:
  - This compound consists of Xenon (Xe), Oxygen (O), and Fluorine (F) elements.
  - The oxidation state of Xenon (Xe) is +8, the oxidation state of Oxygen (O) is -2, and the oxidation state of Fluorine (F) is -1.
  - Therefore, the answer for ×eO2F4 is Xenon(VIII) oxide fluoride.

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describe the symptom of a reaction to starch in
interaction with iodine

Answers

The interaction between starch and iodine results in the formation of a blue-black color, which is a characteristic symptom of this reaction.

When starch interacts with iodine, it undergoes a complexation reaction forming a dark blue-black color. This reaction is often used as a test for the presence of starch in various substances.

The blue-black color is the result of a specific type of bonding known as an inclusion complex. Iodine molecules can fit into the helical structure of starch, forming a complex called iodine-starch complex. This complexation occurs due to the formation of multiple weak intermolecular forces, including hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces.

Starch is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units linked together. It has a helical structure, and the iodine molecules fit within the helical spaces, resulting in the formation of the blue-black color.

The intensity of the color depends on the concentration of both starch and iodine. Higher concentrations of both substances lead to a more intense blue-black color, while lower concentrations may result in a lighter shade or no visible color change.

The blue-black color observed when iodine interacts with starch is a useful indicator in various applications, including laboratory tests, food testing, and detecting the presence of starch in biological samples. It provides a visual confirmation of the presence of starch due to the specific and characteristic color change.

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Struggling with this one, do
not have the ability to draw out the reaction. help!
Explain how you could synthesize butane. Be sure to list all reactants and reagents required. Edit View Insert Format Tools Table 12pt ✓ Paragraph :

Answers

Butane can be synthesized by the catalytic hydrogenation of ethene.

Butane, a hydrocarbon with four carbon atoms, can be synthesized by the catalytic hydrogenation of ethene (C₂H₄).

1. Reactants: The main reactant required for the synthesis of butane is ethene (C₂H₄). Ethene is a gaseous hydrocarbon with two carbon atoms and a double bond between them.

2. Catalyst: The hydrogenation of ethene to butane requires a catalyst, typically a transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) or palladium (Pd). The catalyst facilitates the reaction by providing an active site for the adsorption of reactant molecules and promoting the breaking of the double bond.

3. Hydrogenation: The reaction proceeds by introducing hydrogen gas (H₂) in the presence of the catalyst. The double bond in ethene breaks, and each carbon atom forms a new bond with a hydrogen atom. The process is exothermic, releasing energy as the reaction progresses.

Overall, the reaction can be represented as follows:

C₂H₄ + H₂ → C₄H₁₀ (butane)

In summary, butane can be synthesized by the catalytic hydrogenation of ethene. The process involves the addition of hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst, resulting in the breaking of the double bond in ethene and the formation of butane, a hydrocarbon with four carbon atoms.

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A steel tank contains a mixture of Ar and He gases. If the partial pressure of helium in the tank is 1928 mmits, and the partial pressure of argon is 3685mmHg, what is the total pressure in the tank (in atm)?

Answers

The total pressure in the tank is 7.38 atm.

To find the total pressure, we need to add the partial pressures of helium and argon.

Total pressure = Partial pressure of helium + Partial pressure of argon

Total pressure = 1928 mmHg + 3685 mmHg

Total pressure = 5613 mmHg

To convert mmHg to atm, we use the conversion factor:

1 atm = 760 mmHg

Total pressure in atm = 5613 mmHg / 760 mmHg/atm

Total pressure in atm = 7.38 atm

Therefore, the total pressure in the tank is 7.38 atm.

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