All biological macromolecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. in addition, Proteins contain nitrogen, and nucleic acids contain phosphorus.
Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Nitrogen is an essential component of the amino group in each amino acid, making it a critical component of proteins. Nucleic acids, on the other hand, are made up of nucleotides, which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Phosphorus is found in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA, providing stability and structural support to these molecules.
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Complete Question:
all biological macromolecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. in addition, proteins contain_____ , and nucleic acids contain____.
In snapdragons plants , the alleles for red and white flowers show incomplete dominance and results in a pink flower . Cross a pink snapdragon with a pink snapdragon . Show genotypic and phenotypic percentages of the generation
Answer:
In snapdragons, the gene for flower color has two alleles, R (red) and W (white). If a plant has the genotype RR, it will have red flowers, if it has the genotype WW, it will have white flowers, and if it has the genotype RW, it will have pink flowers because of incomplete dominance.
When two pink snapdragons (RW x RW) are crossed, their offspring will have the following genotypic and phenotypic ratios:
Genotypic ratios:
RR: 25%
RW: 50%
WW: 25%
Phenotypic ratios:
Red flowers: 25%
Pink flowers: 50%
White flowers: 25%
In this case, half of the offspring will have the same genotype (RW) and phenotype (pink) as the parents, while the other half will have different genotypes (RR and WW) and phenotypes (red and white).
Which of the following statements is NOT true of bacteria? A. Some species are used in the commercial production of food products B. Bacteria entering the bloodstream from a cut can be controlled with an antiseptic C. Colony shape, color, and texture is characteristic of a species D. They are unicellular microorganisms that live in diverse environments
Bacteria is a unicellular microorganism, that does not have a nucleus. their genetic material floats into the cytoplasm, hence option E is correct.
What is the characteristic of bacteria?Bacteria is a microorganism and is categorized into prokaryotes, there are the following characteristics of bacteria:
They are unicellular microorganisms that live in diverse environments.Colony shape, color, and texture are characteristic of a species.Bacteria entering the bloodstream from a cut can be controlled with an antiseptic.Some species are used in the commercial production of food products.Therefore, bacteria are unicellular microorganisms not having a true nucleus.
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The given question is incomplete, so the most probable complete question is,
Which of the following statements is NOT true of bacteria? A. Some species are used in the commercial production of food products B. Bacteria entering the bloodstream from a cut can be controlled with an antiseptic C. Colony shape, color, and texture is characteristic of a species D. They are unicellular microorganisms that live in diverse environments, E Bacteria has a nucleus.
PLS HELP
John is hiking and notices a small stream of water flowing down the side of the mountain. What part of the water cycle is John observing?
Runoff
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Answer:
John is observing runoff.
Explanation:
In the water cycle, runoff is the flow of water that occurs when excess water from rain, snowmelt, or other sources flows over the land surface and into streams, rivers, and other bodies of water. It is a key part of the water cycle because it moves water from the land to surface water bodies, where it can continue its journey through the cycle. So, in this scenario, John is observing runoff as he is seeing water flowing down the side of the mountain.
what kinds of plants will we find in coastal wetlands
Explanation:
They include cattails, water lilies, bulltongue, sedges, tamarisk, and many kinds of rush.
Explanation:
Plants in a Wetland
These include cattails, water lilies, bulltongue, sedges, tamarisk, and many kinds of rush.
At the molecular level, ______ is the process by which a gene's information is used to produce a polypeptide or functional RNA molecule.
Multiple choice question.
A. gene expression
B. genomic editing
C. gene manifestation
D. genomic imprinting
Answer:
A. gene expression
Explanation:
Gene expression is the process by which the information stored in a gene is used to direct the synthesis of a protein or RNA molecule. It is the process by which a gene's DNA code is translated into a functional product. Gene expression is regulated by a variety of factors, including signals from other cells, hormones, and environmental cues, which determine which genes are expressed, and when and how much of a given protein is produced. The process of gene expression is crucial to the development, growth, and maintenance of living organisms, as it determines the characteristics and functions of cells, tissues, and organs.
ALLEN
Decide if the function is an exponential growth function or exponential decay function, and describe its end behavior using limits.
Function is an exponential growth function or exponential decay function it is an exponential decay function, as it starts at infinity and ends at 0.
For exponential functions, we see that our end behavior goes to infinity as our input values get larger. The larger the base of our exponential function, the faster the growth. For logarithmic functions, our function grows slowly as our input values get larger.
Examples of such phenomena include the studies of populations, bacteria, the AIDS virus, radioactive substances, electricity, temperatures and credit payments, to mention a few. Any quantity that grows or decays by a fixed percent at regular intervals is said to possess exponential growth or exponential decay.
Based on the shape of the exponential decay graph, we have the following end behavior: As , x → − ∞ , . y → ∞ . As , x → ∞.
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I need help with what the differn't types of moon phases names
Answer:
new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, and waning crescent!
Explanation:
new moon: we cannot see the moon in this phase
waxing crescent: the north hemisphere sees this phase as a thin crescent of light on the right side of the moon
first quarter: half of the moon is seen
waxing gibbous: this is on the way to a full moon
full moon: all light is seen now
waning gibbous: the light is slowly leaving the moon but still very illuminated
third quarter: half of the moon is bright but the opposite side of the first quarter
waning crescent: thin piece of light on the left side of the moon
I hope this helped!!!
Baby Vincent has type A blood , and his mother has type O blood . His mom suspects Larry is the father . Could Larry be the baby - daddy if he has B blood ? Prove your results !
Answer: No, Larry cannot be the father if he has type B blood.
Explanation:
Blood type inheritance is determined by the genes that are passed from the parents to the offspring. Blood type is determined by two genes, A and B, which code for the presence of A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Blood type O does not have either antigen, while type AB has both.
In this case, Baby Vincent has type A blood, which means he has the A antigen on his red blood cells. His mother has type O blood, which means she does not have either the A or B antigens on her red blood cells.
If Larry is the father, he must have at least one gene for the A antigen, as he would have passed it on to Baby Vincent. However, if Larry has type B blood, he does not have the A antigen and cannot be the father of Baby Vincent.
To prove this result, we can use a simple Punnett square, which is a tool for predicting the possible outcomes of a genetic cross. The Punnett square for this scenario would show that all of the offspring from a cross between a type O mother and a type B father would have type B blood, and none would have type A blood. This means that if Larry has type B blood, he cannot be the father of Baby Vincent, who has type A blood.
in an experiment, the independent variable is ____. group of answer choices
a. manipulated
b. optional
c. measured
d. a source of bias
The independent variable in an experiment is manipulated by the experimenter to determine its effect on the dependent variable. Answer: a. manipulated.
In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is deliberately changed or manipulated by the researcher to see its impact on the dependent variable. The dependent variable, on the other hand, is the variable that is being measured or observed and is affected by the independent variable.
For example, if a researcher wants to investigate the effect of caffeine on reaction time, they would manipulate the amount of caffeine given to the participants (independent variable) and measure their reaction time (dependent variable). The independent variable is the variable that the researcher has control over and can be changed or manipulated, while the dependent variable is the variable that is being measured and affected by the independent variable.
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Chromosome 17 is made of over million base
pairs.
Approximately how many genes are found on
chromosome 17?
Chromosome 17 is one of the pairs, and it consists of two copies, one from each parent. Between 2.5 and three percent of all DNA found in cells is contained on chromosome 17, which spans 83 million Genetic building blocks.
Why does the chromosome explain?a component located in a cell's nucleus. DNA and proteins arranged into genes make up of chromosome. 23 chromosome pairs are typically present in each cell.
Which two chromosomal types dominate?There are two main categories of chromosomes in all creatures with distinct sexes: sex chromosomes & autosomes. All traits except those that are sex-linked are inherited under the control of autosomes; these traits are inherited under the control of sex chromosomes.
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Select all of the following that are present at the connection between normal cells of multicellular organisms:
a.Centrioles for coordination of cell division
b.A way for cells to adhere to one another
c.Ways that cells can communicate with each other
d.Organelles for producing food molecules shared between cells
The correct option is B ; A way for cells to adhere to one another , Animal cells are linked to one another by tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions and interact with one another through their extracellular matrices.
Plasmodial connections and communication between plant cells are known as plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata: links adjacent plant cells and permits the passage of water and small solutes. List the intercellular junctions that can be found in mammal cells along with their functions. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), a class of cell-surface proteins that contains the transmembrane adhesion proteins we have already discussed, are responsible for cells' adhesion to one another and to the extracellular matrix. Cell-cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and cell-matrix adhesion molecules are both possible.
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Check each box for the type of role each organism plays in a food web.
Answer:
consumer
producer
consumer
producer and decomposer
producer and decomposer
____is the process by which a cell divides to produce two ___
cells
Answer:
Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides to produce two daughter cells.
Explanation:
Hope it helps! =D
What are the labels of this heart diagram
The heart is a muscle that pumps blood to different parts of the organism. From the left to the right, labels are: Right atrium, Muscle wall - myocardium, Septum, Right ventricle, Left ventricle, Tricuspide valve, Bicuspid valve, Left atrium, Aortic semi-lunar valve, Pulmonary semi-lunar valve.
What are the parts of the heart?The heart is a muscle composed of four cameras
2 ventricles2 atriumsA septum divides the two ventricles and another septum separates the two atriums.
When the heart contracts it sends blood. This contraction can occur in the ventricle or the atrium. It is called Systole.
Atrial contraction occurs first and is followed by ventricular contraction.During contraction, blood is ejected from the atrium to the ventricles. Then, from the ventricles to the arteries (pulmonary or aorta).When the heart relaxes blood enters the cavities. It is called diastole. New blood enters and fills first the atrium and then the ventricles again. And the cycle begins all over again.
Steps
1)
Deoxygenated blood returns from the body tissues through the superior cava vein (SCV) or inferior cava vein (IVC).
This blood enters the heart's right atrium (RA), which is the right superior cavity.
2)
Once in the right atrium, blood flows through the tricuspid valve (TV), to the right ventricle (RV), which is the right inferior cavity.
3)
From the right ventricle, the heart pumps blood into the principal pulmonary artery (PPA), through the pulmonary valve (PV).
4)
The pulmonary artery (PPA) takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where gas interchange is produced.
5)
Oxygenated blood goes from the lungs to the heart's left atrium (LA), which is the superior left cavity, through the pulmonary veins.
6)
From there, blood flows to the left ventricle (LV), which is the left inferior cavity, through the mitral valve.
7)
Finally, oxygenated blood goes from this last ventricle to the aorta (A) through the aortic valve. And from the aorta oxygenated blood moves to the rest of the body tissues.
Note: Usually, oxygenated blood is represented in red, while deoxygenated blood is represented in blue.
Image (from the left to the right):
Right atriumMuscle wall - myocardiumSeptumRight ventricleLeft ventricleTricuspide valveBicuspid valveLeft atriumAortic semi-lunar valvePulmonary semi-lunar valveYou can learn more about the heart parts at
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Which organ systems are responsible for coordinating body function
Answer: The Nervous and Endocrine systems are the organ systems that are responsible for coordination body functions.
Explanation: They both help in coordinating body functions and regulate the body functions.
What is the elevation difference of the entire length of the Excelsior River?
A0m
C 225 m
B 200 m
D 250 m
Science
Answer:
I'm sorry, but I don't have information on the specific elevation difference of the entire length of the Excelsior River. The elevation difference of a river can vary greatly along its length and can be influenced by factors such as the topography of the surrounding land, the type of river bed, and the intensity and direction of water flow. To determine the exact elevation difference of a river, detailed topographic surveys and measurements would need to be taken.
Identify the advantages of using a database to collect and maintain healthcare information about patients and research. Select all that apply. provides shared information provides jobs for data entry workers reduces errors and increases efficiency data is centralized and accurate information can be organized for each team member
The advantages of using a database to collect and maintain healthcare information about patients and research include:
provides shared informationreduces errors and increases efficiencydata is centralized and accurate information can be organized for each team memberWhat are the advantages of using a database to collect and maintain healthcare information?Having a centralized database reduces the risk of errors and duplications, improves efficiency in retrieving and updating information, and allows for accurate and organized information to be accessible to all team members.
This can ultimately lead to better patient care and informed research decisions.
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Answer:
a
c
d
e
Explanation:
This figure represents one of the Gestalt Principles. Which do you think this image represents and why? Your options are: Similarity Proximity Continuity Closure
Based on the figure, I believe that it represents the Gestalt principle of Proximity.
What is the principle of similarity about?Proximity is the principle that elements that are close to each other tend to be perceived as a group. In the given figure, we can see that the circles are arranged in a way that they are closer to the other circles in their respective rows and columns than to the circles in the other rows and columns. This makes us perceive the circles in each row and column as a group, which is a result of the principle of proximity.
The principle of similarity is about elements that are similar in some way being perceived as a group, which is not the case in this figure since the circles are not identical. The principle of continuity refers to our tendency to perceive elements in a continuous pattern, which is not evident in this figure. Finally, the principle of closure suggests that we tend to perceive incomplete figures as complete, which is not applicable in this figure as all circles are complete.
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Which statistical test is common for
genetics and tests observed data against
the probability of those values?
A. ANOVA
B. standard deviation
C. chi-square testosterone
The statistical test which is common for genetics and tests observed data against the probability of those values is the chi-square test. The correct option is C.
What is statistical technique?The chi-square test, a statistical method, is used to compare actual results with forecasts. This test's objective is to determine whether a disparity between observed and anticipated data is due to chance or a correlation between the variables under study.
The chi-square test compares observed data to the likelihood that those values are true, and it is a statistical test that is frequently used in genetics.
Therefore, the correct option is C. chi-square.
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Fill in Box 5.15, listing three tissue types that provide the human body with some kind
of protective benefit, and briefly explain what these tissues do.
Box 5.15 Tissue Types with a Protective Benefit
Tissue
What They Do to Protect an Organ
a) Epithelial Tissue
Function: helps to regulate the exchange of gases, fluids, and other substances.
b) Connective Tissue
Function: provides support and protection to various parts of the body.
c) Nervous Tissue
Function: responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body, allowing us to respond to our environment.
Protective Tissues and their functionsEpithelial Tissue: This type of tissue forms a protective barrier over the surfaces of the body, such as the skin and mucous membranes. It acts as a physical barrier to prevent harmful substances from entering the body, and helps to regulate the exchange of gases, fluids, and other substances.
Connective Tissue: This type of tissue provides support and protection to various parts of the body. For example, bones act as a rigid framework to protect internal organs, while cartilage and tendons cushion and stabilize joints.
Nervous Tissue: This type of tissue is responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body, allowing us to respond to our environment. The nervous system also acts as a protective mechanism by sending signals to the muscles to contract in response to harmful stimuli, such as a sudden touch or pain.
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What function do proteins not play in the plasma membrane of animal cells?
Cell division
Attach cells together
Transport
Receptors
Answer:
Proteins in the plasma membrane of animal cells do not play a direct role in cell division. They do play roles in attaching cells together, transporting molecules in and out of the cell, and acting as receptors for signaling molecules.
What locations on earth are able to utilize radiocarbon dating accurately
Answer:
Explanation:
Radiocarbon dating can be accurately utilized in any location where organic materials can be found and collected for testing. This includes archaeological sites, geological deposits, and ecosystems. Some of the most well-known locations where radiocarbon dating has been utilized include:
archaeological sites in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Australia
peat bogs and lake beds in Europe and North America
coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans
ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland
tree-ring sequences in North America, Europe, and Asia
It's important to note that the accuracy of radiocarbon dating depends on several factors, including the preservation of the sample, the size of the sample, and the contamination of the sample. Proper collection, storage, and preparation of the sample are crucial to obtain accurate results from radiocarbon dating.
What are the labels of this heart
The heart is a muscle that pumps blood to different parts of the organism. From the left to the right, labels are Pulmonary artery, Cava vein, Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left ventricle, Left atrium, Pulmonary vein, Aorta.
What are the parts of the heart?The heart is a muscle composed of four cameras
2 ventricles2 atriumsA septum divides the two ventricles and another septum separates the two atriums.
When the heart contracts it sends blood. During contraction, blood is ejected from the atrium to the ventricles. Then, from the ventricles to the arteries (pulmonary or aorta).
When the heart relaxes blood enters the cavities. New blood enters and fills first the atrium and then the ventricles again. And the cycle begins all over again.
Steps
1)
Deoxygenated blood returns from the body tissues through the superior cava vein (SCV) or inferior cava vein (IVC).
This blood enters the heart's right atrium (RA), which is the right superior cavity.
2)
Once in the right atrium, blood flows through the tricuspid valve (TV), to the right ventricle (RV), which is the right inferior cavity.
3)
From the right ventricle, the heart pumps blood into the principal pulmonary artery (PPA), through the pulmonary valve (PV).
4)
The pulmonary artery (PPA) takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where gas interchange is produced.
5)
Oxygenated blood goes from the lungs to the heart's left atrium (LA), which is the superior left cavity, through the pulmonary veins.
6)
From there, blood flows to the left ventricle (LV), which is the left inferior cavity, through the mitral valve.
7)
Finally, oxygenated blood goes from this last ventricle to the aorta (A) through the aortic valve. And from the aorta oxygenated blood moves to the rest of the body tissues.
Note: Usually, oxygenated blood is represented in red, while deoxygenated blood is represented in blue.
Image (from the left to the right):
Pulmonary arteryCava veinRight atriumRight ventricleLeft ventricleLeft atriumPulmonary veinAortaYou can learn more about the heart parts at
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type your response on the box cell theory states that all living things contain one or more cells who do you think cell theory meets the definition of a scientific theory do you think it should be a scientific law ? explain your response
The cell theory states that all living things are composed of one or more cells, and this theory is widely accepted in the field of biology.
define Cell theory ?
Cell theory meets the definition of a scientific theory, which is an explanation of a natural phenomenon that is based on empirical evidence and has been repeatedly tested and confirmed through observations and experiments. The cell theory has been extensively tested and confirmed through numerous scientific studies and observations, and it has been shown to accurately explain the fundamental unit of life for all living things.
However, the cell theory should not be considered a scientific law. Scientific laws describe a generalization of how a natural phenomenon behaves under certain conditions, but they do not provide an explanation for why it behaves that way. For example, the law of gravity describes how objects are attracted to each other, but it does not explain why this occurs.
In contrast, the cell theory provides an explanation for the fundamental unit of life in living things, and it is based on the structure and function of cells. It is a more complex and nuanced explanation than a simple statement of how cells behave under certain conditions, which is why it is best classified as a scientific theory rather than a scientific law.
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Which of the following processes contributed to the origin of life on
Earth?
O The packaging of individual molecules into microspheres
O RNA molecules were unable to reproduce
O The absence of small organic molecules from meteorites
O The assembly of molecules into larger organic molecules
Self-replicating RNA molecules thrived before the advent of life in the "RNA world," a theorised stage in the evolution of life on Earth.
Does RNA possess the capacity to reproduce?
Hence, RNA possesses all the necessary characteristics for a molecule that could catalyse its own manufacture (Figure 6-92). Although RNA molecule self-replicating systems have not been observed in nature, researchers are optimistic that they can be built in the lab.
What function does RNA serve in reproduction?
The gene, or section of DNA that codes for a protein, is activated by the cell when it needs to generate a certain protein, and messenger RNA, or mRNA, is created as a result.
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A mother has type A blood but is a carrier for O. A father has AB blood . Show genotypic and phenotypic percentages of the generation
A mother has type A blood but is a carrier for O. A father has AB blood.
The genotypic and phenotypic percentages of the generation is
Type A
Type B
What is the function of multiple alleles?Blood type in humans is controlled by a gene with multiple alleles. Alleles iA and iB are dominant over allele i but are codominant. This means that the following genotypes will give rise to the phenotypes as follows:
iAiA or iAi - type A
iBiB or iBi - type B
iAiB - type AB
ii - type O
According to this question, if a mother with Type O (ii) blood and a father with type AB (iAiB) blood are crossed, the following offsprings will be likely produced:
iAi, iAi, iBi, iBi
iAi - type A
iBi - type B
Hence, the possible phenotypes of the children will be type A and type B blood.
Therefore, A mother has type A blood but is a carrier for O. A father has AB blood.
The genotypic and phenotypic percentages of the generation is
Type A
Type B
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In a chemical reaction, bonds in reactant molecules are broken and new bonds
are formed to yield products.
How does an enzyme make this happen at an optimal rate in a cell?
A. It lowers the amount of energy needed to break the bonds in the products.
B. It increases the amount of energy needed to break the bonds in the
substrate.
C. It increases the amount of energy needed to break the bonds in the
products.
D. It lowers the amount of energy needed to break the bonds in the
substrate.
Answer:
D. It lowers the amount of energy needed to break the bonds in the substrate.
Explanation:
Enzymes play a crucial role in catalyzing chemical reactions in cells. They do so by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur. An enzyme works by binding to a specific substrate, or reactant molecule, and creating an environment around it that makes it easier for the substrate's bonds to break and for new bonds to form. This allows the reaction to proceed at a much faster rate than it would without the enzyme.
In this context, the correct answer is (D) It lowers the amount of energy needed to break the bonds in the substrate. This is because the enzyme acts to lower the activation energy required for the substrate's bonds to break, allowing the reaction to occur more easily and at a faster rate. By reducing the energy needed to initiate the reaction, the enzyme makes it more likely that the reaction will occur, and thus the rate at which products are formed is optimized.
The spinal cord is found inside the _________________________ foramina of _________________________ and
____________________________ vertebrae.
The spinal cord is found inside the vertebral foramina of the vertebral column and spinal vertebrae.
What is spinal cord?The intervertebral foramina of the vertebrae in the spinal column combine to produce the vertebral canal, also known as the spinal canal, which houses the spinal cord.
Signals are sent between the brain and the rest of the body by the spinal cord, which extends from the brain stem down the vertebral canal's middle.
The vertebral foramina of the spinal column and vertebrae contain the spinal cord.
Thus, this can be the answer for the given question.
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A mother has AB blood . A father has O blood . Show genotypic and phenotypic percentages of the generation .
When a mother with AB blood and a father with O blood have a child, the child's blood type will depend on the genetic information they inherit from their parents. Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens (proteins) on the surface of red blood cells.
The mother has AB blood, which means that she has both A and B antigens on her red blood cells. The father has O blood, which means that he has neither A nor B antigens on his red blood cells.
The genotypes (genetic information) of the mother and father can be represented as follows:
Mother: IAIA or IAi (AB blood)
Father: ii (O blood)
The I gene determines the presence of the A or B antigens on the red blood cells. The A allele codes for the A antigen, while the B allele codes for the B antigen. The i allele codes for the absence of both antigens. The capital letters denote the dominant alleles (A and B) and the lowercase letters denote the recessive alleles (i).
When a child inherits one I allele from the mother and one i allele from the father, they will have A or B blood, depending on which I allele they inherit. When a child inherits two i alleles from both parents, they will have O blood.
Here is the calculation of the genotypic and phenotypic percentages of the possible offspring:
Genotype Phenotype Percentage
IAIA AB 50%
IAi AB 50%
ii O 50%
So, the offspring of a mother with AB blood and a father with O blood have a 50% chance of having AB blood, a 50% chance of having A or B blood, and a 50% chance of having O blood. The phenotype (observed blood type) of the offspring will depend on the combination of alleles they inherit from their parents.
Why were the earliest cells likely heterotrophs and not autotrophs? (4 points)
Most organisms were multicellular.
They lived in water.
There were low levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
The atmosphere was high in nitrogen.
According to the research, the correct answer is Option C. The earliest cells likely heterotrophs and not autotrophs because there were low levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
What are heterotrophs?They are those that feed on other organisms since they cannot take an inorganic substance and create organic matter for themselves.
In this sense, this characteristic of their nutrition makes them always depend on another living being for their subsistence since in the extreme conditions of the atmosphere in formation, only these simple organisms could obtain energy, nitrogen and carbon from feeding on other living beings.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, Heterotrophs do not have an independent food production system.
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