The correct answer is Plain strain fracture toughness for aluminum alloy.
The plane strain fracture toughness is 27.5 MPa m 1 2 . KIc values obtained from specimens of different crack plane orientations were found to remain constant, indicating the lack of anisotropy in the material.Features of strength and fracture in aluminum alloys. Since many second phase particles are contained, the fracture of aluminum alloys is the ductile fracture of the dimple formation type.
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in your own words describe the following heat treatment procedures for steels and, for each, the intended final microstructure: (a) full annealing (b) normalizing (c) quenching (d) tempering.
(a) Through the use of heat, the distorted cold-worked lattice structure is transformed back into a strain-free one in the full annealing procedure. This is a solid-state process, and the furnace's slow cooling is often the next step. The final intended microstructure is a coarse pearlite, with proeutechtoid ferrite
What is a microstructure?
The structure of a prepared surface or thin material foil, as seen using a microscope with a magnification of more than 25 times, is referred to as microstructure.
When it comes to physical characteristics like strength, toughness, ductility, hardness, corrosion resistance, high/low-temperature behavior, wear resistance, and other factors, a material's microstructure—which can be broadly categorized as metallic, polymeric, ceramic, or composite—can have a significant impact. These characteristics in turn govern how the material is used in industrial practice.
Continued Answer:
(b) By exposing a material to air that is at room temperature after it has been heated to a high degree, normalizing includes bringing the material back down to room temperature. This gradual heating and cooling of the metal change its microstructure, resulting in a decrease in hardness and an increase in ductility. The final intended microstructure is a fine pearlite structure.
(c) In order to modify a metal's mechanical characteristics from its initial state, quenching entails rapidly cooling the metal. Metal is heated above ambient temperature—typically just above the temperature at which it recrystallizes but below the temperature at which it melts—to accomplish the quenching process. The final microstructure is the martensite.
(d) In metallurgy, tempering is a process that raises a metal's temperature while keeping it below the melting point and then cools it, typically in air, to improve the properties of the metal, particularly steel. By lowering brittleness and internal stresses, the process has the effect of toughening. The final intended microstructure is tempered martensite with controlled delta ferrite.
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What finite resources may be used in the production of a pair of training shoes?
Answer:
The outsole and upper are glued together during assembly. However, in order to allow the shaft to later be stitched to the welt, the insole is first placed on the shoe and temporarily fastened to the lasts with nails. To give the shoe its final shape, the upper is then lasted and pulled tightly.
Modern shoes are most frequently made of leather, fabrics, synthetic materials, rubber, foam, and plastic. Each has a particular purpose in shoes. Each material can be used in a sneaker, depending on the design. One of the cornerstones of shoe design is the choice of material.
In a series circuit with two identical loads the voltage across each load will be.
In a series connection with identical loads, the voltage would be the same throughout each demand.
When all of the loads are linked in a row, the circuit is said to be in series. One route alone can carry electricity. The left lights in this circuit would be out if one of the flashbulbs were missing. The voltage across the circuit in a series connection is the sum of the individual voltage drops across each component, while the current flows at a constant rate. A series circuit has a voltage equal to the sum of all individual voltage drops. In a series circuit, the voltage across the circuit and the current flowing through each component are both the same.
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an incompressible fluuid flows alogn a 0.25 m diameter pipe with a unifrom velocity of 3 m/s if the pressure drops between the upstream adn downstream sections of the piope is 22 kpa determine the power transferred to the fluid due to fluid normal stresses
The power transferred to the fluid due to fluid normal stresses is 3.2406kW.
What is power?
In science and engineering, the term "power" refers to the rate at which work is completed or energy is delivered. It can also be expressed as the ratio of work completed (W) to time (t), or W/t. Power can alternatively be defined as the result of the force used to move an object multiplied by the speed of the object moving in the direction of the force. For example, foot-pounds per minute, joules per second (or watts), and ergs per second are all examples of work-per-unit-time units of power.
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why is it important to consider the inputs and outputs of materials?
Governments can utilize input-output models to assess economies and make educated policy decisions by combining the significance of inputs and outputs. The impacts of direct impact, indirect impact, and induced impact are also investigated via input-output models.
What important the inputs and outputs of materials?A macroeconomic analysis known as input-output analysis is centered on how various economic sectors or industries are interdependent with one another.
Therefore, When estimating the consequences of either positive or negative economic shocks, input-output analysis is used to examine how the shocks affect the entire economy.
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technician a says that most hybrids require that they be plugged into an electrical outlet at night to provide the electrical power to help propel the vehicle. technician b says that the internal combustion engine in an hev will often stop running when the vehicle is stopped. which technician is correct?
All of the EVs and PHEVs that are now on the market are made to plug into a typical 120-volt outlet, such as one that is located in your house, garage, or carport.
Direct wheel drive is provided by both the internal combustion engine and the electric motor. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are more likely to have series hybrids, which only use the electric motor to drive the wheels. An internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors, which utilise energy stored in batteries, work together to power hybrid electric cars. The battery of a hybrid electric vehicle cannot be charged by plugging it in. Instead, the internal combustion engine and regenerative braking are used to charge the battery.
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what is the relative humidity of the air if the mixing ratio is 11.7 g/kg and the temperature of the air is 80*f?
The actual mixing ratio is defined as the mass of the water vapour to the mass of dry air.It's similar to the specific humidity, although this quantity is related to the total dry air plus aqueous vapour.
Meteorology, to compute the relative humidity and to trace the properties of air masses. Taking it further, this can be used in weather predictions and help you sleep better by ensuring that your well-deserved vacation is unlikely to be disturbed by unfavorable atmospheric conditions.
Engineering, for example, in calculations related to air conditioning and transporting the water vapour to control room humidity. You may appreciate it, especially during winter when heaters cause the air to become dry and unpleasant..
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which type of fracture is associated with intergranular crack propagation? either ductile or brittle ductile neither ductile nor brittle brittle
Intergranular fracture or intergranular embrittlement occurs when a crack propagates along the grain boundaries of a material, usually when these grain boundaries are weakened.
What is ductile and brittle fracture?One type of brittle fracture is an intergranular fracture.When brittle fracture takes place, the crack starts out quickly and moves through the material quickly.When a crack spreads along a material's grain boundaries, also known as intergranular fracture, intergranular cracking, or intergranular embrittlement, this usually happens when the grain boundaries are weak.The transgranular fracture, which is more frequently observed, develops when the crack penetrates the material grains.Brittle fracture is defined as a material that has either no or very little plastic deformation prior to fracture.Brittle materials are those that exhibit this feature, such as rock, concrete, glass, and cast iron.Ductile fracture refers to material that has undergone significant plastic deformation prior to fracture.To learn more about transgranular fracture refer,
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A light bulb has a normally distributed light output with mean 5,000 end foot-candles and
standard deviation of 50 end foot-candles. Find a lower specification limit such that only
0.5% of the bulbs will not exceed this limit.
The specification limit where 0.5% of the bulbs will not exceed the limit of the standard deviation is given as: 4,871.50. This is computed using the z-table/ z-score.
What is a specification limit?Customer specification limits are the objectives set for a product or process based on customer or market performance; the Voice of the Customer is frequently used as input for customer specification limits. In other words, we measure the desired outcome of the metric.
To compute the above we say:
From the z-table, a z-score of -2.57 cuts off 0.005 in the left tail;
Given the formula for z-score = (x-μ)/σ
Where
Z = Standard Score
x = observed value
μ = Mean of the sample; and
σ = Standard deviation of the sample
We have:
(x-5000)/50 = -2.57
Solving for x we get:
x-5000=-128.5
x = -128.5+5000
x = 4871.50
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the water level in a tank is 20 m above the ground. a hose is connected to the bottom of the tank, and the nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up. the tank cover is airtight, and the air pressure above the water surface is 2 atm gage. the system is at sea level. determine the maximum height to which the water stream could rise
The maximum height of the water stream that could rise is 40.65 m. It can be calculated using Principle of Bernoulli.
Principle of Bernoulli can be described an increase in the speed of a fluid happen simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. Equation of Bernoulli is shown as a conservation of energy law for a flowing fluid. Bernoulli equation is shown below:
[tex]P_1[/tex]/ρg + [tex]v_1[/tex]²/2g + [tex]h_1[/tex] = [tex]P_2[/tex]/ρg +[tex]v_2[/tex]²/2g + [tex]h_2[/tex]
Where:
ρ = fluid density
g = acceleration due to gravity
[tex]P_1[/tex] = pressure at elevation 1
[tex]v_1[/tex] = velocity at elevation 1
[tex]h_1[/tex] = height of elevation 1
[tex]P_2[/tex] = pressure at elevation 2
[tex]v_2[/tex] = velocity at elevation 2
[tex]h_2[/tex] = height at elevation 2
Assumed that the water at free surface, so [tex]v_1 = v_2[/tex] = 0
So, the formula will be
[tex]P_1[/tex]/ρg + [tex]h_1[/tex] = Patm/ρg + [tex]h_2[/tex]
Based on the scenario, we know that:
[tex]h_1[/tex] = 20 m
[tex]P_1[/tex]gage = 2 atm ≈ 20265 N/m
ρ = 1000 kg/m²
From the scenario, we will determine the maximum height by using the equation of bernoulli and it will be
[tex]h_2[/tex] = ([tex]P_1[/tex] - Patm)/ρg + [tex]Z_1[/tex]
[tex]h_2[/tex] = [tex]\frac{2 atm}{1000(9.81)}[/tex] x [tex](\frac{101325N/m^{2} }{1 atm} )(\frac{1 kg.m/s^{2} }{1 N} )[/tex] + 20 = 40.65 m
So, from that, we can conclude the maximum height of the water stream that could rise is 40.65 m.
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What’s the four-letter type of adapter that’s used with electrical devices that require power but do not contain internal components to derive the required voltage and power from mains power?.
The four-letter type of adapter are B, C, D and M that’s used with electrical devices that require power.
What is adapter ?A device that converts characteristics of one electrical system or device to those of another that is otherwise incompatible is known as an adapter or adaptor.
Some simply adapt the physical design of one connector to another, while others change the power or signal attributes.
A host controller connects a computer to a peripheral item, such as a network, storage, or human interface item. A host controller is sometimes known as a host bus adaptor because it may be thought of as bridging the protocols used on the buses between peripheral and computer and internally to the computer.
A peripheral device can be connected to a separate jack on a computer using an adapter. They are frequently used to link legacy devices to modern ports or modern devices to legacy ports on older systems. Such adapters may have active circuitry or be fully passive.
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within the mixing zone and thermocline, average temperature and salinity primarily . a. increase with depth. b. remains constant within the mixing zone, but increases within the thermocline. c. remain fairly constant with depth. d. decrease with depth.
Within the mixing zone and thermocline, average temperature and salinity primarily decrease with depth. Thus, option D 'decrease with depth' is the correct answer.
Both the mixing zone and thermocline differ from each other based on temperature. The mixed zone is near the surface where the temperature is roughly that of surface water. While, in the thermocline, the temperature decreases rapidly from the mixed zone temperature to the much colder deep water temperature. Within the thermocline and mixing zone, average temperature and salinity generally decrease with depth.
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Select all that are true. Group of answer choices in a dc motor, induced or back emf results from magnetic force exerted by stator on the charges in the rotor. Back emf is the useful energy output as a result of the interaction between the rotor and the stator of a motor. A dc motor draws a current i. The internal resistance of the motor is r. If v is the voltage applied at the terminals of the motor, back emf epsilon is the difference of v and i r. A dc generator has the same major parts as a dc motor, i. E. Stator, rotor, commutator, and brushes. A dc generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy; whereas a dc motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. The purpose of brushes in a dc motor or generator is to keep the commutator clean of any dirt or foreign objects.
The statements provided in options A, C, D, and E are correct in relation to a DC motor.
DC motor is an electronic machine that transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy. DC motor functions using direct current. In the context of the DC motor, true statements are given below:
In a DC motor, back or induced emf results from the magnetic force applied by the stator on the charges in the rotor. A DC motor draws a current 'i'. The internal resistance of the DC motor is 'r'. If 'v' is the voltage exerted at the terminals of the motor, back emf epsilon is the difference between 'v' and 'i' 'r'. A DC generator has the same core parts as a DC motor, i.e. rotor, stator, brushes, and commutator. A DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, and a DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.However, the following statements are not correct in terms of a DC motor.
Back emf is the useful energy output as a result of the interaction between the stator and the rotor of a motor.The purpose of brushes in a DC motor or generator is to keep the commutator clean of any foreign objects or dirt.You can learn more about DC motor at
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In your own understanding, what is an air dispersion model?
Answer:
Dispersion modeling uses mathematical formulations to characterize the atmospheric processes that disperse a pollutant emitted by a source. Based on emissions and meteorological inputs, a dispersion model can be used to predict concentrations at selected downwind receptor locations
Explanation:
1. A well-insulated rigid tank contains 3 kg of a saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at 200 kPa. Initially, three-quarters of the mass is in the liquid phase. An electric resistance heater placed in the tank is now turned on and kept on until all the liquid in the tank is vaporized. Determine the entropy change of the steam during this process
Answer:
a
Explanation:
size circualr clarifiers to settle the stream from the floccualtors ina water treatment plant. the water flow rate is 5.0 mgd, the design overflow rate is 725 gpd/ft2, and the hydraulic ressidence time is 4 hours.l should you use two clarifiers in parallel or more?
The correct answer is diameter of clarifier = 66.261 feet Image transcriptions Water Flow rate Hydraulic residence.
Hydraulic residence time. The HRT indicates the duration in hours that the feed solution remains in the MBR before it is processed as permeate by the membrane. The formula for HRT is. (5.1) From Eqn (5.1), it is evident that HRT depends on the hydraulic volume of the reactor and the permeate flow.So, for accurate HRT calculation, use the hydraulic retention time formula “HRT = V/Q.” Here, you are dividing the volume of the aeration tank, which is a value of meters cubed, by the influent flow rate.
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When using a digital multimeter, setting the meter to a higher range than is noramally require will
When using a digital multimeter, set the meter to a higher range than is normally required will the range selector to be set to AC for of current and the maximum range selected for the current measurement.
What is a Digital Multimeter?Digital multimeters are measuring tools capable of measuring voltage, current, and resistance. Measured data are shown on a digital display, allowing even inexperienced users to view them quickly and immediately.
Multimeters are classified into two categories: analog and digital. The key distinction between the two is the display; an analog multimeter displays the value with a needle, whilst a digital multimeter displays the data as numbers on a screen.
Analog multimeters are less accurate than digital multimeters. Standard analog multimeters typically have a 3% accuracy. Digital multimeters have an accuracy of 0.5%. Because of erroneous pointer readings, analog multimeters are also less accurate.
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4. in a horizontal cross section, raising (increasing the elevation of) the outer edge of a road with respect to inner edge is known as .
Superelevation is a method of constructing infrastructure in roadway curves in which the outer edge of the pavement is raised above the inner edge.
What is Superelevation ?The transverse slope provided to counteract the effect of centrifugal force and reduce the tendency of the vehicle to overturn and skid laterally outwards by raising the pavement outer edge with respect to the inner edge is known as superelevation. " e " represents superelevation.Camber or cross slope = minimum superelevation Camber: A slope that allows rainwater to drain quickly in the transverse direction is known as Camber or Cross slope. This also prevents vehicle slipping and skidding.The radius of the horizontal curve (R) decreases at each horizontal section of a road, causing centrifugal force to increase and act outwards in the horizontal direction on the outer wheel.The transverse slope along the width of the road is provided to generate centripetal force to counteract centrifugal force. It is accomplished by raising the outer edge in a transverse direction with respect to the inner edge for the entire length of the curved section.To learn more about Superelevation refer :
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2. explain how a pulse-width modulation signal controls the speed of a motor when applied to an h-bridge.
You apply a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal to the Enable line to regulate the motor's speed. The motor will operate more slowly the narrower the pulse width.
How does PWM impact the speed of the motor?The motor will run at a speed that is halfway between zero and full speed if the electricity is turned on and off quickly enough. A p.w.m. controller turns on the motor by pulse-by-pulse, and this is exactly what it does. Pulse Width Modulation is the term for the process of varying (modulating) the pulse width in order to control the motor speed.The power supply is quickly turned on and off by a PWM signal to drive a motor. In most cases, this can be accomplished by delivering a PWM signal to a transistor, which will then alter the device's power source. The motor speed can be adjusted by adjusting the PWM signal's pulsewidth.To learn more about PWM signal refer to:
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you build a wooden form on your job site that will be placed in a concrete form to create an opening for a doorway in the concrete wall. what should you call this wooden form?
You should call this wooden form Insulated Concrete Forms. Insulated Concrete Forms (ICF) are a kind of wall construction material used in residential construction.
Insulated Concrete Forms (ICF) are a kind of wall construction material utilized in residential construction. It serves as a substitute for conventional wood-frame houses.
Styrofoam blocks are used to build the walls rather than studs, and concrete is then poured into these forms. The styrofoam blocks are known as insulated concrete forms (ICFs). They snap together like Lego and are lightweight, straightforward, and simple to use.
They are permanent forms that remain in place even after the concrete has been poured, and once the concrete has dried, they aid in insulating the house. Concrete-filled forms can be piled and connected to create ceilings, walls, roofs, and pool walls.
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Which of the following is not a function of CSF?
A. regulate the chemical environment of the nervous tissue
B. rinse metabolic wastes from the nervous tissue
C. provide oxygen and nutrients to the nervous tissue
D. protect the brain from striking the cranium when the head is jolted
E. allow the brain to attain considerable size without being impaired by its own weight
provide oxygen and nutrients to the nervous tissue.
What is a Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis?
Your brain and spinal cord are surrounded by a clear, colorless fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Your central nervous system is made up of your brain and spinal cord. Everything you do, including how you move, breathe, see, think, and more, is coordinated and under its control.
Your brain and spinal cord are protected from trauma or shock by cerebral spinal fluid, which functions as a cushion. Additionally, the fluid aids in the proper operation of your central nervous system and removes waste from the brain.
A CSF analysis is a series of tests that use a sample of your cerebrospinal fluid to help identify conditions that affect the central nervous system, including diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and other organs.
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A 10 hp motor is used to raise a 1000 Newton weight at a vertical distance of 5 meters. What is the work the motor performs?
please explain the calculation
The work done by a 10 HP motor when it raises a 1000 Newton weight at a vertical distance of 5 meters is 5kJ.
Define work. Explain the rate of doing work.
Work is the energy that is moved to or from an item by applying force along a displacement in physics. For a constant force acting in the same direction as the motion, work is easiest expressed as the product of force magnitude and distance traveled.
Since the force transfers one unit of energy for every unit of work it performs, the rate at which work is done and energy is used are equal.
Solution Explained:
Given,
Weight = 1000N and distance = 5m
A/Q, the work here is done in lifting then
Work = (weight) × (distance moved)
= 1000 X 5
= 5000Nm or 5000J = 5kJ
Therefore, the work done in lifting a 1000 Newton weight at a vertical distance of 5 meters is 5kJ.
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Select all that are true. Group of answer choices major parts of a dc motor are stator, rotor, commutator, and brushes. If the rotor of a dc motor consists of just one conductor loop, the output torque will vary in magnitude from zero to a maximum and back to zero over every half turn of the rotor. Using multiple loops in the rotor of a dc motor not only gives higher torque but also ensures a constant magnitude of the output torque. Using electromagnets in the stator of a dc motor makes higher torque values possible. In a series motor, rotor and stator are connected in series. In a shunt motor, a bypass circuit is provided to prevent overload.
In the context of the DC motors following statements given in options (A), (B),(D), and (E) are true.
A DC motor is categorized into a class of electrical motors that convert direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy. It means that any electric motor that works using direct current is termed as a DC motor.
Pertaining to the DC motor true statements are given below:
'Major parts of a DC motor are the commutator, rotor, stator, and brushes'.'If the rotor of a DC motor comprises just one conductor loop, the output torque varies in the magnitude from zero to a maximum and back to zero over every half turn of the rotor.''Using electromagnets in a DC motor's stator creates higher torque values possible'.'In a series, DC motor rotor and stator are connected in series'.You can learn more about DC Motor at
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Two technicians are discussing battery load testing. Technician a says that if the battery fails the load test, it is bad and should be replaced. Technician b says if it fails the load test, it should be fully charged and the test repeated. Who is correct?.
It is to be noted tht where two technicians are discussing battery load testing and Technician A says that if the battery fails the load test, it is bad and should be replaced, while Technician b says if it fails the load test, it should be fully charged and the test repeated, the correct technician is Technician B.
What is Battery Load Testing?
Load testing a battery can tell you if it has enough charge, and it is simple to accomplish using a voltmeter. To begin, set your voltmeter to 20 volts, or the lowest value above 15.
One method for determining the state of a battery's plates is to load test it with an adjustable graphite pile battery tester. A load tester applies a calibrated load to the battery and displays how it responds. The load is applied for 15 seconds and is set to half the current battery cold cranking amp (CCA) rating.
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What is the rated power output in kw of a 8-pole motor designed to an iec 180l motor frame? (type in an integer. ).
Answer:
Explanation:
P=11 kW
Explanation:
Given that
Number of poles= 8
I.E.C. 180L motor frame
From data book , for 8 poles motor at 50 Hz
Speed = 730 rpm
Power factor = 0.75
Efficiency at 100 % load= 89.3 %
Efficiency at 50 % load= 89.1 %
Output power = 11 kW
Therefore the rated output power of 8 poles motor will be 11 kW. Thus the answer will be 11 kW.
P=11 kW
what is the cutoff frequency of the loaded filter? express your answer in radians per second to three significant figures.
The frequency at which the output (load) voltage is equal to 70.7% of the input (source) voltage is known as the cutoff frequency for a high-pass filter.
What is a filter's cutoff frequency?The frequency defining the separation between a passband and a stopband is known as a filter's cut-off frequency. The passband is the frequency range that the filter allows through with the least amount of attenuation, and the stopband is the frequency range that the filter rejects (high attenuation). Where the signal is cut off is determined by the cutoff frequency. Lowpass filters are all that simpler synthesizers have. If the cutoff frequency is set at 2500 Hz and the signal comprises frequencies between 20 and 4000 Hz, frequencies over that frequency are filtered. Where the signal is cut off is determined by the cutoff frequency. Lowpass filters are all that simpler synthesizers have. If a signal consists of frequencies between 20 and
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No compiler is provided in this environment. Perhaps you are running on a jre rather than a jdk?.
the correct answer is to Maven error will disappear when running on a jre rather than a jdk.
Maven is a popular open-source build tool developed by the Apache Group to build, publish, and deploy several projects at once for better project management. The tool provides allows developers to build and document the lifecycle framework.This error usually indicates a problem with the compiler version compatibility, and you can check few places to fix it. For example, you can edit your POM and configure Maven compiler plugin to compile your Java code.
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what kind of operations can you implement using rc (resistor-capacitor) circuits? a. low pass b. lead filter c. lag filter d. all of the above.
the correct option is (d) all of the above
An electric circuit made up of resistors and capacitors is known as a resistor-capacitor circuit (RC circuit), RC filter, or RC network. It could be driven by a source of voltage or current, and each will result in a different response. A first order RC circuit is composed of one resistor and one capacitor and is the simplest type of RC circuit.RC circuits can be used to filter a signal by blocking certain frequencies and passing others. The two most common RC filters are the high-pass filters and low-pass filters; band-pass filters and band-stop filters usually require RLC filters, though crude ones can be made with RC filters.
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a) what is the density when flow is maximum of this freeway section? b) what is the maximum flow of this freeway section?
Due to the absence of any vehicles on the road, the flow is zero when the density is zero. As the density rises, the flow rises as well until it reaches certain maximum flow parameters.
Flow density: what is it?Traffic flow is defined as the volume of cars passing a particular location in a specified amount of time. Vehicles per hour are used to measure it. Flow of traffic It is the quantity of automobiles utilizing each unit length of the roadway at any given moment. Vehicles per kilometer are used to measure it.Due to the absence of any vehicles on the road, the flow is zero when the density is zero. As the density rises, the flow rises as well until it reaches certain maximum flow parameters.Due to the absence of any vehicles on the road, the flow is zero when the density is zero. As the density rises, the flow rises as well until it reaches certain maximum flow parameters.To learn more about Maximum flow parameters refer to:
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both ends of the solid circular shaft are fixed. if the applied torque t is moved from the middle to the new location the maximum shear stress will be
Torsional shear stress throughout the shaft's cross-section, having a maximum at the shaft's exterior.
Shear stress is a force that tends to deform a substance by causing slippage along a plane or planes parallel to the imposed stress. Because it is directly linked to earthquakes and the movement of earth materials down slope, the resulting shear is very significant in nature. According to the definition, shearing stress is "a kind of stress that acts parallel to the cross section of the material." Shear forces result in shear stress. They are a pair of forces that have the same magnitude and are directed in the opposite direction and act on opposite sides of a body. A vector quantity is shear stress. The flow of fluid across a surface generates shear stress, and the relationship between shear stress and fluid velocity is direct.
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