an example of a conditional value would be the payoff from selecting a particular alternative when a particular state of nature occurs. group of answer choices true false

After the pandemic, if the city of Pasadena increased sales tax by 1% to help pay for economic recovery programs, this would be considered a necessary step towards rebuilding the local economy.

Many cities and towns across the country have been severely impacted by the pandemic, with small businesses struggling to stay afloat and residents experiencing financial hardship. By increasing sales tax, the city would be able to generate additional revenue to fund programs that could help support these businesses and individuals. This could include initiatives such as small business grants, job training programs, and affordable housing initiatives. While increasing sales tax may not be popular, it may be a necessary measure to support the local community in the aftermath of the pandemic.
After the pandemic, if the city of Pasadena increased sales tax by 1% to help pay for economic recovery programs, this would be considered a fiscal policy measure. Fiscal policy involves the government adjusting its spending levels and tax rates to influence the economy. In this case, Pasadena is using an increased sales tax to generate revenue for programs aimed at supporting economic recovery following the pandemic. This strategy aims to stabilize and stimulate the local economy by funding initiatives that create jobs, support businesses, and improve overall financial well-being.

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The profit-maximizing strategy of price discrimination can be defeated by arbitrage.

Price discrimination involves charging different prices to different groups of consumers for the same product or service. By doing so, a firm can capture more consumer surplus and increase its profits. However, if consumers who are charged a lower price can easily resell the product or service to those who are charged a higher price, the firm's profit-maximizing strategy of price discrimination can be defeated.

This process of reselling a product or service purchased at a lower price in one market to another market where it is sold at a higher price is known as arbitrage. When arbitrage occurs, the firm's profits may be reduced or eliminated, and the price discrimination strategy becomes less effective. Therefore, firms may implement measures to prevent or discourage arbitrage, such as limiting the quantity of the product or service that can be purchased at the lower price.

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The option that would weaken Alex's argument is: D. The price of the main component of the firm's product is expected to increase.

In the scenario where a startup firm in a perfectly competitive market has average total costs higher than the market price and is incurring short-run losses, Alex Ferguson argues that the firm should continue operations.
This weakens Alex's argument because if the main component's price increases, it will lead to higher production costs for the firm, making it even harder for the firm to recover from its losses and compete effectively in the market.

As a result, continuing operations in this scenario might not be a viable option for the firm.

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The present value required for the initial investment is $24,603.47 if he makes a single deposit with an annual interest rate of 5.00%.

Future value = $36,000

Time = 8 years

The annual interest rate = 5.00%

Total compounding years = 8 years * 12 months per year = 96 months.

To calculate the future value, the formula used is:

Future Value = Present Value * (1 + (Annual Interest Rate / 12))^Number of Periods

substituting the above values:

$36,000 = Present Value * [tex](1 + (0.05 / 12))^{96}[/tex]

Present Value = $36,000 / [tex](1 + (0.05 / 12))^{96}[/tex]

Present Value  = $24,603.47.

Therefore we can conclude that the amount required for the initial investment is  $24,603.47.

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If the wage rate is constant and diminishing marginal returns have already set in, then marginal cost increases, option b.

When diminishing marginal returns are in effect, each additional unit of input (such as labor) will produce less output than the previous unit. Since the wage rate is constant, the cost of each unit of input remains the same. However, due to diminishing marginal returns, the cost to produce each additional unit of output increases, which results in an increase in marginal cost.

Therefore, the correct option is b. marginal cost increases.

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The real estate commission will not issue a temporary hardship employing broker license to individuals who do not meet the specific requirements and qualifications set forth by the commission.

Additionally, those who have had their real estate license revoked, suspended, or are currently under investigation may also be denied a temporary hardship license. The commission may also consider factors such as criminal history, professional misconduct, and other relevant information in their decision-making process. Ultimately, the commission's goal is to protect the public and ensure that only qualified and trustworthy individuals are licensed to operate as employing brokers in the real estate industry.

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False: A takeover cannot be challenged on the ground that it would result in a substantial increase in the acquiring corporation's market power.

This is a complex issue and requires a long answer. In general, a takeover can be challenged on the grounds that it would result in a substantial increase in the acquiring corporation's market power.

The specific circumstances of the takeover and the relevant laws and regulations will play a role in determining whether or not such a challenge is successful.

Generally speaking, antitrust laws exist to prevent monopolies and ensure competition in the market, so a takeover that would result in a significant increase in market power could potentially violate these laws.

However, there may be exceptions or mitigating factors that could make such a takeover permissible.

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The financial advantage of purchasing the parts from the outside supplier for an annual requirement of 4,000 parts would be $107,200 ($26.80 x 4,000).

To evaluate the financial advantage or disadvantage of purchasing parts from an outside supplier, we need to compare the costs of making the parts in-house versus purchasing them from the supplier.

Let's assume that the cost of making the parts in-house is $30 per unit, which includes direct material and labor costs, variable manufacturing overhead, and fixed manufacturing overhead costs. Given that 60% of the fixed manufacturing overhead costs can be eliminated, the total cost per unit of making the parts in-house would be:

Total cost per unit = Direct material and labor + Variable manufacturing overhead + (Fixed manufacturing overhead x 40%)

Total cost per unit = $30 + $6 + ($12 x 40%) = $30 + $6 + $4.80 = $40.80

On the other hand, the supplier is offering to provide the parts for $14 each.

Comparing the costs of making the parts in-house versus purchasing them from the supplier, we can see that purchasing the parts from the outside supplier would result in a financial advantage of $26.80 per unit ($40.80 - $14). Therefore, the financial advantage of purchasing the parts from the outside supplier for an annual requirement of 4,000 parts would be $107,200 ($26.80 x 4,000).

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Among the given options, the one that does not indicate that an account may be uncollectible is: the customer is making small but regular payments.

Here's an explanation:

1. The customer closes its business: This is an indication that the account may be uncollectible, as the customer no longer has a source of income to make payments on the account.

2. The customer is making small but regular payments: This option does not indicate that the account is uncollectible because the customer is still making payments, albeit smaller ones. This shows that they have the intention and ability to pay, even if it takes longer than expected.

3. The customer files for bankruptcy: Filing for bankruptcy is an indication that the customer is unable to fulfill their financial obligations, including the account in question. Therefore, this makes the account potentially uncollectible.

4. The customer cannot be located: If the customer cannot be located, it becomes challenging to collect the debt they owe. This is an indication that the account may be uncollectible.

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The statement is False. While it may seem logical that serving a broader market would lead to increased success, it is not always the case.

In fact, focusing on a niche market can often lead to greater success as it allows a firm to specialize and differentiate themselves from competitors.

By targeting a specific group of consumers, firms can tailor their products or services to meet the unique needs and preferences of that group, creating greater value and customer loyalty.

Additionally, serving a broad market can be costly and time-consuming, requiring a significant investment in marketing and resources.

Therefore, a firm's chances of success are not solely determined by the breadth of the market they serve, but rather by their ability to effectively meet the needs of their target audience.

Hence, its  false.

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No, the company has not fulfilled its obligation to provide reasonable accommodations for Rolando's heart condition.

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), employers are required to provide reasonable accommodations to employees with disabilities, unless doing so would cause an undue hardship on the business. In this case, the company has made a blanket statement that it cannot accommodate Rolando, without engaging in any interactive process to explore potential accommodations that could enable him to perform his job.

Therefore, the company's statement that there is "no use in even talking" suggests that it has not fulfilled its obligation to engage in an interactive process with Rolando to identify potential accommodations. It is possible that there are reasonable accommodations that could enable Rolando to perform his job safely, such as job restructuring or providing additional breaks. The company should have engaged in a good-faith effort to explore these options with Rolando before concluding that there was no way to accommodate him.

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Se-x discrimination law is a complex and constantly evolving area of law that aims to protect individuals from discrimination based on their se-x or gender identity.

Sex-ual harassment claims are considered a form of se-x discrimination and are covered under both Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Harassment in the Workplace Act. Employers are prohibited from asking job applicants about pregnancy or plans for starting a family, as this can be considered a form of se-x discrimination under Title VII.

Class-action lawsuits are not prohibited in se-x discrimination cases, but they are subject to certain requirements and limitations under the law. Finally, federal statutes related to se-x discrimination in the workplace cover both men and women who are employed by the federal government, as well as private sector employees covered by Title VII.

It is important to note that state laws may also provide additional protections against se-x discrimination in the workplace, and individuals who believe they have been the victim of se-x discrimination should consult with an experienced employment law attorney to understand their rights and options.

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If the wage paid to labor is $8 and the price of each unit of output is $2, then the producer will hire as many units of labor as needed to produce each unit of output at a cost of $8 or less. This is because the producer wants to maximize profit, which means minimizing the cost of production.

Therefore, the number of units of labor hired will depend on how many units of output can be produced by one unit of labor. If one unit of labor can produce four units of output, then the producer will hire two units of labor to produce eight units of output, which will cost $16 in labor. If one unit of labor can produce two units of output, then the producer will hire four units of labor to produce eight units of output, which will also cost $16 in labor. In summary, the number of units of labor hired will depend on the productivity of labor and the cost of production per unit of output.

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The statement is True. Developing pricing objectives is the first step in planning how to price a product.

Pricing objectives are the goals that a company sets for its pricing strategy. These objectives can be short-term or long-term and can vary based on the company's overall business objectives.

Pricing objectives can include maximizing profits, increasing market share, maintaining a competitive edge, or building customer loyalty. Once pricing objectives are established, companies can determine the most appropriate pricing strategy to achieve these goals.

It's essential to set pricing objectives at the beginning of the planning process to ensure that the pricing strategy aligns with the company's overall objectives and goals.

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The portfolios on the efficient frontier have the highest rates of return for a given level of risk.

The efficient frontier is a concept in modern portfolio theory, representing a set of portfolios that provide the highest expected return for a given level of risk.

It doesn't focus on the lowest standard deviations regardless of returns or solely on the highest rates of return and standard deviations.

Instead, it considers the balance between risk (measured by standard deviation) and return, ensuring that investors achieve optimal returns for the risk they are willing to take.

Summary: Portfolios on the efficient frontier are selected based on their ability to provide the highest rates of return for a given level of risk, making them an optimal choice for investors seeking a balance between risk and return.

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The correct answer is A. inherent risk. Inherent risk refers to the risk that exists in an organization's operations or activities, regardless of any controls or safeguards that are in place.

In the case of cash, it is an inherently risky asset because of its high desirability and portability. The very nature of cash makes it easier to steal and harder to trace than other assets, which increases the inherent risk associated with it.

Control risk, on the other hand, refers to the risk that an organization's internal controls are not sufficient to prevent or detect errors or fraud. Liquidity risk refers to the risk that an asset cannot be sold or converted into cash quickly enough to meet an organization's needs.

Detection risk refers to the risk that auditors will not detect errors or fraud during an audit. While all of these risks may be relevant to an organization's cash management, inherent risk is the most applicable because of the unique characteristics of cash as an asset.

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The correct option is A,  A company's plan to purchase property, plant and equipment, and other long-term assets.

Assets refer to resources that a company or individual owns or controls, which have economic value and can be used to generate future benefits. These resources can include tangible assets such as property, plant and equipment, inventory, and cash, as well as intangible assets such as patents, trademarks, and goodwill.

For businesses, assets play a crucial role in determining their financial health and performance. The value of a company's assets is often used to determine its net worth, which is a key factor in securing financing, attracting investors, and evaluating investment opportunities. Assets are typically classified into two categories: current assets and non-current assets. Current assets are those that can be easily converted into cash within one year, such as inventory and accounts receivable.

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Complete Question:

"Capital expenditures budget" is best described by which of the following concepts?

A).  A company's plan to purchase property, plant and equipment, and other long-term assets

B).  Details that reveal how the company expects to move out of the beginning cash balance and into the desired ending cash balance

C).  A system to evaluate the performance of each responsibility center and its manager

D).  A budget that projects cash inflows, cash outflows, and the end of period budgeted balance sheet

The initial increase of $60 billion leads to a total increase in spending of $120 billion (2 times $60 billion),If the multiplier is 2, and there is a $60 billion increase in government expenditures.

We can determine the effect on aggregate demand using the following steps:

1. Identify the multiplier: In this case, the multiplier is 2.
2. Identify the increase in government expenditures: Here, the increase is $60 billion.
3. Multiply the increase in government expenditures by the multiplier: $60 billion x 2 = $120 billion.

Based on these steps, all else being equal, a $60 billion increase in government expenditures with a multiplier of 2 causes aggregate demand to increase by $120 billion.

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If the multiplier is 2, then a $60 billion increase in government expenditures will cause aggregate demand to increase by $120 billion (2 x $60 billion).

This is because the multiplier effect refers to the additional increase in aggregate demand that results from an initial increase in government spending. The multiplier effect occurs because the initial increase in government spending increases income and consumption, which in turn increases demand for goods and services. As a result, businesses increase production and employment, which further increases income and consumption, leading to a cycle of increased demand and output. Therefore, a multiplier of 2 indicates that for every $1 increase in government spending, there will be a $2 increase in aggregate demand.

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MCOs use a combination of these financial incentive activities to control costs while maintaining high-quality care for their members. By utilizing capitation, pay-for-performance, utilization management, provider networks, and shared savings programs, MCOs can effectively balance cost containment with the provision of necessary healthcare services.

Managed Care Organizations (MCOs) are responsible for providing healthcare services to enrolled members at a controlled cost. To achieve this, MCOs use various financial incentives to control costs and ensure efficiency.

Some of the common activities MCOs use as financial incentives to control costs include:
1. Capitation: A fixed amount paid per member to healthcare providers, regardless of the number of services provided.
2. Pay-for-performance: Rewarding healthcare providers based on the quality and efficiency of the care they provide.
3. Utilization management: Reviewing and monitoring the use of healthcare services to ensure appropriate and cost-effective care.
4. Provider networks: Contracting with a limited network of healthcare providers to negotiate lower rates and ensure quality care.
5. Shared savings programs: Sharing savings with healthcare providers if they are able to reduce costs while maintaining or improving quality.

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An individual has sufficient income to meet their debt obligations and maintain a sustainable financial position.

Unfortunately, no cash flow results have been provided for me to calculate the personal debt service coverage ratio. The personal debt service coverage ratio is a measure of an individual's ability to meet their debt obligations, and it is calculated by dividing the individual's net income by their total debt service. To calculate the ratio, we need to know the individual's net income and total debt service.

Net income is the income that remains after all taxes, expenses, and other deductions have been subtracted from the individual's gross income. Total debt service includes all the debt payments that the individual is required to make, such as mortgage payments, car loan payments, and credit card payments.

Once we have these figures, we can calculate the personal debt service coverage ratio by dividing the net income by the total debt service. The result is a ratio that indicates how many times the individual's income covers their debt obligations. This ratio is an important measure of financial health, as it indicates whether an individual has sufficient income to meet their debt obligations and maintain a sustainable financial position.

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If a safety stock is desired, it should be built into all portions of MRP, including module level, purchased components, raw materials, and finished goods.

MRP (Material Requirements Planning) is a systematic approach to planning and controlling the inventory of raw materials, subassemblies, and finished goods to ensure that production is on time, within budget, and meets customer demand. Safety stock is a buffer inventory held to ensure that a company has enough stock to meet unexpected customer demand or supply chain disruptions. It is important to incorporate safety stock into all portions of MRP to ensure that production runs smoothly and customer satisfaction is met. By including safety stock in all portions of MRP, companies can reduce the risk of stockouts and ensure that they have sufficient inventory to meet customer demand.

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False.Companies may need to downsize again in the future, depending on changes in market conditions, financial performance, and other factors.

Downsizing is a process of reducing the size and scope of an organization, often through layoffs or restructuring, in order to improve efficiency, cut costs, or adapt to changing circumstances.

It is a difficult and often painful process for both the company and the affected employees.

While downsizing can help a company address immediate challenges and improve performance, it is not a long-term solution to organizational problems.

In some cases, downsizing can lead to reduced morale, loss of talent and knowledge, and decreased innovation and competitiveness.

Therefore, companies should consider downsizing as a last resort and explore other options, such as process improvement, cost-cutting measures, and strategic partnerships, before resorting to layoffs or restructuring.

Additionally, companies should approach downsizing with sensitivity and transparency, and provide support and assistance to affected employees during and after the process.

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After all long-run adjustments are completed in a perfectly competitive market, output will occur at each firm's minimum average total cost where product price is equal to marginal revenue.

This is because in a perfectly competitive market, firms are price takers and cannot influence the price of the product.

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The case where capacity is measured in terms of inputs from the given multiple choice options is option a) tons of steel per day that can be produced by a steel mill.

In this scenario, the capacity is determined by the amount of raw material (inputs) that can be processed to produce steel (output) within a given time frame, in this case, per day.

In contrast, the other options involve capacity being measured in terms of outputs. For example, in option b) kilowatt hours per day generated by an electrical power plant, the capacity is determined by the amount of energy (output) produced.

Similarly, options c), d), and e) also focus on measuring capacity through the amount of services provided or products generated.

To summarize, the case where capacity is measured in terms of inputs is option a) tons of steel per day that can be produced by a steel mill, as it directly relates to the amount of raw material being processed to produce the desired output.

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The required return on stock is 11.75%.  

The required return on stock, we can use the CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model), which states that the expected return on a stock is equal to the risk-free rate plus a premium for the level of risk associated with the stock. The beta measures the stock's systematic risk, or the risk that is inherent in the stock and not specific to any one company.

Risk-free rate = 3%

Expected market return = 8%

Beta = 1.75

Required return = Risk-free rate + Beta x (Expected market return - Risk-free rate)

Required return = 3% + 1.75 x (8% - 3%)

Required return = 11.75%

Therefore, the required return on stock is 11.75%.  

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The roles of the distribution center are vast and crucial in maintaining a successful supply chain.

a. Balancing supply and demand: One of the primary roles of a distribution center is to balance the supply and demand of goods.

This means ensuring that there is an adequate amount of inventory available to meet customer demand.

A distribution center can accomplish this by receiving shipments of goods from suppliers, storing them until they are needed, and then distributing them to retailers or directly to consumers.

b. Promoting transportation economies: Another key role of a distribution center is to promote transportation economies.

This means optimizing the transportation of goods to reduce costs and increase efficiency. A distribution center can accomplish this by consolidating shipments from multiple suppliers, using intermodal transportation (such as rail and truck), and optimizing routes to reduce transportation time and costs.

c. Protecting against uncertainty: A distribution center also plays a critical role in protecting against uncertainty in the supply chain.

This means having a contingency plan in place in case of unexpected events such as delays or disruptions in the supply chain.

A distribution center can accomplish this by maintaining safety stock levels of inventory, having backup suppliers, and implementing risk management strategies.

d. Balancing supply and demand, protecting against uncertainty, and promoting transportation economies: Finally, a distribution center must balance all three of these roles in order to maintain a successful supply chain.

By effectively managing inventory levels, optimizing transportation, and having contingency plans in place, a distribution center can ensure that customer demand is met while minimizing costs and mitigating risks.

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The culture of parents in Stromness, a town in Scotland's Orkney Islands, who park their toddler strollers outside of markets can be described as a communal or trusting culture.

The culture in Stromness, where parents leave their toddler strollers outside of markets, can be characterized as a communal culture. In this context, communal culture refers to a social norm where community members share a sense of trust and security.

This practice indicates that parents in Stromness feel comfortable leaving their strollers unattended because they believe in the collective responsibility of the community to ensure the safety of their belongings. It reflects a deep-rooted trust in the local community, where the risk of theft or harm is perceived to be low. This communal culture fosters a sense of interconnectedness and mutual reliance among the residents of Stromness.

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The sports organization should analyze its cost structure and target market when developing a pricing strategy.

Developing a pricing strategy requires careful consideration of several factors. Firstly, the sports organization should analyze its cost structure, including fixed and variable costs, to determine the minimum price necessary to cover expenses and make a profit. Secondly, the target market should be analyzed to determine their willingness to pay for the product or service. This includes understanding the demographic, geographic, and psychographic characteristics of the target market. Additionally, the organization should consider the competitive landscape and the prices of similar products or services offered by competitors.

Ultimately, the pricing strategy should align with the organization's overall goals and objectives, taking into account factors such as revenue generation, brand positioning, and customer loyalty. By analyzing these facets of the company, the sports organization can develop a pricing strategy that maximizes profitability while also meeting the needs and expectations of its target market.

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The risk premium on small-company stocks for this period is 14.9%.

The risk premium on small-company stocks for this period can be calculated as follows:

Given,

Large-company stocks had an average return = 12.64 %

The average risk-free rate = 2.59 %S

mall-company stocks averaged = 17.49 %

The formula to calculate the risk premium is:

Risk premium = Average rate of return - Risk-free rate

In this case,

Average rate of return for small-company stocks = 17.49 %

Risk-free rate = 2.59 %

Therefore, the risk premium on small-company stocks for this period would be:

Risk premium = Average rate of return - Risk-free rate= 17.49% - 2.59%= 14.9%

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Long-term objectives are typically needed at multiple levels within an organization.

They provide a sense of direction and guide decision-making for the organization as a whole and its various units. The levels at which long-term objectives are established include:

1. Corporate Level: At the highest level, long-term objectives are set for the entire organization. These objectives focus on the overall vision, mission, and strategic goals of the company.

They provide a framework for resource allocation and determine the organization's general direction.

2. Business Unit Level: Long-term objectives are also established for individual business units or divisions within the organization.

These objectives align with the corporate-level objectives but are more specific to the particular business unit's goals and strategies. They help define the unit's market position, competitive advantage, and growth targets.

3. Functional Level: Long-term objectives are further broken down into functional areas such as marketing, finance, operations, human resources, and others.

Each functional area sets its own long-term objectives that support the business unit and corporate objectives while addressing specific functional priorities.

By cascading long-term objectives from the corporate level down to the business unit and functional levels, organizations can ensure alignment and coordination across different levels and departments.

This allows for a unified approach towards achieving the overall strategic objectives of the organization.

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