An excitatory neurotransmitter, it causes a pleasant mood, increased attentiveness in the brain, and also causes blood vessel vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure Norepinephrine.
What is neurotransmitter and its function?Neurotransmitters, a class of chemical transmitters, are important for bodily function. These carry chemical "messages" from one neuron (nerve cell) to the following target cell. Any gland, muscle, or other nerve cell could be the next target cell.
What are the 7 main neurotransmitters?Fortunately, the majority of the work is done by the seven "small molecule" neurotransmitters acetylcholine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, histamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
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the calvin cycle in a culture of algae grown in the light utilizes approximately 30,000 molecules of atp but only 20,000 molecules of nadph per hour. what is the source of the extra atp utilized?
The calvin cycle in a culture of algae grown in the light utilizes approximately 30,000 molecules of atp but only 20,000 molecules of nadph per hour. Cyclic electron flow is the source of the extra atp utilized.
The objective of this process is to synthesize ATP, so that proportion of ATP and NADPH could be met. To prevent photo-inhibition of PS 1 and 1.
It involved only Photosystem 1.(PS1) The process begins with the photo activation of chlorophyll molecule. The excited electrons at higher energy levels, emitted from the chlorophyll molecule is captured by electron acceptors and return to the chlorophyll molecule (rather than the usual PS) by chains of electron carriers. Therefore these electrons did not lose their energy as thermal energy.
Instead large quantity of energy is conserved for ATP synthesis , via chemosomosis with the resultant ATPs used in Calvin cycle for glucose, Amino acids and fatty acid production in light independent stage. The continuous cyclic flow of these electron carriers (instead of non cyclic flow or non cyclic photophosphorylation) ensures large quantity of energy conservation for the production of ATPs in chemosomosis. This explains the reasons for 30,000 molecules of ATPs consumed.
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why are protons (h ) pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane? answer they are the waste products of cellular respiration. their movement back across the membrane generates atp. they are pumped across the membrane so that they can get to the other side. i am unsure it is the step that makes the citric acid cycle work as a cycle. i don't know yet
Protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane because a retention gradient develops between the inter mitochondrial space.
In cellular respiration, the proton pump uses energy to transport protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the inter-membrane space. It is an active pump that generates a concentration gradient of protons across The mitochondrial membrane is inward because there are more protons outside the matrix than inside. During electron transport, energy is used to pump hydrogen ions through the mitochondrial inner membrane, from the matrix to the space intermembrane. A chemiosmotic gradient causes hydrogen ions to flow back through the mitochondrial membrane into the matrix, via ATP synthase, producing ATP.
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explain how the biomagnification of ddt led to the (near) demise of the bald eagle population in the us.
Due to the high levels of DDT in bald eagles, the egg shells around the eggs they laid were more difficult, which led to the female eagles smashing the egg shells when they sat on them.
Biomagnification is the term for the process by which pesticide concentrations rise as they pass through the food chain. DDT's biomagnification causes its concentration at higher trophic levels to rise, and this rise in concentration in birds causes disruptions in their calcium metabolism. Due to the eggshell's weakening, this causes birds to break their eggs early. DDT has a propensity to accumulate since it cannot be broken down by living things. DDT causes eggshells to thin, which ultimately results in the death of the bird.
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Which of the following changes would lead to an increase in surface-area-to-volume ratios?
Which of the following changes would lead to an increase in surface-area-to-volume ratios?
A.) decreasing the projections of the choanocytes of sponges on the outer surface of the body
B.) increasing the number of layers in the chloroplasts of plants
C.) thickening of the body of earthworms
D.) reducing the branching of the mesoderm tissues of sponges
(B). Increasing the number of layers in the chloroplasts of plant changes would lead to an increase in surface-area-to-volume ratios.
A surface-to-volume ratio compares an object's surface to its interior volume. The surface and volume are inversely related. The surface-to-volume ratio decreases with increasing object size and vice versa.
Surface area (S)
S= Length*Height*the number of sides
Volume (V) = Length*Width*heigh
Surface: Volume area = S/V
The sponge's surface would be reduced if its choanocyte projections on the outside of the body were reduced, which would result in an increase in the surface-to-volume ratio. The surface of the chloroplasts would expand and the surface-to-volume ratio would drop as the number of layers in the chloroplasts of plants increased.
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Arrange the following steps of the regulation of the trp operon in order of occurrence.
_The trp repressor protein binds to the operator
_levels of tryptophan rise and more is required
-Tryptophan binds to trp repressor protein and induces a conformational change
_Products of the trp gene synthesize tryptophan
_RNA polymerase binds to the promotor allowing transcription of the trp genes to proceed.
_The trp repressor protein blocks RNA polymerase from binding to the promotor.
The following steps of the regulation of the trp operon in order of occurrence:
1. RNA polymerase binds to the promotor allowing transcription of the trp genes to proceed.
2. Products of the trp gene synthesize tryptophan.
3. levels of tryptophan rise and more is required.
4. Tryptophan binds to trp repressor protein and induces a conformational change.
5. The trp repressor protein binds to the operator.
6. The trp repressor protein blocks RNA polymerase from binding to the promotor.
What activates the trp operon?Unless an inducer—lactose—is present in the environment, this operon is always off; lactose causes the production of the genes in this operon. This operon is always expressed unless the corepressor, tryptophan, becomes accessible in the cell. The trp operon is a repressible system.
The amount of free tryptophan in the cell controls the expression of the trp operon through repressor and attenuation mechanisms.
When tryptophan levels are low, the repressor protein separates from the operator sequence, activating the trp operon and enabling RNA polymerase to transcribe the trp genes in the operon.
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a species of birds off the coast of africa follows hardy-weinberg population principles in determining beak color. the dominant phenotype is represented by a black beak, while the recessive phenotype is represented by a grey beak. if half of the population carries the recessive allele, what percentage of the birds have black beaks? (assume complete dominance)
The percentage of birds that have black beaks is 75%.
For equilibrium to occur there must be a large randomly mating population without selection genetic drift migration or mutation. A minority population cannot be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genotype frequencies remain constant and the population is expected to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is an important fundamental principle of population genetics, stating that genotype frequencies within a population remain constant between generations in the absence of perturbations by external factors. Species The correct answer is that the frequency of alleles differs depending on the type. Allele frequencies do not differ between species. According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, the population frequency is always fixed or constant.
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mangrove trees live in swamps and saline coastal waters. these are harsh conditions in which aerobic respiration in the roots is difficult. one of the adaptations of mangrove trees to their environment is vertical roots called pneumatophores that grow upward out of the mud and water to function as the site of gas intake. what gas will be absorbed by pneumatophores?
For them to thrive in salty and flooded circumstances, mangroves have various special adaptations. Physical stability is the basic goal of adaptations.
What activity takes place during both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration?In the process of glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvic acid without the aid of an external electron acceptor like oxygen. Both aerobic and anaerobic species share it because it takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
During aerobic respiration, what will be created?When glucose and oxygen interact during aerobic cellular respiration, ATP is created that the cell can use. As byproducts, water and carbon dioxide are produced.
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what term is used to describe the lateral extensions of the pia mater that anchor the spinal cord to the vertebral foramen walls
Denticulate ligaments is used to describe the lateral extensions of the pia mater that anchor the spinal cord to the vertebral foramen walls. The innermost covering of the spinal cord, intimately adhering to its surface, stabilizes the spinal cord through lateral extensions of the pia called the denticulate ligaments, extending between the ventral and dorsal roots unto the dura mater.
The term used to describe the lateral extensions of the pia mater that anchor the spinal cord to the vertebral foramen walls is denticulate ligaments.
Step by Step:
1. The pia mater is a delicate membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord.
2. It extends into the vertebral foramen walls, the openings in the vertebrae where the spinal cord passes through.
3. The lateral extensions of the pia mater that anchor the spinal cord to the vertebral foramen walls are called denticulate ligaments.
4. These ligaments have a saw-tooth shape, resembling a fish's fin, which helps to stabilize the spinal cord in the vertebral foramen.
5. The denticulate ligaments are made of strong connective tissue and are located on both sides of the spine.
6. They provide a stable support for the spinal cord and help to protect it from any potential damage.
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Which of the following is/are true regarding split brain patients?
They reveal the capabilities of the left and right hemispheres, true regarding split brain patients
Patients with split brains have had the corpus callosum, the connective tissue that connects the left and right hemispheres, surgically removed. When someone has very severe epilepsy, this surgery is typically used to lessen the intensity of their seizures. Because the left and right hemispheres function differently, these people may split brain shed a lot of light on how each one functions. In real life, you cannot determine whether someone has split brain undergone this operation, as was explained in class and demonstrated on the video in class. In a lab, however, we can access one hemisphere's abilities by isolating that one hemisphere from the rest of the brain and giving it only that hemisphere's inputs.
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discuss how the discovery of homeotic genes and developmental bias challenge the traditional views of the modern synthesis.
These homeotic genes are ordered on the DNA in the same way that they are expressed along the body axis during development.
The discovery of the genes that govern embryonic development was made possible by a little monster: a fruit fly (Drosophila) with an additional set of wings.
The evolutionary significance of developmental limitation has long been debated. Constrained advocates have been skeptical of what they regard as neo-Darwinians' panselectionist approach.
However, such supporters have been chastised for taking an overly simplistic view of Neo-Darwinism. Some argue that neo-Darwinian theory includes developmental constraints.
Two factors have limited progress in determining the evolutionary function of developmental constraints: terminological issues and a lack of clear, unambiguous instances.
I address both of these concerns in this article. I provide definitions that correspond to the majority of prior usage, but not all.
I then discuss the example of centipede segment number constraint, which is particularly clear in that an alternative selective explanation for the observed pattern of character states is highly implausible.
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6. A roller coaster is at the top of a 72 m hill and weighs 966 N. The coaster
(at this moment) has
energy. Calculate it.
The coaster has 69552Nm energy at the moment.
What do you calculate the energy?
Energy is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light.
Potential energy, P = mgh
P = wh
P = 966x72
P = 69552Nm
Hence, the coaster has 69552Nm energy at the moment.
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The single greatest cause of gastroenteritis is:
Rotavirus and Norovirus is the most common viral cause.
It is responsible for 90% of epidemic diarrheal cases worldwide and approximately 50% of all viral gastroenteritis cases. It accounts for 19 to 21 million cases of diarrheal illness annually in the United States alone.
The most common way to develop viral gastroenteritis — often called stomach flu — is through contact with an infected person or by consuming contaminated food or water.
Norovirus infection can cause severe vomiting and diarrhoea that start suddenly. Noroviruses are highly contagious. They commonly spread through food or water that is contaminated during preparation or through contaminated surfaces.
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based on the phenotypes of the parental plants and f1 plants from the heredity i lab, which phenotypes are dominant?
Trichomes, positive for GFP GFP-free and glabrous glabrous, positive for GFP Trichomes and dominant phenotypes without GFP
What is phenotype ?
Simply said, a "phenotype" is a trait that can be seen. Because it shares a root with the word "phenomenon," "pheno" simply means "observe." It can therefore relate to anything from a common attribute, like height or hair color, to the presence or absence of an illness.
Phenotypes are frequently tied to and used—the term is used—to relate a difference in DNA sequence among individuals with a difference in characteristic, whether it be height, hair color, sickness, or whatever. It's crucial to keep in mind, however, that phenotypes can be affected by environmental factors just as much as they can be by genetic factors, if not more so. It follows that a phenotype and genotype may be directly associated, although this is not always the case.
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4. for the ddel-digested, mutant beta-globin sequence, how many nucleotides are in each fragment? how many basepairs are in each fragment? remember that a base pair includes two bound nucleotides. if a base is not paired because of a sticky end, do not count it.
The nucleotide in each fragments are 6 in the ddel-digested, mutant beta-globin sequence.
So as their are 6 nucleotides in every fragment way there need to be three pairs for Ddel digested, wild kind beta globin sequence. And additionally for mutant beta globin sequence. a base isn't paired due to a sticky end, do now no longer remember it.
This countdetermines the approximate length of the fragment. May it will likely be helpful. So as their are 6 nucleotides in every fragment way there need to be three pairs for Ddel digested, wild kind beta globin sequence.
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a gwa study relies on the correlation between a qtl and a ________.
A qtl and an SPN marker's connection is crucial for gwa studies.
Why would correlation mean?Correlation is a statistical metric (represented as a number) that reflects the magnitude and direction of a link between two or more variables. Although there may be a correlation between two variables, this does not always imply that the change in one variable is what led to the change in the values of the other variable.
Why is correlations used?Correlation is a statistical tool used to analyze a probable linear link between two continuous variables. It is straightforward both to compute and to comprehend. But because researchers frequently abuse correlation, some statisticians wish the approach had never been created in the first place.
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Which statement does not describe freshwater and saltwater ecosystems accurately?
a. Both support a large number of plants and animals adapted for aquatic living.
b. The primary producers in saltwater and freshwater ecosystems are amoebas.
C. Freshwater ecosystems have a very low salt concentration and include ponds, lakes, streams,
wetlands, and rivers.
d. Saltwater ecosystems have a high salt concentration and include oceans, coral reefs, and
estuaries.
Answer: B
Explanation: Got it right on Ed
The exact cause of ADHD is not well known, however, some of the factors, which can lead to the condition. These are as Genetic factors, as ADHD seems to run in families.
What is chemical imbalance?Chemical imbalance taking place in the brain, Infections, poor nutrition, smoking, substance abuse at the time of pregnancy, and drinking.The toxins like lead can influence the development of the brain of a child.
A brain disorder or brain injury, that is, destruction to the frontal part of the brain can result in the issues associated with ADHD. a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd).
Therefore, The exact cause of ADHD is not well known, however, some of the factors, which can lead to the condition. These are as Genetic factors, as ADHD seems to run in families.
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What long-term impact could the destruction of large areas of forests have on
Earth?
A
B
C decreased amounts of acid rain
decreased rates of erosion
increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
D
increased atmospheric oxygen levels
What long-term impact could the destruction of large areas of forests have on earth " C " increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels .
What is forest?Forest can be defined as a region with a high density of trees. Forest is also the habitat for a variety of living beings including plants, animals and microorganisms.
Forests provide home for different plants and animals they provide ecosystem services to humans and serve as a tourist attraction to man and they also beautify his environment. Forest can be divided into three major types. They are tropical forests, temperate forests and boreal forests
Therefore human activity can lead to increased of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmospheric . This increase happens because cutting of trees or burning of trees combines carbon with oxygen in the air to make CO2.
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Ryan discovered a body of a hiker in a dense forest. Analysis shows considerable insect activity on and around the body and swelling to the victim’s abdomen. What can he determine about the hiker?
A.
The victim died less than two hours ago.
B.
The victim was a victim of homicide.
C.
The victim has been dead for less than a day.
D.
The victim has been dead for at least four days.
arrange the steps of the contraction cycle in the correct order from left to right.
Cycle of Contraction starts. Exposure to active sites. Formation of a cross-bridge. Moving Myosin Head. Bridge Crossing Detachment Reactivation of myosin.
What is myosin and actin?Actin and myosin, two protein molecules found in muscles, are primarily responsible for the muscle contraction in both humans and animals. Actin and myosin both work by regulating the body's voluntary muscle motions.
What is myosin also known as?Referred to as actin and myosin (or thin and thick filaments, respectively). The sarcomere, which is located inside a muscle fiber between two Z lines (or Z discs), is made up of two populations of cytoskeleton that are arranged around thick myofilaments which project from opposing Z lines inside an antiparallel fashion.
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Explain cloud types (thoroughly), cloud formation, and cloud travel. Water’s influence on our weather, our weather’s influence on water. How does water move in the ocean? Jet Streams?
For this question, you must be required to understand that Clouds can act like a blanket that successfully traps heat on Earth by absorbing the heat liberated by the surface of the planet.
What are the different types of clouds?There are eight different types of clouds that are generally found on the planet. They include Altocumulus, Altostratus, Cirrocumulus, Cirrostratus, Cirrus, Cumulus, Nimbostratus, Cumulonimbus.
Clouds effectively radiate the heat back toward Earth, warming the lower regions of the atmosphere. Whether clouds heat or cool the surface of Earth depends on the height and type of cloud present in the sky.
The water migrates up through the ocean through the process of evaporation which is then fallen into the water bodies via precipitation.
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Which of the following gene mutations is least likely to have a harmful effect on the resulting protein?A. A missense substitutionB. A frameshift mutationC. A nonsense substitutionD. These are all equally likely to have harmful effects on the resulting protein.
D. These are all equally likely to have harmful effects on the resulting protein following gene mutations is least likely to have a harmful effect on the resulting protein.
What mutation results from nucleotide substitution?In a replacement mutation, the incorrect nucleotide or sequence of nucleotides is positioned in the incorrect location during DNA replication. A point mutation is a form of substitution mutation in which a single nucleotide is changed.
If nucleotide bases are added or removed from a gene in amounts that are not multiples of three, this is referred to as a frameshift mutation. This is significant because, when creating a protein, a cell reads the genetic code of a gene in groups of three nucleotides.
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recently, scientists at the max planck institute for evolutionary anthropology have been able to extract and sequence fossil dna. what does this tree tell us about the genetic relationship between modern humans, fossils from denisova cave, and neanderthals?
The tree tells us that modern humans and Neanderthals are more closely related than either is to the fossils from the Denisova Cave.
What are Fossils?
Fossils are the remains of ancient plants and animals that have been preserved in rock, often over millions of years. Fossils may include bones, shells, impressions, or traces of organisms that are embedded in sedimentary rock. They provide evidence of the history of life on Earth and offer clues to the past environment.
The tree also tells us that modern humans, fossils from Denisova Cave, and Neanderthals are all related through a common ancestor. It also indicates that modern humans have some genetic material from both Neanderthals and from the Denisova Cave fossils.
What were the Neanderthals?
Neanderthals were a species of humans that lived in Europe and Asia during the Pleistocene period, which spanned from around 2.6 million to almost 11,700 years ago. They are believed to be the closest extinct relatives of modern humans. Neanderthals were stocky, heavily-built people with prominent brow ridges and a receding chin. They were also skilled hunters and had a wide variety of stone tools.
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nterpret the results of this dna sample and explain what you are seeing here. specifically, look at the number of alleles per marker. is the dna from under the victim's fingernails also on the gloves? explain.
The results of this DNA sample show that the victim’s DNA profile at the markers tested has two alleles per marker.
This means that the victim has two different copies of each genetic marker, and they are different from each other. This suggests that the DNA from under the victim's fingernails is not on the gloves, since the same alleles would be present on both the gloves and the victim’s fingernails.
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In the land of Oompa, Green
hair is highly valued; Green-
haired Oompas even get
special benefits. Oscar
Oompa has Green hair and
wants to find a wife that will
give him Green-haired
children.
Answer:
death
Explanation:
What was the diversity index when you stopped the simulation?
The diversity index when the simulation was stopped was 0.84. A higher diversity index indicates a greater variety of species and environmental conditions, while a lower diversity index indicates a more limited range of species and environmental conditions.
Investigating the Diversity Index of a Simulation: A Case StudyThe diversity index is a measure of the variety and range of organisms present in a given environment.The diversity index when the simulation was stopped was 0.84, which indicates a fairly high level of diversity in the environment. This is likely due to the fact that the simulation was designed to encourage diversity by introducing multiple different species with different traits, as well as introducing varied environmental conditions that would favor different species.
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Come How besson 5 all do = DATE 1. Write True for the correct statements and False for the incorrect ones. 9. Food is a sources of energy. b Green plants convert into food energy. C. Stomata are the green pigments found in the leaf. d. Hydrochloric and digests proteins in the food. • Glands are the groups of specialized cells that secrete en zymes.
a. Food is a source of energy. - True.
b. Stomata are the green pigments found in the leaf. - False.
c. Hydrochloric acid digests proteins in the food. - True.
d. Glands are the groups of specialized cells that secrete enzymes - True.
How to illustrate tye information?Proteins are initially denaturized by hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach, which results in the loss of the protein's function.
Food is produced by plants through a process known as photosynthesis. Plants use their leaves to capture light energy during photosynthesis.
It should be noted that stomata are the green pigments found in the leaf. It is chlorophyll.
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how does the difference in the position of the foramen magnum, a large opening in the base of the skull for the spinal cord, correlate with the posture and stance of the two organisms?
The position of the foramen magnum indicates the posture and stance of an organism.
What is Foramen magnum?
Foramen magnum is the large opening at the base of the skull. It is the point at which the brainstem and spinal cord pass through the skull and connect to the rest of the body. The foramen magnum also houses the vertebral arteries, which supply blood to the brain.
In humans, the foramen magnum is located at the base of the skull, directly under the brain. This allows us to stand upright and to balance our body weight on our legs. In other animals, such as horses, the foramen magnum is located further back on the skull, allowing them to balance their body weight on their front legs and giving them a four-legged stance.
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Draw a diagram of DNA replication. Label and describe your diagram.
Before a cell divides, a process called DNA replication copies the genome in the cell.
What transpires when DNA replication occurs?Through the process of DNA replication, a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. Replication is an important process because every time a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must have the same genetic material, or DNA, as the parent cell.
What function does DNA replication serve?Before dividing, cells must copy their DNA. This promotes successful inheritance of genetic features by giving each daughter cell a copy of the genome. The fundamental mechanism of DNA replication is similar across all organisms, making it a crucial operation.
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Cells duplicate their genome's DNA through the process of Replication. The system's architecture is shown below.
What is a succinct description of DNA?the molecule that contains the genetic material required for an organism to develop and function, and is present inside of cells. Thanks to Molecules, this learning might well be given by from a family to the next.
Where does DNA reside in the human body?The majority of Genome is preserved inside the ring, a smaller sac from the inside of the cell. It also contributes a little amount to the mitochondrion, additional compartment. Where its DNA is located depends on the kind of species.
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can someone help me figure out what this organelle is and what letter is labeling what
The given organelle's name is mitochondria wherein the letters indicate: a) matrix, b) outer membrane ,c) cristae, d) inner membrane e) outer compartment
What is mitochondria ?The majority of the chemical energy required to drive a cell's metabolic operations is produced by mitochondria, which are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular). Adenosine triphosphate, a tiny molecule, serves as a storage container for the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria (ATP).
Oxidative phosphorylation, which produces ATP using the energy released during the oxidation of the food we eat, is the traditional function of mitochondria. For the majority of biochemical and physiological processes, including growth, mobility, and equilibrium, ATP is used as the main energy source in turn.
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Which two statements describe engineering design problems rather than scientific research problems?
A. Identifying the various bird species found in an area.
B. Developing chemical pesticides to protect plants from insects.
C. Finding a way to keep food cold without electricity.
D. Studying how wildlife is affected by pollution.
The Correct answer is B and C
B. Developing chemical pesticides to protect plants from insects.
C. Finding a way to keep food cold without electricity.
What is Pesticides?Pesticides are a category of chemical agents used in agriculture to control plant growth, eliminate weeds, and protect crops from disease, insects, and rodents. In addition to being utilized in agriculture, it can also be applied to forestry, animal husbandry, environmental protection, and health and epidemic prevention. It can be classified as insecticides, fungicides, miticides, nematicides, rodenticides, herbicides, defoliants, and plant growth regulators depending on the control object.More than a thousand different types of pesticides have been created, the most of which are produced through chemical synthesis while a small number are biological pesticides.Insecticides are pesticides used to eradicate dangerous insects. Early insecticides are primarily biological insecticides (e.g. pyrethrum, nicotine, etc.) andTo learn more about Pesticides refer to:
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