(a) The change in internal energy of the gas is 8.8 kJ in an isobaric process.
(b) The final temperature of the gas is 5.10 K, determined using the ideal gas law.
(a) To calculate the change in internal energy of the gas, we can use the first law of thermodynamics, which states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system. In this case, the process is isobaric, which means the pressure remains constant.
We can calculate the work done by the gas using the formula: work = pressure * change in volume. Since the pressure is constant at 2.50 kPa, and the volume changes from 1.00 m³ to 3.00 m³, the change in volume is 3.00 m³ - 1.00 m³ = 2.00 m³.
So, the work done by the gas is: work = 2.50 kPa * 2.00 m³ = 5.00 kJ.
The heat added to the gas is given as 13.8 kJ.
Therefore, the change in internal energy of the gas is: change in internal energy = heat added - work done = 13.8 kJ - 5.00 kJ = 8.8 kJ.
(b) To find the final temperature of the gas, we can use the ideal gas law, which states that the product of pressure and volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas.
The initial temperature of the gas is given as 340 K. We know that the pressure remains constant at 2.50 kPa, and the volume changes from 1.00 m³ to 3.00 m³.
Using the ideal gas law, we can set up the equation: (initial pressure) * (initial volume) / (initial temperature) = (final pressure) * (final volume) / (final temperature).
Plugging in the values, we have: 2.50 kPa * 1.00 m³ / 340 K = 2.50 kPa * 3.00 m³ / (final temperature).
Simplifying, we get: 1.4706 kPa*m³/K = 7.50 kPa*m³ / (final temperature).
To find the final temperature, we can rearrange the equation to solve for it: final temperature = 7.50 kPa*m³ / (1.4706 kPa*m³/K) = 5.10 K.
Therefore, the final temperature of the gas is 5.10 K.
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9. A cube has sides of length 2 units. Its base lies on the XY plane and its four top corners lie at the points (−1;−1; 2),(1;−1;2),(−1;1;2) and (1;1;2). Inside the cube the charge density is rho=x
2
z. Calculate the total amount of charge inside the cube.
The total amount of charge inside the cube is 0.
We are given that a cube has sides of length 2 units, with the base lying on the XY plane and its four top corners lie at the points (-1, -1, 2), (1, -1, 2), (-1, 1, 2) and (1, 1, 2) and that inside the cube, the charge density is ρ = x^2z.
To calculate the total amount of charge inside the cube, we first calculate the electric field inside the cube.
The electric field E at a point in space is given by the formula; E = -(dV/dx)i - (dV/dy)j - (dV/dz)k, where V is the electric potential function.
Therefore, to find the electric field, we need to find the electric potential function V(x, y, z).
The electric potential V at a point in space is given by the formula; V(x, y, z) = -∫E.dr, where dr is an infinitesimal displacement along a path in space.
The charge density inside the cube is given by the formula ρ = x^2z. We will have to integrate to find the electric potential function.
To find the total amount of charge inside the cube, we need to calculate the total charge Q.Q = ∫∫∫ρdV, Q = ∫∫∫x^2zdxdydzSubstituting the limits of integration;∫∫∫x^2zdxdydz = ∫-1¹∫-1¹∫2³ x^2z dxdydz= ∫-1¹∫-1¹ [(x^3z)/3] from 2 to 3 dydz= ∫-1¹ [(2z)/3 - (2z)/3] from 2 to 3 dz= ∫2³ 0 dz= 0
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Voltage due to two point charges. Two point charges, Q1 =7μC and Q2 =−3μC, are located at the two nonadjacent vertices of a square contour a=15 cm on a side. Find the voltage between any of the remaining two vertices of the square and the square center.
Given that,Two point charges, Q1 =7μC and Q2 =−3μC, are located at the two nonadjacent vertices of a square contour a=15 cm on a side.
Let the charges Q1 = 7 μC be located at the origin of the coordinate system, while the charges Q2 = −3 μC will be at the coordinates x = a and y = a, respectively, where a is the side of the square, i.e. a = 15 cm.Let us consider a square ABCD.
Let the coordinates of the center O of the square be (7.5, 7.5) cm. Let us take the vertex A opposite to the vertex C for which we have to find the potential difference. Let A (x, y) be the coordinates of the vertex A.Let V1 be the potential at A due to the charge Q1.
Let V2 be the potential at A due to the charge Q2.Let V be the potential difference between the point A and the point O.The distance of A from Q1 and Q2 areOA=√x²+y² and OC=√(a-x)²+(a-y)² respectively.
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What are some ways to increase the size of a balloon? [Hint think of the ideal gas law]
Increase its temperature
Decrease its temperature
Increase the number of moles of gas in it
Decrease the moles of gas in it.
Increase the pressure on the balloon.
Decrease the pressure on the balloon.
Some ways to increase the size of a balloon are A. Increase its temperature, C. Increase the number of moles of gas in it, and E. Decrease the pressure on the balloon..
The ideal gas law, also known as Boyle's law, explains that pressure is inversely proportional to the volume of a gas at a constant temperature. The ideal gas law can help us understand how to increase the size of a balloon. There are a few ways to increase the size of a balloon such as increase the number of moles of gas in it. Adding more gas molecules to the balloon will cause it to expand.
Increasing the temperature of the gas in the balloon will cause the .gas particles to move faster and occupy more space, increasing the size of the balloon. Decrease the pressure on the balloon. Reducing the pressure around the balloon will allow it to expand since the pressure outside the balloon is less than the pressure inside it. In conclusion, increasing the number of gas molecules, temperature, or decreasing the pressure on the balloon are all ways to increase its size.
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Explain the reason for making we of the 2 big resistor with a resistance on order of several hundreds of kiloohms in the negative feedback path of an inverting integrator. As the value of the indicated resistance is made to progress towards infinity, how is the frequency response of the sand integrator modifics?
When designing an inverting integrator, two large resistors with resistances of several hundred kiloohms are used in the negative feedback path to ensure that the gain of the op-amp does not affect the output and to reduce the effect of the op-amp's input bias current.The output voltage of an op-amp integrator changes at a rate proportional to the magnitude of the input signal's change rate.
The change in the output voltage, on the other hand, is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the resistor R in the feedback loop. As a result, if R is increased, the output voltage changes more slowly in response to changes in the input signal.The op-amp integrator's frequency response is affected when the value of the indicated resistance is increased towards infinity. The op-amp integrator's frequency response decreases when the value of the indicated resistance is increased towards infinity.
In other words, the integrator becomes less sensitive to high-frequency signals as the value of the indicated resistance is increased towards infinity. As a result, it is important to keep in mind that, while large resistors are used to prevent op-amp gain from influencing the output and to decrease the effect of the op-amp's input bias current, excessively large resistor values can degrade the op-amp integrator's frequency response.
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What is the pressure of 1.6 mol of gas at the temperature 9
∘
C when the volume is 0.91 m
3
? Answer in the unit of kPa. Use R=8.314 J/(Kmol) for the gas constant. Be careful with units. Question 8 1 pts A liquid at temperature 19
∘
C is in a beaker. If 5.7 kJ of heat is transferred to the liquid, what is the temperature of the liquid in the unit of
∘
C ? The mass and specific heat of the liquid are m=0.86 kg and c=400 J/(kg
∘
C), respectively.
a. Using the ideal gas law, the pressure of 1.6 mol of gas at a temperature of 9 °C and a volume of 0.91 m³ is approximately X kPa.
b. The temperature of the liquid after transferring 5.7 kJ of heat is 42.1 °C.
a. To calculate the pressure of the gas, we can use the ideal gas law, which states that the pressure (P) of a gas is equal to the product of its molar amount (n), the gas constant (R), and the temperature (T), divided by the volume (V). Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
P = (n * R * T) / V
Given that the molar amount of the gas is 1.6 mol, the temperature is 9 °C (which needs to be converted to Kelvin), and the volume is 0.91 m³, we can plug these values into the equation.
First, we need to convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin. The Kelvin scale is an absolute temperature scale where 0 K is equivalent to absolute zero (-273.15 °C). Adding 273.15 to the Celsius temperature will give us the temperature in Kelvin.
T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15
T(K) = 9 + 273.15
T(K) = 282.15 K
Now, we can substitute the given values into the ideal gas law equation:
P = (1.6 mol * 8.314 J/(Kmol) * 282.15 K) / 0.91 m³
Performing the calculations, we find the pressure of the gas in units of kPa. Please note that the gas constant (R) is given in joules per Kelvin mole, so the resulting pressure will be in kilopascals (kPa).
b. When heat is transferred to a substance, it results in a change in temperature. This change can be calculated using the equation:
Q = mcΔT
Where:
Q = heat transferred (in joules)
m = mass of the substance (in kilograms)
c = specific heat of the substance (in joules per kilogram per degree Celsius)
ΔT = change in temperature (in degrees Celsius)
In this case, the heat transferred (Q) is 5.7 kJ, which is equivalent to 5700 J. The mass of the liquid (m) is 0.86 kg, and the specific heat of the liquid (c) is 400 J/(kg °C).
Rearranging the equation, we can solve for ΔT:
ΔT = Q / (mc)
Plugging in the values:
ΔT = 5700 J / (0.86 kg * 400 J/(kg °C))
ΔT ≈ 16.628 °C
The change in temperature (ΔT) represents the difference between the final temperature and the initial temperature. To find the final temperature, we need to add the change in temperature to the initial temperature.
The initial temperature is given as 19 °C, so the final temperature can be calculated as:
Final temperature = Initial temperature + ΔT
Final temperature = 19 °C + 16.628 °C
Final temperature ≈ 35.628 °C
Rounding to one decimal place, the temperature of the liquid after transferring 5.7 kJ of heat is approximately 35.6 °C.
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1. [20] Show that E B is invariant under the Lorentz transformation.
It is important to note that the invariance of $E B$ under the Lorentz transformation is a fundamental property of the electromagnetic field, which arises from its Lorentz covariance.
This covariance, in turn, is a consequence of the fundamental principles of relativity and causality, which dictate that the laws of physics should be the same in all inertial frames of reference.
To show that E B is invariant under the Lorentz transformation, the following steps can be taken:
The electromagnetic field tensor, $F^{\mu\nu}$, can be expressed in terms of the electric and magnetic fields as shown below:
$F^{\mu\nu}=\begin{pmatrix}0 & -E_x & -E_y & -E_z\\ E_x & 0 & -B_z & B_y\\ E_y & B_z & 0 & -B_x\\ E_z & -B_y & B_x & 0\end{pmatrix}$
Let $F'^{\mu\nu}$ represent the electromagnetic field tensor in a different inertial frame, which can be related to $F^{\mu\nu}$ via the Lorentz transformation:
$F'^{\mu\nu}=\begin{pmatrix}0 & -E'_x & -E'_y & -E'_z\\ E'_x & 0 & -B'_z & B'_y\\ E'_y & B'_z & 0 & -B'_x\\ E'_z & -B'_y & B'_x & 0\end{pmatrix}$
The invariance of $E B$ can be demonstrated by computing the dot product of the electric and magnetic fields in both frames:
$E'^2 - B'^2 = (E'_x)^2 + (E'_y)^2 + (E'_z)^2 - (B'_x)^2 - (B'_y)^2 - (B'_z)^2$$E^2 - B^2 = (E_x)^2 + (E_y)^2 + (E_z)^2 - (B_x)^2 - (B_y)^2 - (B_z)^2$
The invariance of $E B$ is then evident, as the dot product of the electric and magnetic fields is preserved under the Lorentz transformation.
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Question 1 (25 Marks) -(CLO1, C5) a) Explain briefly the TWO differences between the open-loop and closed-loop systems. (CLO1, C2) [6 Marks] b) List four objectives of automatic control in real life.
a) Two differences between the open-loop and closed-loop systems are mentioned below: 1. Definitions - An open-loop control system is a control system in which the controller produces a control signal depending only on the input signal without considering the output signal.
2. Reliability - Open-loop systems are less reliable than closed-loop systems since they do not account for changes that may occur throughout the operation, while closed-loop systems do.
b) Four objectives of automatic control in real life are mentioned below:
1. To maintain the desired output - Automatic control systems are used to maintain the desired output at all times.
2. Minimizing the errors - Automatic control systems can minimize errors in processes or machines.
3. Increasing productivity - Automatic control systems are designed to increase productivity by improving the efficiency of a process or machine.
4. Safety - Automatic control systems are used to ensure the safety of people and equipment.
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how much work must be done on a 27.5 kg object to move it 18 m up a 30º incline? group of answer choices
A) -4800 j
B) -2400 j
C) 0 j
D) 2400 j
E) 4800 j
Work that must be done on a 27.5 kg object to move it 18 m up a 30º incline is 2400 J. Option D is correct.
In order to solve the given problem, we must first identify the formula that represents the amount of work done on an object moving on an inclined plane under the influence of gravity.
The formula is as follows:
Work done = force x distance x cos θ
Where:
force is the component of the weight of the object parallel to the inclined plane.
distance is the displacement of the object up the inclined plane.
θ is the angle between the inclined plane and the horizontal.In this particular case, we have to move a 27.5 kg object up a 30º inclined plane over a distance of 18 m.
We must first calculate the force required to move the object up the incline.
We can do this using the formula:
Force = m x g x sin θ
Where:m is the mass of the object
g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s²)
θ is the angle between the inclined plane and the horizontal.
For the given problem:
m = 27.5 kg
g = 9.81 m/s²
θ = 30º
= 0.5236 radians
Substituting these values into the formula:
Force = 27.5 kg x 9.81 m/s² x sin 0.5236
= 133.52 N
Next, we can use this value of force, along with the distance (18 m) and the angle (30º), in the formula for work done:
Work done = force x distance x cos θ
Substituting the values:
Work done = 133.52 N x 18 m x cos 30º
= 2189.21 J
Therefore, the work done on the 27.5 kg object to move it 18 m up a 30º incline is approximately 2189.21 J.
The closest option among the given alternatives is D) 2400 J, but the exact value is slightly lower than that.
So, the correct answer is D.
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PLEASE PROVIDE WORKING SOLUTIONS USING THE PHASOR EQUATION! In air, E = sine/r cos(6x107t- ßr)a V/m. Find B and H.
The value of magnetic field intensity H is given by H = cos(6x107t- ßr) / r x E
And the value of magnetic field strength B is given by B = (4π × 10-7 / r) x (cos²(6x107t- ßr)) x E
Given that In air, E = sine/r cos(6x107t- ßr)a V/m. Find B and H.
The phase equation is given by B = (uE)H and H = (1/uE) B
Therefore, B = uE x H and H = B/uE where, B = Magnetic Field Strength, H = Magnetic Field Intensity, E = Electric Field Intensity, and u = Permeability of medium.
Therefore, we have to determine the value of permeability, u of air and then calculate the values of magnetic field intensity, B and magnetic field strength, H.
Permeability of air is given by: u = uo = 4π × 10-7 H/m
Magnetic field strength is given by: B = uE x H = 4π × 10-7 x E x H
Given E = sine/r cos(6x107t- ßr)a V/m
Thus, B = 4π × 10-7 x (sine/r cos(6x107t- ßr)) x H
Therefore, B = sine/r cos(6x107t- ßr)) x 4π × 10-7 x H
Thus, B = (sine/r cos(6x107t- ßr)) x 4π × 10-7 x H .....(1)Again, H = B/uE
Therefore, H = B / (uo x E)
Therefore, H = (sine/r cos(6x107t- ßr)) x 4π × 10-7 x H / (uo x sine/r cos(6x107t- ßr))
Therefore, H = 4π × 10-7 H/m / uo x E
Thus, H = 4π × 10-7 H/m / 4π × 10-7 H/m x (sine/r cos(6x107t- ßr))
Therefore, H = 1 / E x (sine/r cos(6x107t- ßr))
Thus, H = 1 / (sine/r cos(6x107t- ßr)) x E
Therefore, H = cos(6x107t- ßr) / r x E
Therefore, B = sine/r cos(6x107t- ßr)) x 4π × 10-7 x H .....(1)
Now, substituting the value of H in equation (1), we get; B = sine/r cos(6x107t- ßr)) x 4π × 10-7 x (cos(6x107t- ßr) / r x E)
Thus, B = 4π × 10-7 x sine/r x cos(6x107t- ßr)) x cos(6x107t- ßr) / E x r
Thus, B = (4π × 10-7 / r) x cos²(6x107t- ßr)) x E
Therefore, B = (4π × 10-7 / r) x (1-sin²(6x107t- ßr)) x E
Therefore, B = (4π × 10-7 / r) x (cos²(6x107t- ßr)) x E
And this is the answer.
So, the value of magnetic field intensity H is given by H = cos(6x107t- ßr) / r x E
And the value of magnetic field strength B is given by B = (4π × 10-7 / r) x (cos²(6x107t- ßr)) x E
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Question 20 (1 point) Listen A 1.26 m aluminum rod increased by 2.0 mm when its temperature was raised by 75 °C. Calculate the coefficient of linear expansion (a) of the aluminum rod. Give answer to one decimal place, and note the scientific notation given. A A - x10-5 °C-1 Question 21 (3 points) Listen A copper tube has a length of 100.00 cm at 20 °C. If the tube is heated to a temperature of 50 °C, what is the new length (Lt)? - A copper = 17 x 10-6 °C-1 Start by finding the change in temperature. AT =
The coefficient of linear expansion (α) of the aluminum rod is 2.54 x 10⁻⁵ °C⁻¹. The new length (Lt) of the copper tube is 1.0001 m.
Question 20: Given data: Length of Aluminum rod L₁ = 1.26 m, Increase in length of Aluminum rod ΔL = 2.0 mm, Temperature change ΔT = 75°C
We know that, The coefficient of linear expansion (α) = ΔL/L₁ΔT
Note: In order to calculate α, all the quantities should be in the same unit.
So, 2.0 mm should be converted to meters.1 mm = 10⁻³m2.0 mm = 2.0 x 10⁻³ m
Calculation: L₁ = 1.26 mΔL = 2.0 x 10⁻³ mΔT = 75°Cα = ΔL/L₁ΔTα = (2.0 x 10⁻³) / (1.26 x 75)α = 2.54 x 10⁻⁵ °C⁻¹
Answer: The coefficient of linear expansion (α) of the aluminum rod is 2.54 x 10⁻⁵ °C⁻¹ (Option A)
Question 21: Given data: Length of copper tube at 20°C L₁ = 100.00 cm, Temperature change ΔT = 50°C
Coefficient of linear expansion of copper α = 17 x 10⁻⁶ °C⁻¹
Calculation: ΔL = L₁αΔTΔL = (100.00 x 10⁻² m) x (17 x 10⁻⁶ °C⁻¹) x (50°C)ΔL = 8.5 x 10⁻⁵ mLt = L₁ + ΔLLt = (100.00 x 10⁻² m) + (8.5 x 10⁻⁵ m)Lt = 100.0085 cmLt = 100.0085 x 10⁻² mLt = 1.000085 mLt = 1.0001 m (rounded to four significant figures)
Answer: The new length (Lt) of the copper tube is 1.0001 m. (Option A)
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If a mixture of heavier Argon and lighter Helium gas atoms are at the same temperature, then O the He and Ar atoms have the same average speeds. the He and Ar atoms have the same average kinetic energy. O the He and Ar atoms have the same average velocities. the He and Ar atoms have the same average momentum. The purpose of the liquid coolant in automobile engines is to carry excess heat away from the combustion chamber. To achieve this successfully its temperature must stay below that of the engine and its evaporation should be negligible. Which combination of properties below is best suited for a coolant? O Low specific heat and low boiling point O High specific heat and low boiling point O High specific heat and high boiling point O Low specific heat and high boiling point Copy of A mass of 900 kg is placed at a distance of 3m from another mass of 400kg. If we treat these two masses as isolated then where will the gravitational field due to these two masses be zero? O 1.1.2m from the 400kg mass on the line joining the two masses and between the two masses O 2.1m from the 100kg mass on the line joining the two masses and between the two masses. O 3.75cm from the 400kg mass on the line joining the two masses. O4.1m from the 400kg mass perpendicular to the line joining the two masses, vertically above the 900kg mass. Which of the following statements is the best definition of temperature? O It is measured using a mercury thermometer. O It is a measure of the average kinetic energy per particle. O It is an exact measure of the total heat content of an object.
If a mixture of heavier Argon and lighter Helium gas atoms are at the same temperature, then the following statements can be made:
The He and Ar atoms have the same average speeds: This statement is true. At the same temperature, the average kinetic energy of the gas particles is the same, regardless of their masses.Since kinetic energy is directly related to the square of the velocity, the average speeds of the helium and argon atoms will be the same.
The He and Ar atoms have the same average kinetic energy: This statement is also true. As mentioned earlier, at the same temperature, the average kinetic energy of gas particles is the same.Since kinetic energy depends on the mass and square of the velocity, the helium and argon atoms will have the same average kinetic energy.
The He and Ar atoms have the same average velocities: This statement is not necessarily true. While the average speeds of the helium and argon atoms are the same, their velocities, which include direction, can differ.The average velocity takes into account both the speed and direction of the gas particles.
The He and Ar atoms have the same average momentum: This statement is not necessarily true. Momentum is dependent on both mass and velocity, so while the average speeds of the helium and argon atoms are the same, their different masses will result in different average momenta.
Regarding the purpose of a liquid coolant in automobile engines, the best-suited combination of properties would be high specific heat and high boiling point.
A high specific heat allows the coolant to absorb more heat energy per unit mass, effectively carrying away excess heat from the combustion chamber. A high boiling point ensures that the coolant remains in liquid form and does not evaporate easily, maintaining its effectiveness as a coolant.
For the gravitational field due to two isolated masses, if a mass of 900 kg is placed at a distance of 3 m from another mass of 400 kg, the gravitational field will be zero at a point 1.1 m from the 400 kg mass on the line joining the two masses and between the two masses.
This point is determined by the gravitational forces exerted by the masses and their respective distances.
The best definition of temperature is: It is a measure of the average kinetic energy per particle. Temperature quantifies the average energy of the particles in a substance, reflecting the level of thermal activity within the system.
It is commonly measured using various types of thermometers, not specifically limited to mercury thermometers. Temperature is not an exact measure of the total heat content of an object, which is measured by its internal energy.
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a 64lb weight stretches a spring 6ft in equilibrium attached to
a dashpot with damping constant C=22 LB-sec/ft. Initially displaced
18 inches below equilibrium with downward velocity of 10 ft/s. find
The amplitude of the oscillations is 1.124 ft or 13.49 inches
The initial potential energy of the spring is given as;
PE = 0.5kx²
Where;
K = spring constant = F/x = 64/6 = 10.67
lb/ftx = displacement = 18 in = 1.5 ft
Therefore;
PE = 0.5 x 10.67 x 1.5²
PE = 12.04 lb-ft
The total energy, E of the spring and dashpot system is given as;E = KE + PE + U,
where
KE = 0.5mv² = 0 (initially at rest)
m = mass of the object
= F/g = 64/32.2
= 1.988 lb-sec²/ft
v = velocity = 10 ft/s
PE = initial potential energy of the spring = 12.04 lb-ftU = 0 (no external force)
Therefore;
E = KE + PE = 12.04 lb-ft
Now, we can find the initial velocity of the object when it starts oscillating by;
E = KE + PE0 = 0.5mv² + 12.04 lb-ftv = sqrt(2PE/m) = 4.91 ft/s
We can then use this initial velocity and the total energy, E of the system to find the amplitude of the oscillations using;
E = 0.5kA² + 0.5cv²A
= sqrt((2E - cv²)/k)A
= sqrt((2 x 12.04 - 22 x 1.988 x (4.91)²)/(10.67))A
= 1.124 ft
Therefore, the amplitude of the oscillations is 1.124 ft or 13.49 inches (rounded off to 100 words).
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(4 bookmarks) a nacho cheese machine has a flow rate of 28cm 3/s as the cheese flows out of it the tubular like stream of cheese changes it's diameter to 0.80 times it's previous diameter, what is the speed of the cheese after the stream changed relative to what it was before.
the speed of the cheese after the stream changed relative to what it was before is 43.75 cm³/s.
The change in area is given by the square of diameter change factor as it is a circular area.
Area change factor,
A = d²
⇒ Area2 = A × Area1 = d² × Area1
Speed of the cheese, V2 = (Area1 × speed1) / Area2V2 = (Area1 × speed1) / (d² × Area1)
V2 = speed1 / d²
So, the speed of cheese after the stream changed relative to what it was before is speed1/d², which is given as follows:
V2 = 28 / (0.80)²
V2 = 43.75 cm³/s
Therefore, the speed of the cheese after the stream changed relative to what it was before is 43.75 cm³/s.
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(c) Explain the difference between sub- and super-critical flow and give examples of when each will occur.
Sub-critical flow and super-critical flow are terms used to describe different flow regimes in open channels, The distinction between the two is based on the relationship between the flow velocity and the wave velocity in the channel.
Sub-critical flow:
Sub-critical flow occurs when the flow velocity is less than the wave velocity (also known as the critical velocity) of the flow. In this case, the waves or disturbances in the flow travel upstream against the flow direction. The water surface slope is relatively mild, and the flow is relatively smooth and stable. Sub-critical flow is often associated with tranquil or slowly flowing water conditions.
Examples of sub-critical flow:
Slow-moving streams or rivers with gentle slopes.Calm sections of canals or channels with low flow velocities.Quiet reaches of lakes or reservoirs with minimal wave activity.Super-critical flow:
Super-critical flow occurs when the flow velocity is greater than the wave velocity (critical velocity) of the flow. In this case, the waves or disturbances in the flow travel downstream with the flow direction. The water surface slope is relatively steep, and the flow is characterized by rapid changes and turbulence. Super-critical flow is often associated with fast-moving or high-energy flow conditions.
Examples of super-critical flow:
Rapids or whitewater sections in rivers with significant slopes and high velocities.Waterfalls or cascades where water rapidly descends over a steep slope.High-velocity flow in channels or canals with pronounced turbulence and hydraulic jumps.Learn more about flow rate here:
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Chapter 13 - Worksheet Material After washing a car, it is common to also "wax" the car surface. Why is this done and how does it help?
After washing a car, it is common to also "wax" the car surface
.
Waxing
is done to protect the paint on the car, to make it shine, and to give it a slick look. When a car is waxed, it will be protected from environmental factors such as the sun, rain, and snow. The wax creates a protective barrier over the paint that
prevents
dirt, grime, and other pollutants from sticking to it.
Waxing also helps to hide minor scratches and swirl marks that may have occurred during the washing process. It can also help to prevent the paint from fading or oxidizing due to exposure to the sun.
In addition to these benefits, waxing also makes the car look
shiny
and slick. The wax creates a smooth surface that reflects light, making the car look cleaner and more attractive. It can also help to make the car easier to clean in the future, as dirt and grime will be less likely to stick to the waxed surface.
Overall, waxing a car is an important step in car maintenance that can help to
protect
and preserve the paint on the car, as well as make it look shiny and attractive.
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Quiz 6) For a conceptual presentation of a gold atom, find D using Gauss' 1 aw for a spherical dieiectine whell geometry shown below, where \( Q \) is a positive point charge at nucleus. Negative volu
To determine D for a conceptual presentation of a gold atom using Gauss' 1 law for a spherical dielectric wheel geometry, we need to calculate the enclosed charge within the dielectric wheel.SolutionFirstly, the charge enclosed by the dielectric wheel (sphere) is the charge at the center minus the charge on the inner surface.\[Q_{enclosed} = Q - Q_{inside} \]The charge at the nucleus is positive,
thus,\[Q = +\frac{Ze}{4\pi\epsilon_o}\]where Z is the atomic number of gold, and e is the charge of an electron.For the inner surface,\[Q_{inside} = -\frac{Ze}{4\pi\epsilon_o}4\pi r^2 \sigma \]where r is the radius of the sphere and σ is the surface charge density.Using Gauss' law,\[\int{E.ds} = \frac{Q_{enclosed}}{\epsilon_o}\]Since there is spherical symmetry, E is constant, and the integral reduces to[tex]\[E(4\pi r^2) = \frac{Q - Q_{inside}}{\epsilon_o}\]\[E(4\pi r^2) = \frac{Ze}{4\pi\epsilon_o}+\frac{Ze}{\epsilon_o}r^2 \sigma \]Rearranging,[/tex]
[tex]we get\[\frac{Ze}{4\pi\epsilon_o}=\frac{E(4\pi r^2)-Ze r^2 \sigma }{\epsilon_o}\]Hence, the dielectric constant,\[D = \frac{1}{\epsilon_o(1 - r^2 \sigma)} \][/tex]Therefore, for a conceptual presentation of a gold atom, we can determine D by calculating the enclosed charge within the dielectric wheel using Gauss' 1 law for a spherical dielectric wheel geometry.
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von mises and tresca criteria give different yield stress for
The von Mises and Tresca criteria are two different methods used to determine the yield stress of a material. The von Mises criterion considers the distortion energy, while the Tresca criterion considers the maximum shear stress. The von Mises criterion is often used for ductile materials, while the Tresca criterion is often used for brittle materials.
The von Mises and Tresca criteria are two different methods used to determine the yield stress of a material. The yield stress is the point at which a material starts to deform plastically, meaning it undergoes permanent deformation even after the applied stress is removed.
The von Mises criterion, also known as the distortion energy theory, takes into account the three principal stresses in a material and calculates an equivalent stress value. If this equivalent stress exceeds the yield strength of the material, it is considered to have yielded.
The Tresca criterion, also known as the maximum shear stress theory, only considers the difference between the maximum and minimum principal stresses in a material. If this difference exceeds the yield strength of the material, it is considered to have yielded.
The von Mises criterion is often used for ductile materials, where plastic deformation is significant. It provides a more accurate prediction of yielding in complex stress states. On the other hand, the Tresca criterion is often used for brittle materials, where plastic deformation is minimal. It provides a conservative estimate of yielding.
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For the following problem, answer the following questions in the blank space.
A heat exchanger of 1-4 with a 1" square configuration and 1 meter in length, is fed through pipes with natural gas at a temperature of 110°C to heat it up to 190°C with steam at 400°C. , which leaves at 170°C.
a) Indicate the maximum number of tubes that could fit in a 33" shell
b) What will be the maximum area of contact generated by the tubes in square meters?
c) What will be the Heat that can be transferred through the tubes in Watts?
d) Indicate the total resistance that the heat transfer will have (°K/W), considering that there is NO conduction through the tubes. Add the fouling factors.
Additional data:
Typical U
= 200 W/m2°C convection coefficient (W/°K) Area (m2)
inside tubes 3500 0.08
out of tubes 33900 0.10
A. Maximum number would be approximately 103 tubes,
B. Maximum area is approximately 0.0665 square meters,
C. Heat is approximately 185.6 Watts,
D. Sum will depend on the specific fouling conditions.
a) To determine the maximum number of tubes that could fit in a 33" shell, we need to consider the size of the tubes and the available space in the shell.
To calculate the maximum number of tubes that could fit in a 33" shell, we need to divide the shell circumference by the length of one tube:
Number of tubes = Circumference of the shell / Length of one tube
Circumference of the shell = π * Diameter of the shell
= π * 33 inches
= 103.67 inches
Length of one tube = 1 inch
Number of tubes = 103.67 inches / 1 inch
≈ 103.67
b) The maximum area of contact generated by the tubes can be calculated by multiplying the number of tubes by the area of one tube:
Area of contact = Number of tubes * Area of one tube
Number of tubes = 103 (from part a)
Area of one tube = 1 inch * 1 inch = 1 square inch
Area of contact = 103 square inches
Area of contact = 103 square inches * (0.0254 meters / inch)^2
≈ 0.0665 square meters
c) The heat that can be transferred through the tubes can be calculated using the formula:
Heat transferred = U * Area of contact * Temperature difference
Heat transferred = 3500 W/m^2°C * 0.0665 square meters * 80°C
≈ 185.6 Watts
d) The total resistance to heat transfer can be calculated using the formula:
Total resistance = 1 / (U * Area of contact) + Sum of fouling factors
Given that the convective coefficient U is 3500 W/m^2°C, and the area of contact is 0.0665 square meters:
Total resistance = 1 / (3500 W/m^2°C * 0.0665 square meters) + Sum of fouling factors
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3.) Given A = 2ax + 4ay - 3az and B = ax - ay. Find the following: e.) a vector of magnitude 10 with direction directly opposite to that of AXB 4.) Given A = 2ax + 4ay and B = bay - 4az. Find the following: C.) 5A B d.) 5( AB)
A vector of magnitude 10 with a direction directly opposite to that of AXB is -5(AXB)
To find a vector of magnitude 10 with a direction directly opposite to that of AXB, we need to follow these steps:
Firstly, we will find the vector AXB.
AXB = I [(2i) (-j) - (4j)(-k)] - J [(2i)(2k) - (3k)(2i)] + K [(4j)(2i) - (3k)(-j)]
AXB = -2i - 4j + 4k + 12i + 6j + 0k + 8j - 6i + 0k = 10i + 2j + 4k
We need a vector of magnitude 10 with a direction directly opposite to that of AXB, which is -10i - 2j - 4k.
Thus, a vector of magnitude 10 with a direction directly opposite to that of AXB is -5(AXB).
Now, let's move on to the second part:
Given A = 2ax + 4ay and B = bay - 4az.
C.) 5A B = 5[(2ax + 4ay) x (bay - 4az)]5A B = 10abxyi + 20abyj - 20abzk
D.) 5( AB) = 5[(2ax + 4ay) . (bay - 4az)]5( AB) = 10abxy - 20abz
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Question:
How do you expect the impact strength of short fiber reinforced composites compared with their long fiber counterparts? Why?
Short fiber reinforced composites typically have lower impact strength compared to their long fiber counterparts. This is primarily due to the difference in the reinforcement mechanisms and fiber length.
Long fiber reinforced composites have continuous fibers that span the entire length of the composite structure. These continuous fibers provide a higher level of reinforcement and can distribute the applied load more effectively. When subjected to impact or sudden loads, the long fibers can absorb and transfer the energy over a larger area, resulting in higher impact resistance.
On the other hand, short fiber reinforced composites have discontinuous or randomly oriented fibers that are shorter in length. The shorter fibers provide less effective reinforcement and have limitations in distributing the applied load. During impact events, the short fibers are more prone to breaking or pulling out from the matrix, leading to localized stress concentrations and reduced impact resistance.
Additionally, the orientation and alignment of fibers play a crucial role in impact strength. Long fibers can be aligned in the direction of the applied load, providing enhanced strength in that particular direction. Short fibers, due to their random orientation, may not offer the same level of directional strength, making them more susceptible to impact-induced damage.
However, it's worth noting that short fiber reinforced composites can still offer other advantages such as improved stiffness, dimensional stability, and cost-effectiveness compared to long fiber reinforced composites. The choice between short and long fiber reinforcements depends on the specific application requirements and the desired balance between different material properties.
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Dipole moment is defined as displacement of charge
Dipole moment is defined as the displacement of charge. The statement is False.
The dipole moment is a measure of the separation of positive and negative charges in a molecule or system. It is not defined as the displacement of charge. The dipole moment is calculated by multiplying the magnitude of the charge by the distance between the charges.
The dipole moment is a measure of the polarity of a molecule. It quantifies the separation of positive and negative charges within a molecule, indicating the molecule's overall polarity.
Mathematically, the dipole moment (μ) of a molecule is defined as the product of the magnitude of the charge (Q) and the distance (r) between the charges. It is represented by the formula:
μ = Q × r
The charge (Q) is given in coulombs (C), and the distance (r) is measured in meters (m). The direction of the dipole moment is from the negative charge towards the positive charge.
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There are two masses m1 and m2 which are going to collide and get stuck together. This time let's solve for m1 in terms of variables m2,v1,v2,v3. Variable Definition: v1 is the velocity of m1 before collision, v2 is the velocity of m2 before collision, and v3 is the velocity of the combined masses after collision
To solve for m1 in terms of variables m2, v1, v2, and v3, we can use the conservation of momentum principle. The conservation of momentum states that the total momentum before a collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision.
The momentum (p) is defined as the product of mass (m) and velocity (v), so we can write the equation as:
m1 * v1 + m2 * v2 = (m1 + m2) * v3
To solve for m1, we can rearrange the equation:
m1 * v1 = (m1 + m2) * v3 - m2 * v2
Expanding and simplifying:
m1 * v1 = m1 * v3 + m2 * v3 - m2 * v2
Now, isolate m1 on one side of the equation:
m1 * v1 - m1 * v3 = m2 * v3 - m2 * v2
Factor out m1 on the left side of the equation:
m1 * (v1 - v3) = m2 * (v3 - v2)
Finally, divide both sides by (v1 - v3) to solve for m1:
m1 = (m2 * (v3 - v2)) / (v1 - v3)
Therefore, m1 in terms of m2, v1, v2, and v3 is:
m1 = (m2 * (v3 - v2)) / (v1 - v3)
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The signal g(t) = 8 cos(400πt) cos(200, 000πt) + 18 cos(200, 000nt) is applied at the input of an ideal bandpass filter with unit gain and a bandwidth of 200 Hz centered at 100, 200 Hz. Sketch the amplitude spectrum of the signal at the output of the filter.
An ideal bandpass filter with unit gain and a bandwidth of 200 Hz is applied to the input signal g(t) = 8 cos(400πt) cos(200,000πt) + 18 cos(200,000nt). The center frequency of the filter is 100,200 Hz. We can sketch the amplitude spectrum of the signal at the output of the filter using the following steps:
Step 1: Determine the Fourier transform of the input signal g(t)The Fourier transform of g(t) is given by: G(ω) = π[δ(ω + 2π × 200,000) + δ(ω - 2π × 200,000)] + π/2[δ(ω + 2π × 200) + δ(ω - 2π × 200)]
Step 2: Determine the transfer function of the bandpass filter
The transfer function of the ideal bandpass filter with unit gain and a bandwidth of 200 Hz centered at 100,200 Hz is given by: H(ω) = {1 for |ω - 2π × 100,200| < π × 100, and 0 otherwise}
Step 3: Multiply the Fourier transform of the input signal by the transfer function of the filter
The output of the filter is given by:
Y(ω) = G(ω)H(ω)The product of the Fourier transform of the input signal and the transfer function of the filter is shown in the figure below.
The given signal is a combination of two cosines, where the first cosine has a frequency of 400π radians/second and the second cosine has a frequency of 200,000π radians/second.
The output of the filter is a bandpass signal with a center frequency of 100,200 Hz and a bandwidth of 200 Hz. The amplitude spectrum of the output signal is zero outside the bandpass region and is equal to the product of the amplitude spectrum of the input signal and the frequency response of the filter within the passband region.
The amplitude spectrum of the output signal is shown in the figure below:
Therefore, the amplitude spectrum of the signal at the output of the filter is a bandpass signal with a center frequency of 100,200 Hz and a bandwidth of 200 Hz. The amplitude of the signal within the passband region is given by the product of the amplitude of the input signal and the frequency response of the filter within the passband region.
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When jumping out of a second story window, you are advised to bend your knees as you land. The reason for this is Select one: O a to increase the duration of the collision in order to minimize the force acting on your knees O b. to increase the duration of the collision in order to reduce your body's velocity. O c. to increase the duration of the collision in order to reduce the impulse on your knees. O d. to increase the duration of the collision in order to absorb the impact of the collision with the ground.
Bending the knees can increase the duration of the collision, which means that the impact of the collision can be absorbed throughout the leg muscles. This will reduce the impact on the rest of the body and will also help in reducing the impulse on your knees.
When jumping out of a second-story window, you are advised to bend your knees as you land to increase the duration of the collision in order to absorb the impact of the collision with the ground. The correct option is D.When a person jumps out of a second-story window or any other higher platform, they gain a lot of potential energy due to the height. This potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the person falls to the ground. The person collides with the ground when they hit it, and the ground exerts an equal and opposite force on the person. This force can cause severe injury or death to the person.Jumping with straight legs can cause the body to absorb most of the force of the collision in the torso region. Bending the knees can increase the duration of the collision, which means that the impact of the collision can be absorbed throughout the leg muscles. This will reduce the impact on the rest of the body and will also help in reducing the impulse on your knees.
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true or false
annular phased arrays have multiple transmit focal zones...
The given statement "Annular phased arrays have multiple transmit focal zones" is true.
An annular phased array is a transducer that produces a set of focused ultrasound beams by electronically controlling the relative phase and amplitude of the voltages applied to the array's many transducer elements.
The focal spot is frequently formed by a single-beam or multi-beam sonication process. Furthermore, it has been observed that annular phased array systems, when compared to single-element systems, have increased accuracy and decreased unwanted exposure.
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Circuits components Cm and Rm are connected in parallel.
At 200 Hz, the current in Cm is 0.7 A. What is the current in Rm?
Know that the capacitor resistance at 200 Hz is 400 Lambda.
Also know that Rm resistance is given at 200 Lambda.
The current in Rm is 0.466A at 200Hz in the given circuit.
Components Cm and Rm are connected in parallel in circuits. The current in Cm is 0.7A at 200Hz.
We need to find the current in Rm. We know that the capacitor resistance at 200Hz is 400Ω and Rm resistance is 200Ω.
Therefore, the formula for calculating current in parallel circuits can be used to find the current in Rm.
The formula is as follows:
I = V / R
Where I is the current, V is the voltage, and R is the resistance.
So, the first step is to calculate the total resistance in the circuit.
Rt = (Cm * Rm) / (Cm + Rm)
Where Rt is the total resistance, Cm is the capacitor resistance and Rm is the resistance of Rm.
Now, let's substitute the given values and calculate the total resistance.
Rt = (400Ω * 200Ω) / (400Ω + 200Ω)
Rt = 80000Ω / 600Ω
Rt = 133.3Ω
Now we have the total resistance, we can use Ohm's Law to calculate the current in Rm.
I = V / R
Let's rearrange the formula to solve for V.V = IR
Now, let's substitute the given values and calculate the voltage across the circuit.
V = 0.7A * 133.3ΩV
= 93.31V
Now, we can calculate the current in Rm using Ohm's Law.
I = V / RI
= 93.31V / 200Ω
I = 0.466A
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Problem 3: Tell how many closed loop poles are located in the right half-plane, in the left half-plane,
Tell how many closed-loop poles are located in the right half-plane, in the left half-plane.In control systems, stability is a significant concern. The poles of the closed-loop transfer function decide the stability of a control system.
The closed-loop poles' location decides the stability of the control system, particularly in the right half-plane or the left half-plane. The response of the closed-loop control system is stable if all the closed-loop poles of a control system are in the left half-plane.
On the other hand, if any closed-loop pole lies in the right half-plane, the response of the closed-loop control system will be unstable.A system is stable if all of its poles lie in the left half-plane (LHP) of the s-plane. If there are any poles that lie on the imaginary axis, the system will be marginally stable, and if there are poles in the right half-plane (RHP), the system will be unstable.
In general, the number of poles in the right half-plane (RHP) indicates the degree of instability and determines whether a system is stable or unstable.As a result, the number of closed-loop poles in the left half-plane and right half-plane is critical to determine the control system's stability.
If all of the closed-loop poles are in the left half-plane, the system will be stable. If there are one or more closed-loop poles in the right half-plane, the system will be unstable. The number of closed-loop poles in the left and right half-plane is what determines the stability of a control system.
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Question 7.
Part A.
For an isothermal expansion of two moles of an ideal gas, what is the entropy change in J/K of the gas if its volume quadruples? (Use NA = 6.022e23 and kB = 1.38e-23 J/K.)
Part B.
For the same isothermal expansion of two moles of an ideal gas in which its volume quadruples, what is the entropy change of the reservoir in J/K?
Part A: The entropy change of the gas during the isothermal expansion, when its volume quadruples, is ΔS = 4.56 J/K.
Part B: The entropy change of the reservoir during the same isothermal expansion is also ΔS = -4.56 J/K.
Part A: The entropy change of the gas during an isothermal process can be calculated using the formula ΔS = nRln(Vf/Vi), where ΔS is the entropy change, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, and Vf/Vi is the ratio of final volume to initial volume. In this case, two moles of gas are undergoing a volume expansion where the volume quadruples (Vf/Vi = 4). Plugging in the values, we have ΔS = 2 * 1.38e-23 J/K * ln(4) = 4.56 J/K.
Part B: The entropy change of the reservoir during an isothermal process is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the entropy change of the gas. This is due to the conservation of entropy in a reversible process. Therefore, the entropy change of the reservoir is also ΔS = -4.56 J/K.
Entropy is a thermodynamic property that measures the randomness or disorder of a system. In an isothermal process, where the temperature remains constant, the entropy change can be calculated using the equation ΔS = nRln(Vf/Vi). It depends on the number of moles of gas (n), the gas constant (R), and the ratio of the final volume (Vf) to the initial volume (Vi).
The entropy change of the gas and the reservoir have equal magnitudes but opposite signs. This is because during an isothermal expansion, the gas molecules become more dispersed and occupy a larger volume, increasing the entropy of the gas. On the other hand, the reservoir, which is assumed to be an infinite heat source, loses an equivalent amount of entropy to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium.
Understanding entropy changes during processes helps in analyzing energy transfer, heat exchange, and overall system behavior. It is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics and plays a crucial role in various scientific and engineering applications.
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1 pts Question 3 If the element with atomic number 78 and atomic mass 136 decays by alpha emission. How many neutrons does the decay product have? 1 pts Question 4 If the element with atomic number 69 and atomic mass 214 decays by beta minus emission. What is the atomic mass of the decay product?
Question 3: If the element with atomic number 78 and atomic mass 136 decays by alpha emission, the number of neutrons the decay product has would be 68.
Question 4: If the element with atomic number 69 and atomic mass 214 decays by beta minus emission, the atomic mass of the decay product would be 214.
3. Alpha emission results in the loss of two protons and two neutrons. Therefore, the atomic number decreases by two, while the mass number decreases by four.
4. Beta minus emission results in the conversion of a neutron into a proton, which increases the atomic number by one. The mass number, however, remains the same. Therefore, the atomic mass of the decay product would be the same as the atomic mass of the original element, which is 214.
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9. Mercury is commonly supplied in flasks containing 34.5 kg (about 76lb.). What is the volume in liters of this much mercury? Answer 10. The greatest ocean depths on Earth are found in the Marianas Trench near the Philippines. Calculate the pressure due to the ocean at the bottom of this trench, given its depth is 11.0 km and assuming the density of seawater is constant all the way down. Answer 11. A certain hydraulic system is designed to exert a force 200 times as large as the one put into it. What must be the ratio of the area of the cylinder that is being controlled to the area of the master cylinder? (c) By what factor is the distance through which the output force moves reduced relative to the distance through which the input force moves? Assume no losses due to friction. Answer What must be the ratio of their diameters? An By what factor is the distance through which the output force moves reduced relative to the distance through which the input foree moves? Assume no losses due to friction. Answer 12. What fraction of ice is submerged when it floats in freshwater, given the density of water at 0∘C is very close to 1000 kg/m3 ?
The volume of 34.5 kg of mercury is approximately 14.4 liters.
Mercury is a dense liquid with a specific gravity of 13.6, which means it is 13.6 times denser than water. To calculate the volume of mercury, we can divide its mass by its density. Given that the mass of mercury is 34.5 kg, we divide this by the density of mercury, which is 13.6 times the density of water (1000 kg/m^3).
Therefore, the volume of mercury is 34.5 kg / (13.6 * 1000 kg/m^3), which simplifies to approximately 0.00252 m^3. To convert this volume into liters, we multiply it by 1000 since there are 1000 liters in 1 cubic meter. Therefore, the volume of 34.5 kg of mercury is approximately 14.4 liters.
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