The diameter of a hydrogen is 10^−10m. Thickness of a cell membrane is 10^8 m.
The thickness in terms of atoms us,
The thickness in terms of atoms us, = d membrane/ 2* d(H-atom)
Substitute 10^−8 m for d(membrane) and 10^−10 m for d(H−atom)
Thickness in terms of atoms = 10^−8 m/2x10^-10 m
= 50 atoms
Hence, thickness of a cell membrane is equal to the combined thickness of 50 atoms
What are Cell membrane ?It is also called the plasma membrane. It protects the cell from the outer environment. It is a thin shell between the interior of all the cells and the environment.
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How did mendel’s monohybrid cross with round and wrinkled seeds and other single traits tested, directly contradict the blending hypothesis?.
Mendel’s monohybrid cross with round and wrinkled seeds and other single traits tested, directly contradict the blending hypothesis. The result of the cross between round and wrinkled pure breed cell lines was all round seeds in the F1 offspring, not partially round and wrinkled as blending theory would predict.
Mendel discovered that the round-seeded and wrinkled-seeded traits were two facets of the same character, suggesting to modern plant scientists that a single gene determines whether seeds are round or wrinkled.
In a monohybrid cross, neither allele is blended; both alleles are expressed in the F2 generation. The fact that each gamete only contains one allele serves as the foundation for the law of segregation.
Mendel discovered through monohybrid crossings that while distinct alleles having the potential to affect a single characteristic, they remained indivisible and could be inherited individually. Additionally, the allele could exist but be undetectable in one generation before resurfacing in the following generation.
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A client is diagnosed with hepatitis c. what statement made by the client indicates that further education is required regarding the transmission of the virus?
A client is diagnosed with hepatitis c." I probably got the virus when I sat on the toilet seat in a dirty bathroom." this statement made by the client indicates that further education is required regarding the transmission of the virus.
What is hepatitis c?
Hepatitis refers to liver inflammation. The liver is a crucial organ that filters blood, processes nutrients, and fights infections. The function of the liver can be impacted by inflammation or injury. Hepatitis can be brought on by chemicals, drugs, some medical disorders, and heavy alcohol consumption.
A virus is the most frequent cause of hepatitis. Hepatitis A, B, and C are the three most prevalent forms of viral hepatitis in the United States. All forms of viral hepatitis can produce similar symptoms, but they differ in how they spread, how they are treated, and how deadly they are.
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A rain shadow is where a single rainy cloud blots out the sun in an otherwise sunny day, making a rainbow. True or false
The rain shadow is the dry slope of a mountain that is protected from predominant winds and rains. Usually, it is characterized by desertic conditions. The statement is false.
What is the rain shadow?A rain shadow is a meteorological event that occurs when dense clouds, driven by predominant winds, meet one side of a mountain. Rain occurs on this side, while the other side of the mountains remains dry.
The rain shadow is the dry slope of the mountain, which is protected from predominant winds in mountain chains. When referring to predominant winds, we mean the direction of winds that occurs more often in the affected region.
Usually, rain shadows are associated with desertic regions, because only dry winds reach these areas. Poor vegetation inhabits there.
According to this framework, the statmente is FALSE.
A rain shadow is NOT where a single rainy cloud blots out the sun in an otherwise sunny day, making a rainbow.
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In an individual that is heterozygous for a particular trait, expression of the recessive allele is masked. True or false?.
Which step in a comparative investigation is not included in a descriptive
investigation?
A. Asking questions
B. Collecting data
C. Comparing or contrasting
D. Making observations
comparing and contrating
1
A.
B.
C.
Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are alike in
that they
have nuclei that are larger than their
mitochondria.
contain DNA that is coiled around histones.
have irregular, asymmetrical shapes.
D. contain many types of proteins.
4 As
is
m
F
Answer:
contain many types of protein F
What type of graph is best to use for showing the relationship between multiple sets of data? Why?
A bar graph is best to use for showing the relationship between multiple sets of data because it convey relational information in a visual manner quickly.
Define bar graph.A bar graph or chart displays categorical data using rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values they represent. Both vertical and horizontal plots of the bars are possible. Column charts are another name for vertical bar charts.
Comparisons between distinct categories are shown in a bar graph. The chart's two axes, one for measured value and the other for the specified categories under comparison, are shown. In certain bar graphs, clusters of multiple bars that represent the values of multiple measured variables are clustered together.
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If R = red and r = white in fruit flies, what would
be the result of a cross between a heterozygous
female (red-eyed with one recessive allele) and
a recessive male?
Hint: Draw a Punnett square.
A. 25% red-eyed female, 25% white-eyed female, 25% red-eyed
male, 25% white-eyed male
B. 25% white eyed male, 25% red-eyed male, 50% and red-eyed
female offspring
C. 0% chance of white-eyed flies
The result of a cross between a heterozygous female (red-eyed with one recessive allele) and a recessive male would be 25% white eyed male, 25% red-eyed male, 50% and red-eyed female offspring.
Types of gene :Each gene in each of us has two alleles, or variations. If you inherit two identical copies of a gene, you are said to be homozygous for that gene. In contrast, a genotype with different alleles is called a heterozygous genotype. People with recessive characteristics, such as red hair or blue eyes, are always homozygous for that gene.
Which genes are the heterozygous?The existence of two unique alleles at a specific gene locus. One normal allele, one mutant allele, or two different mutant alleles may be present in a heterozygous genotype (compound heterozygote).
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Answer: Its A
Explanation:
25% 25% AND 25% for each
actice Session - Genes & Chro X + fw/test/practice-session/a5163?CFID=ea408cb7-1a27-4eb2-af7b-695271344247&CFTOKEN=0&crateID=a5163&packID=a610eda0&qgCount=9b1c6&qgList=b31bce9d&classid=bd9a87fe&assi 3 A gene is a segment of DNA on a chromosome. How are genes related to the proteins made by a cell? OA. The structure of the genes in a cell determines the structure of the proteins made by the cell. B. All genes in a cell have the same exact structure, so all genes code for the same exact set of proteins. OC. The structure of the genes in a cell is unrelated to the structure of the proteins made by the cell. D. All genes in a cell have the same exact structure, but each gene codes for a different set of proteins.
The correct answer is option A. which sates that the structure of the genes in a cell determines the structure of the proteins made by the cell.
Most genes include the information needed to create the important molecules known as proteins. The pathway from gene to protein is complex and closely controlled within each cell. The two main steps are transcription and translation. Combining transcription and translation results in gene expression.Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus and involves the transfer of information from a gene's DNA to a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid).The type of RNA that carries the instructions for making a protein is known as messenger RNA (mRNA) because it moves the information, or message, from the DNA outside of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm.The cytoplasm is where translation, the second step in converting a gene into a protein, takes place.Transfer of information happens from DNA to RNA to proteins. This fundamental idea is referred to as the "central dogma".Hence, the correct answer is option A.
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In cladistics, biologists attempt to place species into groups that each include an ancestral species and all of its descendants. A group that is paraphyletic fails to accomplish this goal in what way?.
The group that is paraphyletic fails to accomplish this goal consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants.
What is cladistics?Cladistics is a common method for speculating on the relationships between organisms.Cladistics is based on the idea that members of a particular group share a common evolutionary history.They are "closely related" to other organisms more than to other members of the same group.These groups share characteristics that their distant ancestors lacked. Synapomorphies refer to shared derived characteristics. Cladistics or phylogenetic systematics refers to the process of grouping organisms that share derived characteristics. Taxa that share a large number of derived characters are grouped together more closely than those that do not. A cladogram is a branching hierarchical tree that depicts the relationships.
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Capillaries, alveoli in the lungs, and glomeruli in the renal system are lined by simple squamous epithelial cells. Meanwhile, the skin, inside lining of the mouth, and the lining of the esophagus are made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells. How do the required functions of these tissues relate to the type of epithelial cells found there?.
During what period did seedless vascular plants form extensive forests of tall trees?.
During the Carboniferous epoch, vast forests of lofty trees were created by symbiotic seedless vascular plants. The lycophyte evolutionary lineage includes tiny herbaceous plants and enormous trees with diameters of more than 2 metres and heights of more than 40 metres by the Carboniferous epoch (359-299 million years ago).
Which epoch do vascular plants belong to?The Silurian epoch, 425 million years ago, has the first fossil evidence of a possibly vascular plant. The now-extinct Cooksonia (Figure below) had branching branches capped with sporangia, indicating that it is a sporophyte, but neither roots or leaves, and it grew just a few centimetres above the ground.
Only a small percentage of the plants in our environment are seedless. Prior to 300 million years ago, the majority of the vegetation was seedless and thrived in the massive
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PLEASE HELP!!! 50 POINTS TO WHO ANSWERS!!!!In 1907, Dr. Duncan MacDougall performed a series of experiments in which he attempted to measure the weight of the soul as it left a dying person. In his experiments, MacDougall placed a dying person on a scale and measured their weight immediately prior to and following death. MacDougall determined the change in weight to be approximately 21 grams. From these experiments, he concluded that the soul exists and has mass. What is the fundamental scientific flaw in his conclusions?
They are based on the concept of the soul, which is beyond the bounds of science.
They are based on the idea that the soul is made of matter, not energy.
They are based on the assumption that the soul does not remain in the body after death.
They are based on the concept that the soul can be measured.
They are based on the concept of the soul, which is beyond the bounds of science.
Answer: MacDougall placed a dying person on a scale and measured their weight immediately prior to and following death.
Explanation:
what problem might you encounter if you tried to show energy flow through an ecosystem using a pyramid of numbers
Answer:
the pyramid of numbers only compares the number of organisms present in each trophic level at A PARTICULAR TIME. This pyramid can be inverted if organisms of one trophic lvl is parasitic on organisms of another trophic lvl. or when there are many small organisms feeding of one trophic level feeding on a large organism of another trophic lvl.
For eg. tree→ aphid →protozoa, the pyramid of numbers is upside down
however pyramid of energy is always in a pyramid shaped as it compares the total energy in each trophic level OVER A PERIOD OF TIME. more energy is lost when we move along a food chain hence the shape is ALWAYS pyramid.
moving from the element with atomic number 10 to atomic number 11 on the periodic table there is a change in reactivity, which of the following are true?
select all that apply .
Reactivity increases
Reactivity decreases
Neon has another shell
Sodium has another shell
Valence electrons in sodium are farther from the nucleus
Atomic number 11 does not have a full electron shell
The following option are true:
Reactivity increasesSodium has more shellValence electrons in sodium are further from the nucleusAtomic number 11 does not have a full electron shellWhat is an atomic number?The number of protons in an atom's nucleus or the number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is the atomic number of that atom. An atom of sodium, for instance, has 11 protons and 11 electrons. Therefore, the atomic number of the Na atom is equal to the sum of its protons and electrons, or 11.
Why is atomic number more important?The electron count in an element is indicated by the atomic number. The majority of an element's chemical properties are determined by the electrons in their valency shell, which is their outermost electron shell. As a result, a chemist places greater value on an element's atomic number than on its relative atomic mass.
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If the f2 generation of a cross between two pure-breeding lines exhibits a 1:2:1 phenotypic ratio, the type of dominance being observed is most likely _____.
If the f2 generation of a cross between two pure-breeding lines exhibits a 1:2:1 phenotypic ratio, the type of dominance being observed is most likely Monohybrid cross with incomplete dominance.
What type of cross results in a 1 2 1 phenotypic ratio?A cross of two F1 hybrids heterozygous for a single trait with imperfect dominance is projected to produce offspring with a 1:2:1 ratio of genotypes and phenotypes.
Incomplete dominance is a kind of intermediate inheritance in which one allele is less dominant than its associated counterpart. In this case, the third phenotype is exhibited in the heterozygous state. The phenotypic and genotypic ratio in a monohybrid cross with incomplete dominance is 1:2:1, with one part having dominant phenotype, two parts having intermediate phenotype, and one portion having recessive phenotype. A snapdragon flower, for example, has red (dominant), white (recessive), and pink (intermediate) blossoms.
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What creates a sense not only of enclosure and connection, but also movement and direction?.
Answer:
Implied line creates a sense not only of enclosure and connection, but also movement and direction.
Explanation:
Texture is a term used to describe the physical characteristics of a surface or even the visual expression of those characteristics (implied). Art includes texture as a component. The level of a surface, how something feels, or how it appears to feel, spiky, sticky, rough, scratchy, etc, creates interest connected with senses of sight and contact. A point moves across space along a line. Lines could be two-dimensional and implied as well as it differs in width, height, direction, colour, and degree of bend. Art includes the use of line, a smudge left by a moving object, has a longer than wider dimension, guides the eye in any direction, including horizontal, perpendicular, diagonal, curved, and zigzag. It may be actual, apparent lines, boundaries, or form edges.
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Which does Kepler’s second law state about planetary motion?
A.The square of the orbital period is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis.
B.A line between the planet and the sun covers equal areas in equal times.
C.Planets move at the same speed at all points along their orbit.
D.The planet travels along an elliptical orbit.
According to Kepler’s second law The correct answer is option (B) A line between the planet and the sun covers equal areas in equal times. This means that the planet speeds up as it was approaches the sun and then slows down as it departs from it.
Kepler's second law states that the planet moves in its ellipse so that the line in between it and the Sun placed at the focus sweeps out of the equal areas in the equal times. There are actually three, the Kepler's laws that is, of the planetary motion: 1) every planet's orbit is an ellipse with the Sun at a focus; 2) a line joining the Sun and the planet sweeps out equal areas in the equal times; and 3) the square of the planet's orbital period is also proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its
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Which of the following phrases correctly describes exponential growth?
A: Growth whose rate decreases as the population reaches carrying capacity.
B: Growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size.
C: Growth that starts increasing but then rapidly decreases
Which one is the correct answer
The answer happens to be B.
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Which statement BEST summarizes the effects that the Irish Potato Famine and Dust Bowl had on the respective populations of Ireland and the United States?
A. The populations of both areas increased as people found more reliable sources of food.
B. The populations of both areas decreased as people died from starvation or moved to other areas.
C. The populations of both areas remained stable until the disasters were over, then increased immediately afterwards.
D. The populations of both areas were relatively unaffected and continued to grow exponentially.
The populations of both areas decreased as people died from starvation or moved to other areas.
What is a famine?The term famine has to do with a period of extreme scarcity of food. It may be caused by natural disaster or by the loss of arable land due to some other factors. The time of famine is always characterized by a lot occurrences and even death of people.
The Irish Potato Famine and Dust Bowl led to catastrophic loss of the yield of crops forcing many to abandon their livelihoods in the midst of the famine across Ireland and the United Kingdom.
The statement which best summarizes the effects that the Irish Potato Famine and Dust Bowl had on the respective populations of Ireland and the United States is; the populations of both areas decreased as people died from starvation or moved to other areas.
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Assessing spinal nerve damage may involve the use of a vibration fork that is tapped along segments of the spinal nerve pathway. which type of sensory receptor detects vibrations?
A vibration fork that is tapped along sections of the spinal nerve system can be used to evaluate spinal nerve injury. Vibrations are detected by tactile receptors, a type of sensory receptor.
What is a spinal nerve?In order to modulate motor and sensory information from the body's periphery, spinal nerves, which are mixed nerves, directly communicate with the spinal cord. Each nerve is made up of fila radicular, or nerve fibers, that originate from the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord. A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve that connects the spinal cord to the body and conveys motor, sensory, and autonomic signals. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the human body, one on per side of the vertebral column. The combination of nerve fibers from the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord creates each spinal nerve. Efferent motor axons are carried via the ventral roots.To learn more about spinal nerve, refer to:
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The endocrine system is responsible for hormone synthesis and secretion in animals. What types of organelles would you expect to find in great number in endocrine cells?.
Answer:
Organelles of the endomembrane system
Explanation:
What happens when two solutions separated by a selectively permeable membrane reach osmotic?
Between the two solutions, water molecules flow, but there is no net movement of water over the membrane.
Which solution has a lower concentration when two solutions are separated by a membrane?The solvent will tend to permeate from the less concentrated to the more concentrated solution if two solutions with varying concentrations are separated by a semipermeable membrane. The name is osmosis.
Osmosis is the process by which a solvent moves between two solutions with different solute concentrations over a semipermeable membrane. The solvent is transferred from the solution with the lower solute concentration to the solution with the greater solute concentration during osmosis.
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How much of the fluid that comprises filtrate is reabsorbed into the bloodstream?
99 percent of the fluid that comprises filtrate is reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
This filtrate contains anything that is small enough to pass through the capillaries' pores and escape. Bowman's capsule absorbs the filtrate and passes it back into the renal tubule. Many of these compounds that the body actually wishes to maintain are predominantly recovered by the proximal convoluted tubule, which is the initial portion of the renal tubule.
In actuality, around 99% of the substances that are filtered out of the glomerulus are actually reclaimed by the nephron and placed back into the blood stream. These compounds include glucose, amino acids, and ions.
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What physical force is best resisted by having multiple layers of oral squamous epithelium?.
Answer:
ABRASIONExplanation:
correct me if I'm wrong
Used to make proteins and nucleic acids - DNA and RNA -
which control cell function and are inherited by offspring.
Explanation:
RNA is used to make proteins and nucleic acids
DNA controls cell function and are inherited by offsprings
Higher mental functions that distinguish humans from other species are localized in the brain’s.
Higher mental functions that distinguish humans from other species are localized in the brain’s cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of neural tissue covering the brain and the middle of neural integration and information processing. It is made up of gray matter that covers the interior white matter and it is majorly involved in consciousness.
The functional areas of the cerebral cortex are accountable for many motor and sensory functions of the body. This helps identify, analyze processes and recognize motor and sensory stimuli. General Functions: Motor function, Determination of intelligence and personality, Touch sensory sensation, Language processing, Planning, organization, decision-making , Spatial recognition ,Stereognosis, Learning.
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The synapse is the space between two neurons where the ______ of a sending neuron uses chemical messages to communicate with the dendrites of a receiving neuron.
The synapse is the space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron uses chemical messages to communicate with the dendrites of a receiving neuron.
What is the axon?The axon is a prolongation of a nerve cell (ie, a neuron) whose objective is to send information between these cells through transmitting electrical stimuli to different parts of the human body.
In conclusion, the synapse is the space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron uses chemical messages to communicate with the dendrites of a receiving neuron.
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Ash from ancient volcanoes blanketed the serengeti plain millions of years ago, helping to preserve in place what kind of record related to human evolution?.
The Laetoli footprints were formed and preserved by a combination of events which are volcanic eruption, a rainstorm, and another ashfall .
The Laetoli footprints were most likely formed by Australopithecus afarensis, an early humans whose fossils were found in the same sediment layer. The entire footprint trail is almost 27 m long and includes impressions of about 70 early human footprints.
The Laetoli Footprints provided convincing evidence of bipedalism in Pliocene hominids based on analysis of these impressions. The footprints and skeletal structure excavated at Laetoli showed clear evidence that bipedalism preceded with enlarged brains in hominids.
fossils were formed 3.6 million years ago in Laetoli, Tanzania, where three early humans walked through wet volcanic ash and When the nearby volcano erupted again, subsequent layers of ash covered and preserved the oldest known footprints of early humans.
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Base your answer to the question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
Hormone
molecule
Nucleus
X
Cell
membrane
DNA
Structure X most likely functions in the
1 transport of chemical messenger molecules into the cell nucleus
extraction of energy from nutrients
separation of cell contents from the outside environment
digestion of large molecules
Answer:
transport of chemical messenger molecules into the cell nucleus
Structure X most likely functions in the transport of chemical messenger molecules into the cell nucleus. Therefore, option (A) is correct.
What are chemical messengers?Chemical messenger molecules, such as hormones and neurotransmitters, can enter the cell nucleus to bind to specific receptors and activate or inhibit the expression of specific genes. The transport of chemical messenger molecules into the cell nucleus is facilitated by a complex process that involves multiple steps and requires the cooperation of various intracellular proteins and organelles.
The first step in the transport process is the uptake of the chemical messenger molecule into the cell. This can occur through passive diffusion or through the action of specific transporters that are located on the cell membrane.
Once the chemical messenger molecule is inside the cell, it must be transported to the nucleus. This is typically achieved through the action of intracellular proteins called importins, which bind to the chemical messenger molecule and carry it through the nuclear envelope into the nucleus.
Once inside the nucleus, the chemical messenger molecule can bind to specific receptors, such as nuclear receptors or transcription factors, which are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate gene expression. This binding can activate or inhibit the transcription of specific genes, leading to changes in the cell's activity or function.
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