The depth would a 3.0 MHz xdcr have an attenuation of 9db is 2 cm.
The attenuation of an ultrasonic transducer, typically measured in decibels, is the loss of signal strength due to the medium. This may include scattering, absorption, or reflection of the signal as it travels through the medium. The formula to calculate the attenuation is: Attenuation (dB) = (Frequency (MHz) * Distance (cm)) / 2. The ultrasonic transducer's frequency and the distance of travel determine the attenuation of the ultrasonic signal, the greater the frequency of the ultrasonic signal, the greater the attenuation.
The formula will reveal the depth to which the signal will be attenuated. The ultrasonic transducer's frequency is 3.0 MHz, and the attenuation is 9 dB. We can use the above formula to calculate the distance as follows:9 = (3.0 MHz * distance) / 2
Solving for distance gives us:Distance = (9 * 2) / (3.0 MHz) = 6 / 3.0 = 2 cm.
Therefore, a 3.0 MHz ultrasonic transducer will have an attenuation of 9 dB at a depth of 2 cm.
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If a car has a mass of 4.5 tons and can accelerate uniformly from rest to 28 m/s in 6.6 seconds, what is the force acting on the car? 4. List and define the two types of forces by which all others are classified.
1. The force acting on the car is approximately 19,080 Newtons when accelerating uniformly from rest to 28 m/s in 6.6 seconds. 2). The two types of forces by which all others are classified are contact forces (occur through direct physical contact) and non-contact forces (act at a distance without direct contact).
The force acting on the car, we can use Newton's second law of motion, which states that force (F) is equal to mass (m) multiplied by acceleration (a): F = m * a
Mass of the car, m = 4.5 tons (1 ton = 1000 kg, so the mass is 4500 kg)
Final velocity, v = 28 m/s
Time taken, t = 6.6 seconds
First, we need to calculate the acceleration (a) using the equation:
a = (v - u) / t
where u is the initial velocity, which is 0 m/s since the car starts from rest.
Plugging in the values, we have:
a = (28 - 0) / 6.6
Calculating the value, we find:
a ≈ 4.24 m/s²
Now, we can calculate the force (F) using the equation:
F = m * a
Substituting the given mass and acceleration:
F = 4500 kg * 4.24 m/s²
Calculating the value, we find:
F ≈ 19,080 N
Therefore, the force acting on the car is approximately 19,080 Newtons.
Now, moving on to the second part of your question:
4. The two types of forces by which all others are classified are:
a) Contact forces: These are forces that occur when two objects are in direct physical contact with each other.
Examples of contact forces include frictional forces, normal forces, and applied forces.
b) Non-contact forces: These are forces that act at a distance without any direct physical contact between objects.
Examples of non-contact forces include gravitational forces, electromagnetic forces, and magnetic forces.
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23. When a motor is reconnected from 6 poles to 4 poles with no other changes, the magnetic flux density of the stator
A. increases in the core and decreases in the teeth.
B. increases in the core and the teeth.
4. Chorded windings are used in induction motors because they
A. have better mechanical characteristics.
B. are made with less wire and are therefore cheaper.
C. are made with smaller wire and are therefore cheaper.
When reconnecting a motor from 6 poles to 4 poles, the magnetic flux density increases in the core and decreases in the teeth. Chorded windings in induction motors offer better mechanical characteristics, providing improved current distribution and stability.
When a motor is reconnected from 6 poles to 4 poles with no other changes, the magnetic flux density of the stator will increase in the core and decrease in the teeth. This is because the change in the number of poles affects the distribution of magnetic flux in the motor, causing a higher density in the core and a lower density in the teeth.
Chorded windings are used in induction motors because they have better mechanical characteristics. Chorded windings consist of multiple parallel conductors instead of a single conductor, which helps to distribute the current and reduce the skin effect. This results in a more uniform distribution of current and reduces the risk of overheating. Additionally, chorded windings provide better mechanical support and stability to the winding structure, making them less prone to vibration and mechanical stress. While chorded windings may require slightly more wire compared to other winding configurations, the improved mechanical performance outweighs the slight increase in cost. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
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Briefly explain the biggest reason for using copper as a metal wiring material in the latest VLSI and (2) the biggest reason for using damascene in the copper wiring process.
The biggest reason for using copper as a metal wiring material in the latest VLSI is due to its high electrical conductivity. Copper is an excellent conductor of electricity, which means it can transmit electrical signals with very little resistance. This is important in VLSI because the size of the components is very small, and any resistance in the wires can lead to signal loss or degradation.
Copper has a low resistivity, which means that it can conduct electrical signals efficiently, even at small scales. Additionally, copper is also easy to process and can be deposited onto a wide range of materials, making it a versatile choice for VLSI applications.The biggest reason for using damascene in the copper wiring process is to reduce the amount of material waste and improve the reliability of the wiring. The damascene process involves patterning the metal lines onto the substrate and then filling in the gaps with a dielectric material.
This process eliminates the need to etch the metal lines into the substrate, which can result in material waste and reduce the reliability of the wiring. Damascene also allows for finer and more complex wiring patterns to be created, which is important in VLSI where the components are very small and densely packed. Overall, the use of damascene in the copper wiring process can improve the performance and reliability of VLSI circuits while also reducing material waste.
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A transformer on a utility pole steps the rms down from 12kV to
240V. If the input current to the transformer is 2 A, what would
the power loss have been if there were no transformer?
The power loss in the transformer:P_Loss = Power input - Power outputPower input = VI = 12000 V × 2 A = 24000 WPower output = VI = 240 V × 100 A = 24000 WP_Loss = 24000 W - 24000 WP_Loss = 0 WThus, power loss with transformer is zero.
A transformer on a utility pole steps the rms down from 12kV to 240V. If the input current to the transformer is 2 A, the power loss would have been 480 watts if there were no transformer. This can be explained through power loss by resistance which is given by the formula;P
= I2R Where P is power, I is current and R is resistance.Since the input current to the transformer is 2A and we want to calculate power loss if there were no transformer, we will have to assume that the resistance of the power line is constant. Therefore the power loss without transformer:P
= I2R = (2A)2R
= 4R wattsOn the other hand, with the transformer, the output current is given by;I_2
= I_1 (N_1/N_2)Where I_2 is output current, I_1 is input current, N_1 is number of turns in primary coil and N_2 is number of turns in secondary coil.Ratio of turns of primary to secondary is;N_1/N_2
= V_1/V_2Where V_1 is input voltage and V_2 is output voltage.Since voltage is stepped down from 12 kV to 240V;N_1/N_2
= 12000/240N_1/N_2
= 50I_2
= I_1 (N_1/N_2)I_2
= 2A (50)I_2
= 100 A Therefore the power loss with transformer:P
= I2R
= (100A)2R
= 10000R wattsBut, since power input is equal to power output, the power loss in the transformer is equal to the power input minus power output. The power loss in the transformer:P_Loss
= Power input - Power output Power input
= VI
= 12000 V × 2 A
= 24000 W Power output
= VI
= 240 V × 100 A
= 24000 WP_Loss
= 24000 W - 24000 WP_Loss
= 0 W Thus, power loss with transformer is zero.
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The noise level coming from a pig pen with 136 pigs is 75.2 dB.
Assuming each of the remaining pigs squeal at their original level after 73 of their companions have been removed, what is the decibel level of the remaining pigs?
Answer in units of dB
The decibel level of the remaining pigs is approximately 63.5 dB.
Given that the noise level coming from a pig pen with 136 pigs is 75.2 dB.
Assuming each of the remaining pigs squeals at their original level after 73 of their companions have been removed, we need to find the decibel level of the remaining pigs.
To solve this problem, we can use the fact that the sound intensity level is measured in decibels (dB), and the relationship between the number of pigs and the sound intensity level is directly proportional.
Therefore, we can use the following formula: I₁/I₂ = (d₂/d₁)²WhereI₁ and d₁ are the initial intensity level and the initial number of pigs, respectively.I₂ and d₂ are the final intensity level and the final number of pigs, respectively.
Substituting the given values in the above formula, we have: I₁ = 10^(75.2/10) = 4.46 x 10⁶ pigsI₂ = 136 - 73 = 63 pigsd₁ = 136d₂ = 63
Therefore, I₁/I₂ = (d₂/d₁)²⇒ I₂ = I₁/(d₂/d₁)²= 4.46 x 10⁶ / (63/136)²= 1.72 x 10⁵ pigs
Thus, the decibel level of the remaining pigs is given by:d₂ = 10 logs (I₂/I₀)= 10 logs (1.72 x 10⁵/1)≈ 63.5 dB
Therefore, the decibel level of the remaining pigs is approximately 63.5 dB.
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Beyond the formation of iron, nuclear energy can be produced only by
A) fusion of still heavier elements.
B) ionization of the radioactive nuclei.
C) fission of heavy nuclei back toward lighter ones.
D) gravity.
E) the dark force.
Beyond the formation of iron, nuclear energy can be produced only by the A) fusion of still heavier elements. Nuclear fusion is the process by which two atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy in the process.
Fusion reactions take place under high pressure and temperature conditions, such as those found in the core of stars like the sun. In these conditions, atomic nuclei are stripped of their electrons and can come close enough together to interact through the strong nuclear force, which binds protons and neutrons together.
Fusion reactions can only occur when the temperature is high enough to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between positively charged atomic nuclei. At high enough temperatures, atomic nuclei have enough kinetic energy to overcome their mutual repulsion and fuse together. This temperature, called the ignition temperature, is typically in the tens of millions of degrees.
Once a fusion reaction begins, it releases energy in the form of light and heat, as well as subatomic particles like neutrons and positrons. The fusion of lighter elements like hydrogen and helium is what powers the sun and other stars. Beyond these lighter elements, nuclear energy can only be produced by the fusion of still heavier elements. The fusion of heavier elements requires even higher temperatures and pressures than the fusion of lighter elements.
At present, nuclear fusion is not a practical energy source on Earth, as it requires such extreme conditions to occur. However, scientists are working on developing nuclear fusion reactors that can harness the power of fusion reactions to produce electricity.
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Andy has two samples of liquids. Sample A has a pH of 4, and sample B has a pH of 6. What can Andy conclude about these two samples?
Sample A is
, and sample B is
.
Based on the pH values, Andy can conclude that Sample A is more acidic than Sample B.
pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is a logarithmic scale ranging from 0 to 14, where values below 7 indicate acidity, 7 is considered neutral, and values above 7 indicate alkalinity.In this case, Sample A has a pH of 4, while Sample B has a pH of 6. Since the pH scale is logarithmic, each unit represents a tenfold difference in acidity or alkalinity. Therefore, Sample A with a pH of 4 is more acidic compared to Sample B with a pH of 6.By comparing the pH values, Andy can conclude that Sample A is more acidic, while Sample B is less acidic (closer to neutral) than Sample A. It is important to note that pH does not provide information about the concentration or strength of the acid or base present in the samples, but only indicates their relative acidity or alkalinity.In summary, based on the pH values, Andy can conclude that Sample A is more acidic than Sample B, while Sample B is less acidic (closer to neutral) compared to Sample A.For more such questions on pH, click on:
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give examples of bottom-up processing from your everyday life
bottom-up processing is a cognitive process that involves perceiving and understanding information based on individual sensory stimuli. examples of bottom-up processing in everyday life include recognizing objects based on their color, shape, and texture, identifying sounds based on their pitch, volume, and timbre, and perceiving tastes and textures based on individual flavors and tactile sensations.
bottom-up processing is a cognitive process that involves perceiving and understanding information based on the individual sensory stimuli. It refers to the way our brains make sense of the world by analyzing the basic features of stimuli and building up a complete perception.
In everyday life, we encounter numerous examples of bottom-up processing. For instance, when we see a new object, our brain processes its individual features such as color, shape, and texture, and then combines them to form a complete perception of the object. This allows us to recognize and understand the object without prior knowledge or expectations.
Similarly, when we hear a new sound, our brain analyzes its pitch, volume, and timbre to recognize and understand the sound. This enables us to differentiate between different sounds and identify their sources.
Bottom-up processing is also involved in other sensory experiences. When we taste a new food, our brain processes the individual flavors and textures to form a perception of the taste. Similarly, when we touch different textures, our brain analyzes the tactile sensations to understand the texture.
In summary, bottom-up processing plays a crucial role in our everyday lives by allowing us to perceive and understand the world around us based on the individual sensory stimuli we encounter.
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In fair weather, there is an electric field at the surface of the Earth, pointing down into the ground. What is the sign of the electric charge on the ground in this situation? (2 marks)
In fair weather, there is an electric field at the surface of the Earth, pointing down into the ground. The sign of the electric charge on the ground in this situation is negative. Normally, the air closest to the Earth’s surface is negatively charged, and the air layers above it are positively charged, leading to the creation of a fair-weather electric field.
This field is generated due to the transfer of charges between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere, and it's generally quite feeble with a field intensity of about 100 to 150 volts per meter (V/m).In addition, the negative charges near the ground are repelled by the negatively charged particles and ions in the air, so they remain close to the ground, creating a negative charge on the Earth's surface.
The opposite charge is present in the upper atmosphere, which is exposed to cosmic rays, solar ultraviolet light, and solar wind particles. The fair-weather electric field, on the other hand, is a part of a much larger electric circuit known as the global electric circuit.
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Light with a wavelength 600 nm in air is used in a two slit experiment. On a screen 4.80 m away, the distance between two dark fringes is 6.00 mm.
1.. Calculate the separation between the slits (in mm).
2. The whole experimental setup is now submerged in water (n=1.33). What will be the separation (in mm) between two dark fringes?
1. To calculate the separation between the slits, we can use the formula for the distance between the dark fringes in a two-slit experiment: Distance between dark fringes = (wavelength * distance to screen) / (separation between slits)
Given: - Wavelength = 600 nm = 0.6 μm - Distance to screen = 4.80 m = 4800 mm - Distance between dark fringes = 6.00 mm Substituting the values into the formula, we can solve for the separation between the slits: 6.00 mm = (0.6 μm * 4800 mm) / (separation between slits) Rearranging the formula to solve for the separation between slits: separation between slits = (0.6 μm * 4800 mm) / 6.00 mm Simplifying the expression: separation between slits = 0.6 μm * 4800 mm / 6.00 mm separation between slits = 0.6 μm * 800 separations between slits = 480 μm Therefore, the separation between the slits is 480 μm. 2. Now, let's calculate the separation between two dark fringes when the experimental setup is submerged in water (n = 1.33). Using the same formula as before: Distance between dark fringes = (wavelength * distance to screen) / (separation between slits) Given: - Wavelength = 600 nm = 0.6 μm - Distance to screen = 4.80 m = 4800 mm - Separation between slits = 480 μm Substituting the values into the formula, we can solve for the new distance between dark fringes: Distance between dark fringes = (0.6 μm * 4800 mm) / (480 μm) Simplifying the expression: Distance between dark fringes = 0.6 μm * 4800 mm / 480 μm Distance between dark fringes = 0.6 μm * 10 Distance between dark fringes = 6 μm Therefore, when the experimental setup is submerged in water, the separation between two dark fringes is 6 μm.
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A police car is moving east at 20 m/s towards a driver who is moving west at 25 m/s. The police car emits a frequency of 900 Hz. What frequency is detected by the driver? (Speed of the sound in air, v=343 m/s )
The Doppler effect is a phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of the sound changes as a result of the motion of either the observer or the source of the sound relative to one another.
The formula to calculate the frequency of the sound heard by the listener moving in the opposite direction is shown below: f' = fs * [v±vl]/[v±vs]
Where, f' = Frequency heard by the listener
fs = Frequency of the sound emitte
dv = Velocity of sound in air
vl = Velocity of listener (driver)
vs = Velocity of the source (police car)
Given data, fs = 900 Hz
v = 343 m/s
vl = -25 m/s (since the driver is moving in the opposite direction of the police car, the velocity will be negative)vs = 20 m/s Now, putting the values in the above formula:
f' = 900 * [343 + 25]/[343 - 20]
f' = 992.18 Hz
The frequency detected by the driver is 992.18 Hz. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
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What is the nature of Fourier representation of a discrete \& aperiodic time signal Select one: a. no answer b. Discrete and aperiodic c. Discrete and periodic d. Continuous and periodic e. Continuous
The nature of Fourier representation of a discrete and periodic time signal is continuous and periodic. Thus, option D is correct.
The Fourier representation was proposed by Joseph Fourier. In order to approximately calculate or find out an unknown function, he came up with this method in which we can figure out using other functions. In this case, the sine function. However, this has been adapted for other functions.
The analysis of functions using the Fourier representation is called the Fourier analysis using the Fourier series. Since, it involves sine functions that when represented on a graph, are periodic and continuous by which the unknown functions can be mapped back to.
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In which of these examples does chemical energy change to electrical energy?
A.
digesting food
B.
photosynthesis
C.
respiration
D.
using a battery
Answer: D. using a battery
Explanation:
Chemical energy is converted into electrical energy when using a battery. Batteries contain chemical compounds that undergo chemical reactions, releasing electrons in the process. These electrons can then flow through an external circuit, generating an electric current and supplying electrical energy to devices connected to the battery.
Let's look at the other options to understand their energy conversions:
A. Digesting food: This process involves the breakdown of food molecules to release energy in the form of chemical energy. However, the conversion here is from food's chemical energy to other forms, such as mechanical energy (used for movement), thermal energy (body heat), and potential energy (energy stored in molecules like ATP). It does not directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
B. Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is a process carried out by plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose (a sugar molecule). Photosynthesis does not directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
C. Respiration: Respiration is the process by which organisms release energy stored in glucose or other organic molecules. In cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary energy currency of cells. Similar to digestion, respiration involves the conversion of chemical energy into other forms (mechanical, thermal, etc.), not electrical energy.
Therefore, the correct answer is D. Using a battery, where chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.
Answer:
D.Using a battery
Explanation:
The chemical energy stored in a battery will convert to electrical energy to power electronic appliances.
A certain transverse wave is described by the equation t y(x, t) = (8.50 mm) sin 27 (0.0360s 1 X 0.280 m). ▾ Part A Determine this wave's amplitude. Express your answer in millimeters. ▼ A = Submit Part B 15| ΑΣΦ X Determine this wave's wavelength. Express your answer in meters. VE ΑΣΦ 11 Request Answer PODPA ? wwwwww. ? m mm Part C Determine this wave's frequency. Express your answer in hertz. ▼ f = Submit Part D VO ΑΣΦ V= Request Answer Determine this wave's speed of propagation. Express your answer in meters per second. VE ΑΣΦ wwwww www. ? ? Hz m/s Part E Determine this wave's direction of propagation. O +x O-y O +Y O -x
Part A: The amplitude of the given wave can be determined by looking at the coefficient of the sine function which is 8.50 mm. Therefore, the amplitude of the given wave is 8.50 mm.
Part B: The wavelength of the given wave can be determined by looking at the coefficient of x in the sine function which is 0.280 m. Therefore, the wavelength of the given wave is 0.280 m.
Part C: The frequency of the given wave can be determined by looking at the coefficient of t in the sine function which is 27 times 0.0360 Hz. The frequency of the given wave is 0.972 Hz.
Part D: The wave speed of the given wave can be determined by multiplying the wavelength and frequency of the wave. Therefore, the speed of the given wave is: 0.280 m × 0.972 Hz = 0.272 m/s.
Part E: The given wave is a transverse wave which means that it propagates perpendicular to the direction of oscillation. Therefore, the wave is propagating in the +x direction.
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A particle of mass m in the infinite square well (0
} with energy {E n
}. At t=0, the particle's wavefunction is described by, Ψ(x,0)=A(ψ 1
+3ψ 2
+ψ 3
), where A is a real positive constant. (a) Determine A. (2 marks) (b) What is the probability that a measurement of the energy would yield E 2
? (2 marks) (c) Find Ψ(x,t). (2 marks) (d) Find ⟨x⟩ at time t. (2 marks)
(a) The constant A is determined by normalizing the given wavefunction, resulting in A = 1/sqrt(11).
(b) The probability of measuring E₂ is 9/11.
(c) The time-evolved wavefunction Ψ(x,t) is obtained by combining the initial wavefunction Ψ(x,0) with the time-dependent factors.
(d) The expectation value ⟨x⟩ at time t can be found by evaluating the integral of the position operator with the time-evolved wavefunction.
We'll first need to determine the wavefunctions ψ₁(x), ψ₂(x), and ψ₃(x) for the infinite square well. The wavefunctions for the first three energy levels are as follows:
ψ₁(x) = √(2/L) * sin(pi*x/L)
ψ₂(x) = √(2/L) * sin(2*pi*x/L)
ψ₃(x) = √(2/L) * sin(3*pi*x/L)
where L is the length of the well.
(a) To determine the constant A, we need to normalize the given wavefunction Ψ(x,0) at t=0. The normalization condition is ∫ |Ψ(x,0)|² dx = 1 over the entire range of the well (0 to L).
So, let's calculate the normalization integral:
∫ |Ψ(x,0)|² dx = ∫ |A(ψ₁ + 3ψ₂ + ψ₃)|² dx
= ∫ A² |ψ₁ + 3ψ₂ + ψ₃|² dx
Since ψ₁, ψ₂, and ψ₃ are orthogonal functions, the cross-terms will integrate to zero. The integral becomes:
∫ A² (|ψ₁|² + 9|ψ₂|² + |ψ₃|²) dx
Now, we know that the integral of each individual wavefunction squared over the entire range (0 to L) is equal to 1 (since they are normalized). Thus:
∫ |Ψ(x,0)|² dx = A² (1 + 9 + 1) = 11A²
Since the integral should be equal to 1, we get:
11A² = 1
A² = 1/11
A = 1/√(11)
(b) The probability of measuring a specific energy level E₂ is given by the square of the coefficient of ψ₂ in the given wavefunction Ψ(x,0).
So, the probability of measuring E₂ is:
P(E₂) = |coefficient of ψ₂|² = (3A)² = 9A² = 9/11
(c) To find Ψ(x,t), we need to evolve the wavefunction with time using the time-dependent Schrödinger equation:
Ψ(x,t) = Σ [Cₙ * ψₙ(x) * exp(-i*Eₙ*t/hbar)]
where Cₙ is the coefficient of each energy level in the initial wavefunction Ψ(x,0).
For n = 1, 2, 3, C₁ = A, C₂ = 3A, C₃ = A.
Ψ(x,t) = A * ψ₁(x) * exp(-i*E₁*t/hbar) + 3A * ψ₂(x) * exp(-i*E₂*t/hbar) + A * ψ₃(x) * exp(-i*E₃*t/hbar)
(d) To find ⟨x⟩ at time t, we use the time-dependent position expectation value:
⟨x⟩ = ∫ Ψ*(x,t) * x * Ψ(x,t) dx
Calculate this integral using the Ψ(x,t) expression from part (c), and you'll get ⟨x⟩ as a function of time.
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Please document all your reasoning so that I could
understand.
8. An airplane executes a flight in a vertical circle, with a speed of \( 80 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s} \). Calculate the minimum radius that the circle must have so that the acceleration at the lowest
To maintain the acceleration at its lowest point during the flight in a vertical circle, the airplane must have a minimum radius of approximately 653.06 meters.
To calculate the minimum radius that the circle must have for the acceleration at the lowest point, we need to consider the forces acting on the airplane and apply the principles of circular motion.
Speed of the airplane (v) = 80 m/s
At the lowest point of the vertical circle, the acceleration is directed towards the center of the circle. The net force causing this acceleration is the difference between the gravitational force (mg) and the normal force (N). The normal force provides the centripetal force required to keep the airplane moving in a circle.
Using Newton's second law, we have:
Net force = mass × acceleration.
At the lowest point, the net force is given by:
Net force = N - mg,
where m is the mass of the airplane and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
The centripetal force required for circular motion is given by:
Centripetal force = mass × acceleration_c,
where acceleration_c is the centripetal acceleration.
The centripetal acceleration is related to the speed (v) and the radius (r) of the circle by:
Centripetal acceleration = v² / r.
Since the net force is equal to the centripetal force, we can equate the two equations:
N - mg = (m * v²) / r.
To find the minimum radius, we need to consider the condition when the acceleration is at its lowest. This occurs when the normal force is at its minimum, which happens when the airplane is inverted at the top of the circle. In this case, the normal force is zero.
Substituting N = 0 into the equation, we have:
0 - mg = (m * v²) / r.
Simplifying the equation, we can solve for the radius (r):
r = (v²) / g.
Substituting the given values:
r = (80 m/s)² / 9.8 m/s²
r = 653.06 m.
Therefore, the minimum radius that the circle must have for the acceleration to be at its lowest is approximately 653.06 meters.
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Two slits are separated by 0.390 mm. A beam of 540-nm light strikes the slits, producing an interference pattern. Determine the number of maxima observed in the angular range -28.0° ≤ θ ≤ 28.0°.
__________
For angle range -28.0° ≤ θ ≤ 28.0°, the number of maxima observed will be 2.67. Therefore, the correct answer is 2.67.
Given,Slit separation, d = 0.390 mm
Wavelength of light, λ = 540 nm
Angle, θ = 28°
Formula used,Wavelength of light,
λ = d sinθ
Let's calculate the sinθ
sin θ = λ/d
sin θ = 540 × 10⁻⁹ / 0.390 × 10⁻³
sin θ = 0.00138
θ = sin⁻¹(0.00138)
θ = 0.079°
Maxima occurs when the path difference between the waves is λ/2.
Let's calculate the number of maxima.
Number of slits, N = 2
Path difference,
δ = λ/2
Using the formula,
Nδ = d sinθ
N × λ/2 = 0.390 × 10⁻³ × 0.00138
N = d sinθ/λ
N = 2.67
For angle range -28.0° ≤ θ ≤ 28.0°, the number of maxima observed will be 2.67. Therefore, the correct answer is 2.67.
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1- For the circuit given below, calculate the voltage across the capacitor. (2 points) -j2 n 1₁ 20 1:2, ΖΩ ww +12/0° V 36/0° V+
Given information: The circuit given below is a series RLC circuit with a voltage source of 12/0° V and a voltage source of 36/0° V.The value of the inductor L = j2 Ω.The value of the capacitor C = 1 μF.
The value of the resistor R = 20 Ω.Formula used:The formula to calculate the voltage across the capacitor is:Vc = Vmsin(ωt - φ)WhereVmsin(φ) is the amplitude and angle of the voltage source,ω = 2πf is the angular frequency, andφ is the phase angle between the voltage source and the impedance of the circuit.(φ) = tan-1((XL-XC)/R)Where XL and XC are the reactance of the inductor and the capacitor, respectively.Calculation:
The impedance of the circuit is given byZ = R + j(XL - XC)Z = 20 + j(2 - 1592)Z = 20 - j1590The voltage source 12/0° V is in series with the impedance of the circuit.Z1 = Z + j2Z1 = 20 - j1588The current in the circuit isI = V1/Z1I = (12/0°)/(20 - j1588)I = 0.0075 + j0.0047
The voltage across the capacitor can be found by using the formula mentioned above.Vc = Vmsin(ωt - φ)WhereVmsin(φ) is the amplitude and angle of the voltage source.ω = 2πf is the angular frequency, andφ is the phase angle between the voltage source and the impedance of the circuit.
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Unpolarised light of intensity I is incident on a system of two polarizers
Unpolarized light of intensity I is incident on a system of two polarizes, A followed by B. The intensity of emergent light is I/2. If a third polarizer C is placed between A and B, the intensity of emergent light is reduced to I/3. The angle between the polarizers A and C is θ
When unpolarized light of intensity I passes through a system of two polarizers A and B, with an angle θ between A and C, and a third polarizer C placed between A and B, the intensity of the emergent light is reduced to I/3.
The given scenario involves unpolarized light with an initial intensity of I passing through two polarizers, A and B. When the emergent light passes through this system, its intensity reduces to I/2.
However, if a third polarizer, C, is introduced between A and B, the intensity of the emergent light further decreases to I/3. The angle between polarizers A and C is denoted as θ.
The interaction of polarizers with unpolarized light is due to their ability to transmit light waves oscillating in a specific plane while blocking those oscillating perpendicular to that plane.
When unpolarized light passes through the first polarizer A, it allows only a portion of the light oscillating in a specific plane to pass through, reducing the intensity to I/2.
When polarizer C is inserted between A and B, it further restricts the passage of light oscillating in the plane perpendicular to its transmission axis. This leads to a decrease in the intensity of emergent light to I/3.
The angle θ between A and C influences the extent to which light is transmitted through this intermediate polarizer C.
Overall, the polarizers A and B, in combination with the intermediate polarizer C, work together to reduce the intensity of unpolarized light incident on the system. The specific angle θ between polarizers A and C determines the resulting intensity of emergent light.
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8. A coin rolls off a table with an initial horizontal velocity of \( 30 \mathrm{~cm} / \mathrm{s} \). How far will the coin land from the base of the table if the table's height if \( 1.25 \mathrm{~m
Thus the coin will land at a horizontal distance of 0.918 m from the base of the table.
Given that a coin rolls off a table with an initial horizontal velocity of 30 cm/s. We need to find the distance that the coin lands from the base of the table if the table's height is 1.25 m.
The given initial horizontal velocity of the coin, u = 30 cm/s The coin is rolling off the table in a horizontal direction, thus the initial vertical velocity of the coin,
v = 0m
The height of the table,
h = 1.25 m
From the given information, we can calculate the time taken by the coin to reach the ground as follows:
v² = u² + 2gh
where g = 9.8 m/s²
We convert h into meters. h = 1.25 m => h = 125 cm
v² = u² + 2gh0
= (30 cm/s)² + 2 × 9.8 m/s² × 125 cmv² = 900 cm²/s
²v² = 900 / 10000 m²/s²v² = 0.09 m²/s²
v = √(0.09) m/s
v = 0.3 m/s
Time taken by the coin to hit the ground,
t = v / gt = (0.3 m/s) / (9.8 m/s²)
t = 0.0306 s
Now we can calculate the horizontal distance traveled by the coin as follows:
s = ut
where u = 30 cm/s and t = 0.0306 s
s = (30 cm/s) × (0.0306 s)s = 0.918 m
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For the satellite to remain stationary with respect to the earth, the satellite's period must be 24 hours. How high is the satellite from the Earth surface? Mass of the Earth is 5.98×1024 kg.
For the satellite to remain stationary with respect to the Earth, the satellite's period must be 24 hours. The height of the satellite from the Earth's surface is 35,786 kilometers.
To calculate the height of the satellite from the Earth's surface, we can use the formula for the period of a satellite in a geostationary orbit, which is 24 hours.
The formula for the period of a satellite is T = [tex]2π√(r^3/GM)[/tex], where T is the period, r is the distance from the center of the Earth to the satellite, G is the gravitational constant (6.67 x [tex]10^-11 N m^2/kg^2[/tex]), and M is the mass of the Earth (5.98 x [tex]10^{24}[/tex] kg).
We can rearrange the formula to solve for r: r =[tex](GMT^2 / 4π^2)^(1/3)[/tex]Substituting the given values, we have: r = (6.67 x [tex]10^-11 N m^2/kg^2[/tex] * 5.98 x [tex]10^{24}[/tex]kg * (24 x [tex]3600 s)^2[/tex]/ [tex](4π^2))^(1/3)[/tex]
Evaluating this equation, we find that the satellite is approximately 35,786 kilometers (or 35,786,000 meters) above the Earth's surface.
Therefore, the height of the satellite from the Earth's surface is approximately 35,786 kilometers.
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2W power fed to an antenna with 10 dB and transmit signals to a 15 km distance line of sight to a receiver with 15 dB gain (transmission frequency is 1 GHz).
calculate the EIRP
Calculate the receive power in dB
What is the spectral density?
IF there is a 0.5 dB power loss due to a interference during transmission what is the receive power?
If EIRP get double calculate the receive power in dB
1. The EIRP is 43.01 dBW.
2. the receive power in dB is 2.61 dBW.
3. The spectral density is 4.14 x 10-19 W/Hz
4. the receive power in dB if EIRP gets double is 5.61 dBW.
Given parameters:
Power fed to an antenna = 2W
Antenna gain = 10 dB
Transmission distance = 15 km
Transmission frequency = 1 GHz
Receiver gain = 15 dB
Spectral density formula:
σ = (KTB)/B
where
K = Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 x 10-23 J/K)
T = Absolute temperature in Kelvin
B = Bandwidth in Hz
Formula to calculate EIRP:
EIRP (dBW) = Transmitter Power (dBW) + Antenna Gain (dB) - Feedline Loss (dB)
Formula to calculate receive power in dB:
Pr (dB) = EIRP (dBW) - Lp (dB) - Ls (dB) + Gr (dB)
where
Lp = Path loss in dB.
Ls = Transmission line loss (feeder loss) in dB.
Gr = Gain of the receiver antenna in dB.
Given the above parameters, the following are the steps to obtain the solutions:
Solution:
1. Calculation of EIRP:
Transmitter Power (dBW) = 10 log10 (2 W)
= 33.01 dBW
Antenna Gain (dB) = 10 dB
Feedline Loss (dB) = 0
EIRP (dBW) = Transmitter Power (dBW) + Antenna Gain (dB) - Feedline Loss (dB)
= 33.01 + 10 - 0 = 43.01 dBW
Therefore, the EIRP is 43.01 dBW.
2. Calculation of receive power:
Given that the transmission distance is 15 km and transmission frequency is 1 GHz.
Let us calculate the path loss.
Path loss formula:
LP (dB) = 20 log10 (d) + 20 log10 (f) + 32.45
where d = Distance in km
f = frequency in MHzLP (dB)
= 20 log10 (15) + 20 log10 (1000) + 32.45
= 20 x 1.176 + 60 + 32.45
= 54.90 dB
Given that transmission line loss is 0.5 dB.
Gr = Gain of the receiver antenna in
dB = 15 dB
EIRP (dBW) = 43.01 dBW
Feedline Loss (dB)
= 0.5 dBPr (dB)
= EIRP (dBW) - Lp (dB) - Ls (dB) + Gr (dB)
= 43.01 - 54.90 - 0.5 + 15
= 2.61 dBW
Therefore, the receive power in dB is 2.61 dBW.
3. Calculation of spectral density:
Given that,
K = 1.38 x 10-23 J
T = 27°C
= 300 KB
= 1 MHz
= 106 Hz
Spectral density formula:
σ = (KTB)/B
= (1.38 x 10-23 J/K x 300 K x 1 MHz)/106 Hz
= 4.14 x 10-19 W/Hz
Therefore, the spectral density is 4.14 x 10-19 W/Hz
4. Calculation of receive power if EIRP gets double:
If the EIRP gets double, then the new EIRP will be
43.01 + 3 = 46.01 dBW.
Feedline Loss (dB)
= 0.5 dBPr (dB)
= EIRP (dBW) - Lp (dB) - Ls (dB) + Gr (dB)
= 46.01 - 54.90 - 0.5 + 15
= 5.61 dBW
Therefore, the receive power in dB if EIRP gets double is 5.61 dBW.
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A fault plane has a strike/dip of 165∘/75∘SW. What is the apparent dip of the fault plane along a trend of 310∘ ? ANSWER:
The apparent dip of a fault plane is the angle between the fault plane and the horizontal plane as measured along a trend that is not parallel to the strike of the fault plane. The apparent dip of the fault plane in this case is 65°.
The apparent dip is calculated using the following formula:
apparent dip = dip - (strike - trend)
The apparent dip of a fault plane is the angle between the fault plane and the horizontal plane as measured along a trend that is not parallel to the strike of the fault plane.
In this case, the trend of the fault plane is 165° and the trend of the measurement is 310°. The difference between these two trends is 145°. The dip of the fault plane is 75°, so the apparent dip is 75° - 145° = 65°.
apparent dip = dip - (strike - trend)
= 75° - (165° - 310°)
= 75° - 145°
= 65°
Therefore, the apparent dip of the fault plane is 65°.
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An AC voltage with an amplitude of 123 V is applied to a series combination of a 164 μF capacitor, a 103 mH inductor, and a 24.7 resistor. Calculate the power dissipated by the circuit at a frequency of 50.0 Hz.
Calculate the power factor at this frequency.
Calculate the power dissipation at a frequency of 60.0 Hz.
Calculate the power factor at this frequency.
The power dissipation at a frequency of 60.0 Hz is 0.401 W and the power factor at this frequency is 0.1406.
Given:
The voltage amplitude (V) = 123 V
Frequency (f) = 50 Hz
Inductance (L) = 103 mH = 103 × 10⁻³ H = 0.103 H
Resistance (R) = 24.7 Ω
Capacitance (C) = 164 μF = 164 × 10⁻⁶ F = 0.000164 F
We can calculate the reactance of the inductor, Xl, and the reactance of the capacitor, Xc.
Xl = 2πfL
= 2 × π × 50 × 0.103
= 32.416 ΩXc
= 1 / (2πfC)
= 1 / (2 × π × 50 × 0.000164)
= 193.983 Ω
The impedances are as follows:
Z = R + j (Xl – Xc) = 24.7 + j (32.416 – 193.983)
= -24.7 – j 161.567
The circuit is capacitive because the imaginary component of the impedance is negative.
The total current in the circuit is:
I = V/Z
= 123 / (-24.7 – j 161.567)
= 0.7202 ∠-81.15°
= 0.1442 – j 0.7022
The phase angle (θ) of the circuit can be found from the impedance.
tanθ = (Xl – Xc) /
R = (32.416 – 193.983) / 24.7
= -6.3453
θ = tan⁻¹(-6.3453)
= -80.84°
The power factor (PF) is equal to the cosine of the phase angle.
PF = cosθ
= cos(-80.84°)
= 0.1332
The power dissipated by the circuit is given by:
P = I²R
P = (0.1442)² × 24.7
= 0.503 WAt
a frequency of 60 Hz, the reactances are:
Xl = 2πfL
= 2 × π × 60 × 0.103
= 38.922 ΩXc
= 1 / (2πfC)
= 1 / (2 × π × 60 × 0.000164)
= 162.258 Ω
The impedance is:
Z = R + j (Xl – Xc)
= 24.7 + j (38.922 – 162.258)
= -24.7 – j 123.336
This circuit is still capacitive because the imaginary component of the impedance is negative.
The total current in the circuit is:
I = V/Z
= 123 / (-24.7 – j 123.336)
= 0.8092 ∠-79.07°
= 0.1614 – j 0.7832
The phase angle of the circuit can be found from the impedance.
tanθ = (Xl – Xc) /
R = (38.922 – 162.258) / 24.7
= -5.651
θ = tan⁻¹(-5.651)
= -79.01°
The power factor is equal to the cosine of the phase angle.
PF = cosθ = cos(-79.01°) = 0.1406
The power dissipated by the circuit is given by:
P = I²R
P = (0.1614)² × 24.7
= 0.401 W
Thus, the power dissipated by the circuit at a frequency of 50.0 Hz is 0.503 W and the power factor at this frequency is 0.1332.
The power dissipation at a frequency of 60.0 Hz is 0.401 W and the power factor at this frequency is 0.1406.
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How to improve self running generator using magnet and copper wire. State few methods and explain.
To improve a self-running generator using a magnet and copper wire, some methods include increasing wire turns, using stronger magnets, optimizing coil design, positioning magnets effectively, increasing rotation speed, and using high-conductivity copper wire.
To improve a self-running generator using a magnet and copper wire, here are a few methods:
1. Increase the number of wire turns: By increasing the number of turns in the copper wire coil, the magnetic field passing through the coil is strengthened, resulting in a higher induced voltage and increased generator output.
2. Use stronger magnets: By using magnets with higher magnetic strength, the magnetic field interacting with the copper wire coil will be stronger, leading to a greater induced voltage and improved generator performance.
3. Enhance the design of the coil: Constructing the copper wire coil in a way that maximizes the number of wire turns while maintaining proper spacing and alignment can optimize the interaction between the magnetic field and the coil, resulting in improved efficiency and power generation.
4. Optimize the magnet position and orientation: Positioning the magnets closer to the copper wire coil and aligning them properly can enhance the magnetic field flux density passing through the coil, thereby increasing the induced voltage and improving generator efficiency.
5. Increase the speed of rotation: Rotating the magnet at a higher speed relative to the copper wire coil increases the frequency of the induced voltage, which in turn improves the generator's power output.
6. Utilize high-conductivity copper wire: Choosing copper wire with higher conductivity reduces resistive losses and enhances the efficiency of the generator, resulting in improved overall performance.
It's important to note that achieving a self-running generator that generates more power than it consumes is a complex task and often requires sophisticated engineering and advanced understanding of electrical and magnetic principles. It is crucial to adhere to the laws of thermodynamics and ensure a complete and efficient energy conversion process to achieve sustainable self-running operation.
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Which of the following is not the use of permanent magnets? A. Seismograph B. Transformers C. Loudspeakers D. Energy meters
The correct option is A. Seismograph
Explanation: Permanent magnets are very important and find application in various electrical and electronic devices. Here is a brief description of each option and how permanent magnets are used in it:A. Seismograph: Seismographs are instruments that measure motion caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic activity. Permanent magnets are not used in seismographs. B. Transformers: Permanent magnets are used in the transformers to generate a magnetic field and also to rectify an electrical current.
C. Loudspeakers: Permanent magnets play an essential role in loudspeakers, where they are used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy to produce sound waves.D. Energy meters: In energy meters, permanent magnets are used to create a magnetic field, and this field interacts with an electrical current, inducing a voltage difference. This voltage difference is measured by a coil, and the energy usage is determined.Based on this, it can be concluded that the use of permanent magnets is not in the seismograph.
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a) Describe the modes of heat transfer of a cup of hot coffee suddenly placed in a freezer. b) Thermal Advance Holdings has recently won a contract to supply and install steam pipes to a new multinational retail store. According to the contract, they must use a combination of Material A (coefficient of thermal conductivity 0.053 W/m.K) and Material B (coefficient of 0.076 W/m.K) for insulation of the steam pipes. For research purpose, the company is lagging a 10 m steam pipes (100 mm external diameter) with a combination of Material A and B an equal thickness of 35mm each. i) Which lagging materials must be on the inside to produce the best insulation? Justify your answer. 12/27 ii) If the internal surface temperature is 320°C and the external surface temperature is 28°C, what is the heat loss per hour for the lagged pipe with the best lagging arrangement?
a) When a cup of hot coffee is placed in a freezer, it loses its heat through the following modes of heat transfer: Conduction: The heat is transferred from the cup of coffee to the air particles present in contact with the cup, as they are in direct contact.
Convection: The air surrounding the coffee is cooled and then it circulates with the air inside the freezer. The circulation of the cold air cools down the coffee inside the cup. This results in convectional cooling.
Radiation: Heat is also lost via radiation, as the hot coffee radiates heat energy to the surrounding environment of the cup. Since the freezer is colder, the radiation from the cup to the environment is significant.
b) To get the best insulation, the Material A should be on the inside and material B on the outside. This is because the coefficient of thermal conductivity of Material A is less than that of Material B (0.053 W/m.K < 0.076 W/m.K).This indicates that Material A is better at restricting heat transfer than Material B
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in order to determine your distance flown you would multiply time by
To determine the distance flown, you would multiply time by the formula used is Distance = Speed x Time.
Speed is the rate of motion of an object in a given time interval. It can be calculated as distance/time. Time is the duration for which the object moves. In order to calculate the distance flown by an object, the value of speed and time must be known. Multiplying time by the speed is how distance flown is determined.
For example, if a car travels at 60 mph for 3 hours, the distance it covers can be calculated by multiplying the speed by the time i.e. Distance = 60 x 3 = 180 miles. Similarly, for a plane that flies at 600 mph for 5 hours, the distance it covers will be Distance = 600 x 5 = 3000 miles. Therefore, the formula of Distance = Speed x Time is used to calculate the distance covered by any object over a given duration of time.
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6) Assume young's modulus for bone is 1.5x100 N/m². The bone breaks if stress greater than 1.5x10³ N/m² is imposed on it. (4 Marks) A) What is the maximum force that can be exerted on the bone if it has an area 4.9x10* m² B) If this much force is applied compressively, by how much does the 25 x10² m long bone shorten?
[tex]1.225 * 10^-7[/tex]A) Given: Young's modulus for bone =[tex]1.5 x 10^10[/tex]N/m², maximum stress = 1.5 x 10^3 N/m², area of bone = [tex]4.9 x 10^-4[/tex] m². The 25 x 10² m long bone will shorten by[tex]1.225 x 10^-7[/tex][tex]1.225 * 10^-7[/tex]m.
We know that Stress = Force/Area
Maximum force = Stress x Area
= [tex]1.5 x 10^3[/tex][tex]1.225 * 10^-7[/tex]N/m² x [tex]4.9 x 10^-4[/tex][tex]1.225 * 10^-7[/tex]m²
Maximum force that can be exerted on the bone = 0.735 N (approx.)
B) Given: Length of bone = [tex]25 x 10^-2[/tex][tex]1.225 * 10^-7[/tex]m, maximum force = 0.735 N
We know that Strain = Change in length / Original length
Strain = Stress / Young's modulus
Change in length = Strain x Original length
Change in length = Stress x Original length / Young's modulus
Change in length =[tex]0.735 N x 25 x 10^-2 m / 1.5 x 10^10[/tex][tex]1.225 * 10^-7[/tex]N/m²
Change in length = [tex]1.225 x 10^-7[/tex][tex]1.225 * 10^-7[/tex] m
Therefore, the 25 x 10² m long bone will shorten by[tex]1.225 x 10^-7[/tex][tex]1.225 * 10^-7[/tex]m.
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The electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition from the first excited state to the ground state. What is the energy of the emitted photon? Select one: O a. 12.1 eV O b. 13.6 eV O c. 3.4 eV O d. 10.2 eV O e. 1.9 eV
The electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition from the first excited state to the ground state. The energy of the emitted photon is 10.2 eV (Option d).
There is a set amount of energy associated with each energy level. An electron must consume or give up the same amount of energy as the difference between two energy levels when transitioning between energy levels. The energy difference is transformed into a photon's energy. If the electron emits a photon, the energy difference is negative, indicating that energy is being released.
When an electron absorbs a photon, the energy difference is positive, indicating that energy is being absorbed. The energy difference is equal to the photon's energy. Energy differences between energy levels can be computed using the following formula:
ΔE = E2 - E1
Where ΔE is the energy difference between two energy levels E2 and E1. We know that the hydrogen atom's ground state energy is -13.6 eV (negative since the electron is attracted to the nucleus). The first excited state energy of the hydrogen atom can be calculated using the equation: E = -13.6eV/n²
Where n is the principal quantum number, which in this case is n = 2. Thus,
E = -13.6eV/2² = -13.6eV/4 = -3.4 eV.ΔE = E2 - E1 = -3.4 eV - (-13.6 eV) = 10.2 eV
The energy of the emitted photon is 10.2 eV, which is alternative (d).
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