1. Dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae is isolated using MacConkey Lactose agar and Xylose Lysine agar
2. Antibiotic associated diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile (detection of toxin) is isolated using Clostridium difficile selective medium
3. Dermatophyte infection in the nails is isolated using potatoes dextrose agar
4. Dengue fever by immune response is isolated using minimal essential medium (MEM)
1. Dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae
Collection of fecal specimens and poultry (100) fecal samples collected from were processed according to published protocols. Streak one loopful of fecal sample on MacConkey Lactose Agar (MLA) and Xylose Lysine agarIncubated at 37 C for 24 hours The MLA plates showing the presence of convex and colorless colonies are considered for further identification. Similarly, the XLD plates showing appearance of presence of translucent or red colored colonies are taken for further identification.2. Antibiotic associated diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile (detection of toxin)
Mix equal parts of industrial absolute alcohol and the fecal specimen. Homogenize using a vortex mixer. Leave at room temperature for 1 hr. Inoculate on Clostridium difficile Selective AgarIncubate at 37ºC in a conventional anaerobic gas jarObserve after 24-48 hours in anaerobic environment . Use gram stain reagent and Malachite green for morphological study. Observe positive bacillus cell shape with single or chains(2-6)cell and sub terminal endo spore forming after gram staining3. Dermatophyte infection in the nails
Prepare potatoes dextrose agar (PDA)Collect clippings from the nail with a sterile scalpel after carefully washing the site with 70% alcohol. Dissolved in two drops of 10% KOH on a glass slide, if the sample is thick, use 20% KOH Heat the slide few seconds over a spirit lamp, do not allow to boil.Observe preparation under a low power of the microscope in reduced light. Look out for presence of mycelia fragments and the distribution of spores inside.4. Dengue fever by immune response
Dilute blood samples in minimal essential medium (MEM) containing 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS) Add diluent to a cultured monolayer of C6/36 cells for 1 hour with gentle rocking in a 28 °C CO2 incubator.After 1 hour, remove the inoculum and cells Culture for 7 days in MEM with 2% FBS and antibiotics. Collect culture supernatant on day 7 and infect a new batch of C6/36 cellsRepeat the procedure three times to achieve passage 3 (P3) isolates.Learn more about culturing of microorganisms here:
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In a one D process, how many D values would it take to reduce a population of 1010 cells to one surviver?
10 D values would it take to reduce a population of 1010 cells to one survivor.
How is the D value used?The significance of a chemical mechanism can be connected to the antagonism of a specific microbiological species that can be utilised as a biological indicator (BI), and can be defined in words of decimal decrease time (D-value).
Thus, 10 D values would it take to reduce a population of 1010 cells to one survivor.
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The picture below shows the structure of one type of organic molecule.
CH3
CH₂
A caffeine molecule
How many carbon atoms does this molecule contain?
O A 6
OB. 10
O C. 7
O D. 8
The answer I chose is incorrect help me find the correct answer
T - cells increase in number in response to a parasitic invasion.
Effect of T cells during parasitic invasionDuring a parasitic invasion the T-cell releases perforin and cytotoxins.
How perforin and cytotoxins responds; Perforin first makes a pore, or hole, in the membrane of the infected cell. Cytotoxins go directly inside the cell through this pore, destroying it and any viruses inside.Thus, T - cells increase in number in response to a parasitic invasion.
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I need help with this!!! The question is:
What are two pieces of evidence Darwin used to support his theory of evolution by natural selection?
Answer:
fossil, biogeographical, and anatomical evidence.
Explanation:
pbs
How would our interaction with the suns energy differ if our magnetosphere disappeared?
Answer:
Enveloping our planet and protecting us from the fury of the Sun is a giant bubble of magnetism called the magnetosphere. It deflects most of the solar material sweeping towards us from our star at 1 million miles per hour or more. Without the magnetosphere, the relentless action of these solar particles could strip the Earth of its protective layers, which shield us from the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation. It’s clear that this magnetic bubble was key to helping Earth develop into a habitable planet.
The Punnett square is for a test cross of two mice that were purebred for two different traits. What will their offspring be? Fill in the white boxes of the Punnett square with all possible offspring genotypes
Punnett Square BE BE BE BE
be
be
be
be
Given the scenario, their progeny will heterozygous or BbEe.
A purebred white mouse and a purebred black mouse are being crossed.
What is homozygous?A gene region where there are two identical alleles present. Two alleles with the same variation or two alleles that are normal can both be present in a homozygous genotype.
BBEE is black fur.
Bbee has white fur.
Here, the capitalization of allele B signals that it is a dominant allele and that allele B is recessive.
For BBEE, gametes
BE a, b, e, b
Genes for the bbee
a, a, a, a Cross will then have an image linked to it.
As a result, in the example, their progeny would either be BbEe or heterozygous.
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Which of Mendel's laws or principles explains that traits are passed from parents to offspring individually instead of as pairs, groups, or sets?
Answer:
the law of independent assortment
Explanation:
The law of segregation is the Mendel’s laws or principles explain that traits are passed from parents to offspring individually instead of as pairs, groups or sets. So the correct option is option “C” as far as the given question is concerned. This is a law or principle which states that during the formation of gametes, two copies of each heredity factors separate out so that the new offspring can get one factor of both the parents. This law was the first law in this direction.
Which are vectors?
animals
water
air
food
objects
Answer:
A vector is a quantity or phenomenon that has two independent properties: magnitude and direction. The term also denotes the mathematical or geometrical representation of such a quantity. Examples of vectors in nature are velocity, momentum, force, electromagnetic fields, and weight.
Which of the following is NOT true about steroid hormones?
Select one:
A. All of the choices are true.
B. They bind on cell membrane receptors.
C. The cannot be made in advance.
D. They have a long half-life.
E. They are derived from cholesterol.
For Physiology
Which best explains why nanofiltration is an important new technology?
It can be used to help regions that have a short supply of usable water.
It can be used as an energy source to produce electricity in regions with limited coal.
It recycles wastewater to be reused for geothermal energy.
It collects solar energy to generate electrical power.
Answer:
It can be used to help regions that have a short supply of usable water.
Explanation:
Essentially, nanofiltration is purifying [often mineral-dense] water.
According to the CDC, what is the definition of sanitizing?
Answer:
Cleaning or disinfecting surfaces or objects to lower the risk of spreading infection
Explanation:
Sanitizing lowers the number of germs on surfaces or objects to a safe level, as judged by public health standards or requirements. This process works by either cleaning or disinfecting surfaces or objects to lower the risk of spreading infection.
A river system is made up of a river and its a. sediments. b. divides. c. runoff. d. tributaries.
Answer:
A river system is made up of a river and its tributaries.
What is a river system?
A river system is a term used to describe the broader networks of streams, lakes, and rivers that are tributaries and distributaries of a larger river. For instance, the Mississippi River system includes the Ohio, Red, and Missouri rivers, all of which drain into the Mississippi River. Due to its interconnectedness, the condition of one river may have an effect on the health of the other rivers in the same river system. A river system can also include other types of terrain, such as the wetlands and flood plains that are affected by a major river and its tributaries and distributaries. The majority of the time, rivers have a primary source, such as snowmelt from a mountain that cascades into a number of streams, which eventually merge to form a river that empties into a much bigger river. This is an illustration of a river network. River systems are ecosystems from an environmental perspective, and if even one component of the system is contaminated or destroyed, it may have a severe impact on things like water quality and the health of plants and animals. For instance, the effects of high pollution levels or prolonged drought near a river's source will be felt throughout the rivers and lands that make up the river system.
An example of this is the Amazon River in Brazil (South America).
Answer:
A river system is made up of a river and its tributaries.
This best describes which type of relationship?
Certain bacteria live in plant roots and receive sugars from the plants. The bacteria provide a source of useful nitrogen for the plants. This best describes mutualism type of relationship.
What is mutualism?Mutualism is the type of feeding relationship between two different organisms where both benefits from each other without causing harm.
Examples of mutualistic feeding relationship include:
coral and algaeoxpecker (a kind of bird) and the rhinoceros.The feeding relationship that exists between the bacteria and the plant roots is mutualism because the bacteria receives sugar from the plants roots while the plants obtain a source of useful nitrogen from the bacteria.
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Access to cheap energy resources, especially fossil fuels, has been a major driver of globalization and growing prosperity. Oil is particularly important because it is major source of:
Group of answer choices
mobile power
effective fertilizers
all of these
geostrategic conflict
Oil is a geostrategic conflict is major source. Thus, the correct option is D.
What is geopolitics?The connection between geography and strategy is made by geopolitics. The foundation of geopolitics is the indisputable fact that all international politics—from peace to war—occur in time and space, in particular geographic contexts and situations.
International relations have been heavily influenced by oil geopolitics. Some contend that much of the conflict in the 20th century was caused by geopolitical competition over access to oil. The current energy transition's increase in renewable energy sources may well alter this situation.
Over the past 120 years, the geopolitics of oil have been a major factor in world affairs. Indeed, others contend that much of the conflict experienced in the 20th century was caused by geopolitical competition for access to and control of oil supplies.
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What is the best definition of “fitness” in terms of evolution?
a. The amount of lean muscle mass in an organism
b. The ability of an organism to exercise for a long period of time
c. An organism’s ability to survive to an old age
d. An organism’s ability to survive and produce fertile offspring
Answer:
c. An organism’s ability to survive to an old age
Explanation:
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In cats with the Manx Trait, the M allele causes a short or absent tail, whereas the m allele confers a normal, long tail. Cate of genotype MM die as embryos. If two Manx cats mate, what is the probability that each living kitten has an long tail?
Answer:
2/3
Explanation:
Offspring are :
- MM
- Mm
- Mm
- mm
Now, it mentions living kitten.
Hence, they will be :
- Mm
- Mm
- mm
Out of the 3, 2 will have a long tail.
Hence :
P (long tail) = 2/3
Explain why scientists might use models to represent Earth’s process
Answer:
Scientists use models to investigate objects or processes that happen too slowly, too quickly, or on too small of a scale to observe directly.
They also use models to explore phenomena that are too vast, too complex, or too dangerous to study firsthand.
Question: What do all organisms
have in common?
Answer:
All living things have certain traits in common: Cellular organization, the ability to reproduce, growth & development, energy use, homeostasis, response to their environment, and the ability to adapt. Living things will exhibit all of these traits.
A change in speed and direction of the wind at different altitudes in the same
column of air is called
______________. (2 words)
Answer:
a wind shear
Explanation:
Answer:
The answer is wind shear
Red bone marrow only differs from yellow bone marrow because of a difference in the amount of which substance?
Red bone marrow only differs from yellow bone marrow because of a difference in the amount of fat.
What is Bone marrow?Bone marrow may be defined as an absorptive substance discovered in the middle of the bones. It synthesizes bone marrow stem cells and other substances which are responsible for producing blood cells.
The complete question is as follows:
the amount of antibodythe amount of cytokinethe amount of antigenthe amount of fatRed marrow includes blood stem cells that can evolve into the different components of blood such as red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. While yellow marrow is constructed predominantly of fat.
Thus, it is well described above.
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Four students use the centimeter ruler shown to measure an object during an investigation. Each student aligns the edge of the object with the left edge of the ruler as shown above. All four students read the ruler with a measurement of 4.6 cm. Which statement describes the data they collect? The data have high precision but poor accuracy because of a systematic error. The data have high precision but poor accuracy because of a random error. The data have poor precision and poor accuracy because of a systematic error. The data have poor precision and poor accuracy because of a random error.
The data have high precision but poor accuracy because of a systematic error. Thus, the correct option is A.
What is systematic error?An error that is not caused by chance, but rather by a system-wide inaccuracy (in terms of observation or measurement).
The accuracy of a value refers to how close it is to its genuine value. An arrow's proximity to the bull's-eye center is an example. A measurement's precision refers to how repeatable it is. A systematic error has occurred.
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The planets that reside in the inner region of the solar system are called touristinal planets these planets share certain characteristics for example they are they all have a blank structure which would allow people to stand on the surface these planets include Mercury Earth blank and Mars on the four inner planets only Mars and blank have confirmed
satellites
Because their surfaces are rocky, the inner four planets closest to the sun Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are often referred to as "terrestrial planets."
What are the characteristics of these planets?The four innermost planets are known as terrestrial planets because they have features such as a liquid heavy-metal core, at least one moon, and valleys, volcanoes, and craters.
Because these are all Earth-like characteristics, Earth is classified as a terrestrial planet.
These planets share certain characteristics, for example, they are they all have a rocky structure which would allow people to stand on the surface
Thus, these are some characteristics of terrestrial planets.
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Answer:
A
Explanation:
organisms swimming on the surface of water are
Answer:
.
Explanation:
organism swimming on surface of water are plankton
Answer:
plankton
Explanation:
they are plankton
Like DNA, RNA contains four nitrogenous bases. Three of them are the same as those found in DNA. The one that is different is called ________
The five-carbon sugar in RNA is called ________
Answer:
RNA has for nitrogenous bases out of which three are the same as DNA. The bases common to both DNA and RNA are Adenine (A), Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C). The one that is different is called Uracil (U).The five carbon sugar in RNA is called Ribose sugar.Explanation:
DNA consist of four bases that are A,T,C and G. Similarly, RNA also consists of four bases that are A,U,C and G.
Thymine (T) is not present in RNA, instead of it, RNA has Uracil (U) which binds with Adenine (A) by two hydrogen bonds.
The five-carbon sugar that is present in RNA is ribose and that present in DNA is deoxy-ribose. Ribose and deoxy-ribose differ at second carbon. Ribose has an OH at second carbon while in deoxy-ribose, O is missing at second carbon and it has only H.
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Which method best helps to prevent wind erosion?
O rotating crops
O decreasing riverbank slopes
O more animal grazing
O avoiding soil compaction
The best method that help to prevent wind erosion is decreasing riverbank slopes. The correct option is A.
What is wind erosion?Wind erosion is the erosion of the top layer of the soil by wind. Top layer contain nutrients of the soil, is it eroded the soil become of fewer nutrients and quality.
Thus, the correct option is A. decreasing riverbank slopes.
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Answer: a. rotating crops
Explanation:
Based on your knowledge of immunological memory explain to your patient the physiological mechanisms that underlie active immunity and how it protects you from infections. Be sure to include a description of primary and secondary immune responses in terms that she will understand.
Immunological memory refers to the ability of the immune system to react previous antigen infections.
What are primary and secondary immune responses?The primary immune response refers to the initial interaction between the immune system with pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., bacteria).
The secondary immune responses refer to the second contact with the same pathogenic organism, which enables to the organism create specific antibodies against this pathogen through a process called immunological memory.
Active Immunity is a term used to refer to a type of acquired immunity caused by previous exposure to a pathogenic microorganism and/or vaccine inoculation.
Immunological memory leads to a faster and better response of the immune system against pathogen reinfection.
In conclusion, immunological memory refers to the ability of the immune system to react previous antigen infections.
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Which of the following are effects of climate change ?
Group of answer choices
Food shortages
Increase in forest fires
Unpredictable rain fall
More extreme weather events
Conflict over natural resources
Answer:
Unpredictable rain fall
When the body is attacked by a foreign substance, the _____ defenses are the first to react.
specific
nonspecific
B lymphocyte
T lymphocyte
Geranium plants will freeze if planted too early. This is an example
of the influence of
a. light.
b. minerals.
c. water.
d. soil.
e. temperature.
Answer:
E. temperature
Explanation:
plants freezing to death obviously deals with the temperature in air.
Describe the political actions that led to successful conservation in the forest industry. Think about ORGANIZATIONS from each article.
flvs for 4.01 and forests wisely
The political acts that sparked discussion about success in the woodland industry are What they refer to as a company obtaining a production facility, which can make the forestry business successful and real.
What societal challenges are political parties helping with?Social issues including poverty, a lack of awareness, the inability to meet basic needs, etc. had an impact on the problem or the solution in the stories, such as How to Use Timberlands Wisely and Local Area Protection.
Due to the fact that these problems forced people to indiscriminately use the land and cut down trees in order to meet their basic needs, which improved the general public's economic well-being.
People in the backwoods chopped trees because they were in need and offered them to bring in money to buy food and other essentials for their families.
There is no need to cut down trees or use land, assuming that these social issues are resolved.
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