Yes, it is possible that the performance ranking of investment portfolios based on Sharpe ratios may differ from the performance ranking based on the M2 measure.
The Sharpe ratio and M2 measure are both risk-adjusted portfolio performance measures. They are both used to evaluate the performance of investment portfolios, but they differ in the way they consider risk. The Sharpe ratio measures the excess return of an investment portfolio over the risk-free rate of return, relative to its standard deviation of returns. This ratio is used to evaluate how well an investment portfolio has performed relative to its risk. The M2 measure is also a risk-adjusted performance measure, but it considers downside risk.
It measures the excess return of an investment portfolio relative to a benchmark, adjusted for downside risk. The M2 measure considers the downside risk by using the semi-deviation of returns, which only considers the negative returns. Therefore, portfolios with lower downside risk will have higher M2 measures. When evaluating the performance of investment portfolios, it is important to consider both measures. The Sharpe ratio is a useful measure for evaluating risk-adjusted returns, but it does not consider the downside risk.
The M2 measure considers downside risk, which can be important in evaluating the performance of portfolios. Therefore, the performance ranking of investment portfolios based on Sharpe ratios may differ from the performance ranking based on the M2 measure. Depending on the investment objectives and risk tolerance of investors, one measure may be more appropriate than the other.
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In this question you will be considering the development of a control panel for the cab of a new underground locomotive. The control panel will prompt the driver of the train when actions need to be taken to progress the flow of the autonomous control system.
Security is of great importance for this system as it is responsible for the safe running of the train with passengers onboard.
(d) Describe the UMUX framework for usability testing and how it differs from SUS framework.
(e) The driver should always be watching the tracks while the train is moving. Using the EARS syntax, specify TWO requirements that will avoid the driver being distracted by the system when it is not necessary.
The UMUX framework is more comprehensive and provides a more detailed analysis of the user experience. It captures both subjective and objective measures of usability, allowing for a more in-depth understanding of the user's perception.
The SUS framework, on the other hand, is a simpler and more straightforward measure that provides a quick snapshot of the system's usability.
(d) The UMUX (Usability Metric for User Experience) framework is a method used for usability testing and evaluation of interactive systems.
It focuses on measuring the user experience by collecting data on the effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction of users while interacting with a system.
The UMUX framework includes the use of a questionnaire that asks users to rate their agreement with statements related to system usability.
The questionnaire typically includes items such as "The system was easy to use" or "I was able to accomplish my tasks quickly."
The responses are then used to calculate a usability score.
On the other hand, the SUS (System Usability Scale) framework is a standardized questionnaire-based method for assessing the perceived usability of a system.
It consists of a 10-item questionnaire with response options ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree.
The SUS framework provides a single score that represents the overall perceived usability of the system.
The main difference between the UMUX and SUS frameworks lies in their approach and the type of data they collect.
UMUX focuses on measuring the overall user experience, including effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction.
It provides a more comprehensive understanding of the user's experience with the system.
On the other hand, SUS specifically measures the perceived usability of the system and provides a single score.
While both frameworks can be used for usability testing, the UMUX framework provides a more detailed assessment of the user experience.
(e) Using the EARS syntax (Environment, Actor, Action, Response, Stimulus), here are two requirements that will avoid distracting the driver when it is not necessary:
Environment: Train in motion, driver's cabin.
Actor: Control panel system.
Action: Displaying non-critical notifications.
Response: Minimize visual distractions.
Stimulus: Non-critical notifications received by the control panel.
Requirement: The control panel system shall prioritize non-critical notifications to minimize visual distractions for the driver while the train is in motion.
Environment: Train in motion, driver's cabin.
Actor: Control panel system.
Action: Emitting audio alerts or messages.
Response: Avoid interrupting the driver's focus on the tracks.
Stimulus: Critical system notifications or warnings.
Requirement: The control panel system shall use non-intrusive audio alerts or messages for critical system notifications to prevent distracting the driver's attention from watching the tracks while the train is in motion.
These requirements aim to ensure that the control panel system minimizes visual distractions and avoids interrupting the driver's focus on the tracks, allowing the driver to prioritize safety and maintain situational awareness during the operation of the autonomous control system.
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• On 8/19/2022, you bought a $10,000 par T-bill that will mature in 328 days. The T-bill has a bank discount bid quote of 3.055% and ask quote of 3.045%.
(1) What is this T-bill's cost ?
(2) What is the return on this investment if you hold the T-bill till its maturity?
(3) What is the asked yield?
Please show work (by hand) and provide explanation where you are plugging the numbers in
(1) What is this T-bill's cost Given that the face value or par value of the T-bill is $10,000, bank discount bid quote is 3.055%, and ask quote is 3.045%.To calculate the cost of T-bill, use the following formula:Bank discount = face value × discount rate × time/360 days.
From the formula, the bank discount is:Bank discount = $10,000 × 3.055% × 328/360Bank discount = $93.87 To calculate the cost of the T-bill:Cost of T-bill = face value − bank discountCost of [tex]T-bill = $10,000 − $93.87[/tex]Cost of T-bill = $9,906.13Therefore, the cost of the T-bill is $9,906.13.(2) What is the return on this investment if you hold the T-bill till its maturity.
To calculate the return on investment (ROI) or yield on T-bill, use the following formula:Yield on T-bill = Bank discount/face value × 360/days to maturity Yield on T-bill =[tex]$93.87/$10,000 × 360/328[/tex] Yield on T-bill = 0.0337 or 3.37%Therefore, the return on investment or yield on the T-bill is 3.37%.(3) What is the asked yield The asked yield is the yield on the T-bill if an investor buys the T-bill at the ask price and holds it until maturity.
To calculate the asked yield, use the following formula: Asked yield = 100 − asked price/face value × 360/days to maturity From the information given, the ask quote is 3.045%. The price of the T-bill is calculated by subtracting the discount from the face value, [tex]i.e. $10,000 − $10,000 × 3.045% × 328/360 = $9,911.44[/tex] Therefore, the asked yield is: Asked yield [tex]= 100 − $9,911.44/$10,000 × 360/328[/tex] Asked yield = 3.67%Therefore, the asked yield is 3.67%.
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Mast Company reports net income of $322,500 for the year ended December 31 it also reports 5102,800 depreciation expense and a $11,050 loss on the sale of equipment. its comparative balance sheet reveals a $44,400 increase in accounts recelvable, a $11,250 decrease in prepaid expenses, a $16,950 increase in accounts payable, and a $13,900 decrease in wages payable. Calculate the net increase in cash for the year. Mutiple Chaice 5315,200 . 5224,100 $295,750 $406250 $323,550
The net increase in cash for the year is $472,500.Answer: $472,500. The net increase in cash for the year can be calculated using the formula :Net cash flow = Net income + Depreciation expense + Loss on sale of equipment + Increase in accounts receivable + Decrease in prepaid expenses + Increase in accounts payable
Decrease in wages payable C Given the following figures :Net income = $322,500Depreciation expense = $102,800Loss on sale of equipment = $11,050Increase in accounts receivable = $44,400Decrease in prepaid expenses = $11,250Increase in accounts payable = $16,950Decrease in wages payable = $13,900Net cash flow = $322,500 + $102,800 + $11,050 + $44,400 - $11,250 + $16,950 - $13,900= $472,500 the net increase in cash for the year is $472,500.Answer: $472,500.
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When a company purchased land several years ago, the accounting clerk posted the journal entry to buildings instead of land. This was only discovered this year. Depreciation has been recorded on the total value in the building account each year. Select one of these three items - Is this considered: an error; a change in estimate; a change in policy. And then: Select one of these two items - Should this be adjusted: retrospectively; prospectively NOTE - two boxes should be selected! Change in estimate Change in policy Retrospective
When a company purchased the land several years ago, the accounting clerk posted the journal entry to buildings instead of land. This was only discovered this year. Depreciation has been recorded on the total value in the building account each year.
The two boxes that should be selected from the given options, based on the information given, are as follows:
Option 1: This is considered an error.
Option 2: This should be adjusted retrospectively.
An error occurs when a company makes a mistake in financial statements or accounting entries that have already been issued. In the given scenario, the accounting clerk posted the journal entry to the building account instead of the land account, so the recording of the purchased land as a building account is a mistake.
In this case, retrospective adjustment should be made. In retrospective adjustments, the past financial statements are changed as if the change had always been in effect. Depreciation has been recorded on the total value in the building account each year, but if the land account had been used, depreciation should not have been recorded.
Therefore, retrospective adjustments should be made to correct the error.
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Arsenalo plc. has just issued level coupon bonds on the market with 7.5 years to maturity and a yield to maturity (YTM) of 12%, and at a current fair market price of £950. The bonds make quarterly payments. What must be the coupon rate on these bonds? Face value of these bonds is £1,000.
Given Data:Face value of bonds, FV = £1,000
Market price of bonds, P = £950
Maturity time, t = 7.5 years
Yield to maturity, YTM = 12% = 0.12Coupon rate on the bonds is to be calculated.
Bond is making quarterly payments, so the payment frequency is, n = 4 periods per year.
As the bond is selling at a discount, it means the market yield is higher than the coupon rate, so the required rate of return is more than 12%. We will use the following formula to find the coupon rate of the bond:
Where,B = Coupon payment
FV = Face value of bond
P = Market price of bondt = Maturity time
i = Required rate of return
n = Number of payment periods per year
Substituting the values in the formula and solving for B, we get:
Let us use the formula of annuity to calculate the value of coupon payment, which is the same throughout the life of the bond.Where, PVIF
A = Present Value Interest Factor of Annuity
i = Required rate of returnn = Number of payment periods per year
t = Maturity timeUsing the values, we have:
Putting the value of B in equation (1), we get:
Hence, the required coupon rate on these bonds is 14.22% per year.
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Whispering Winds Service has over 200 auto-maintenance service outlets nationwide. It provides primarily two lines of service: oil changes and brake repair. Oil change-related services represent 75% of its sales and provide a contribution margin ratio of 20%. Brake repair represents 25% of its sales and provides a 60% contribution margin ratio. The company's fixed costs are $12,480,000 (or $84,000 per service outlet).
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Whispering Winds Service, which provides primarily two lines of service: oil changes and brake repair, has over 200 auto-maintenance service outlets across the United States. Oil change-related services represent 75% of its sales and provide a contribution margin ratio of 20%. Brake repair represents 25% of its sales and provides a 60% contribution margin ratio. It is critical to note that contribution margin represents the amount left after variable costs are deducted from the revenue. In this case, contribution margin is used to pay for fixed costs, with the remaining amount being profit.
If the company's fixed costs are $12,480,000 (or $84,000 per service outlet), we may use the contribution margin formula to compute its break-even point in dollar sales. In essence, the formula can be represented as follows:
Contribution margin per unit = Selling price per unit - Variable cost per unit.
To begin, we need to calculate the contribution margin per unit for both oil changes and brake repair services, respectively.
Oil changes' contribution margin per unit:
Selling price = 75% of total sales = 0.75*$1,000 = $750
Variable cost per unit = $600 (since 20% is the contribution margin ratio, it indicates that variable costs account for 80% of the sales revenue).
Contribution margin per unit = $750 - $600 = $150.
Brake repair's contribution margin per unit:
Selling price = 25% of total sales = 0.25*$1,000 = $250.
Variable cost per unit = 40% of sales revenue ($250 * 0.4) = $100.
Contribution margin per unit = $250 - $100 = $150.
Now that we have calculated the contribution margin per unit for both oil changes and brake repair services, respectively, we may use the following formula to compute the break-even point in dollar sales:
Break-even point (in dollar sales) = Fixed costs / Contribution margin ratio
Break-even point = $12,480,000 / [0.75 * $150 + 0.25 * $150]
Break-even point = $12,480,000 / $150
Break-even point = $83,200, which implies that Whispering Winds Service would need to make $83,200 in sales to break even.
In conclusion, based on the given information, Whispering Winds Service would need to generate more than $83,200 in sales to begin making a profit, with a higher emphasis on oil changes, which account for 75% of total sales and have a 20% contribution margin ratio.
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the practice of combining public relations, marketing, advertising, and promotion into a seamless campaign is known as? group of answer choices all of these are correct. public relations media mix. incorporated public relations. integrated marketing communication. viral marketing.
Integrated marketing communication (IMC) refers to the practice of combining public relations, marketing, advertising, and promotion into a seamless campaign.
IMC recognizes that different communication tools have different strengths and that by integrating them, a more effective and impactful campaign can be created. For example, a company might use public relations to manage their reputation, advertising to create brand awareness, and promotion to incentivize sales. By integrating these different components, they can create a comprehensive and cohesive marketing strategy.
By using IMC, organizations can ensure that all their communication efforts work together towards a common goal, resulting in a more powerful and consistent brand message. It helps build brand equity, improve customer engagement, and drive desired actions from the target audience.In summary, integrated marketing communication is the practice of combining public relations, marketing, advertising, and promotion into a seamless campaign, allowing organizations to deliver a consistent and unified message to their target audience.
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You wish to see employee satisfaction in a store that has several branches in your county. The store manager will read the responses (which have employee names on them) before they get submitted. Will increasing the sample size help with the problem?
Increasing the sample size can help address the problem by providing a more representative and diverse set of employee responses, reducing the potential bias introduced by the manager's review.
By increasing the sample size, a larger number of employees' responses will be included, providing a broader perspective on employee satisfaction across the store's branches. This helps mitigate the potential bias that may arise from the manager reading and potentially filtering the responses. With a larger sample size, the manager's influence on the overall dataset becomes diluted, and the results are more likely to reflect the genuine opinions and experiences of the employees. Additionally, a larger sample size improves the statistical validity of the survey, increasing the reliability of the results and enhancing the store's ability to make informed decisions based on the collected data.
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What are the four major types of transportation for tourism, and
why is each mode of transportation important to tourism today?
Tourism plays a vital role in the economy of any country. People travel for various reasons, including vacation, education, work, and more. Transport is an essential aspect of tourism, and there are several means of transportation available for tourists.
The four major types of transportation for tourism are air, road, rail, and water transportation.
Air Transportation
Air transportation is one of the most efficient and fastest modes of transportation for tourism. People from all around the world can reach their destination within a few hours by taking a flight. Air travel is essential for long-distance travel, especially for international travel. It's also an excellent option for people who have less time for their vacation.
Road Transportation
Road transportation is another critical mode of transportation for tourism. It is the most flexible and affordable means of transportation. People can enjoy the scenic beauty of the country while traveling on roads. Tourists can also enjoy several road trips and excursions to explore new places.
Rail Transportation
Rail transportation is an ideal mode of transportation for tourists who prefer a slower pace. It offers an excellent opportunity to observe the beauty of the countryside. Rail travel is more comfortable, safer, and faster than road transportation, and it's an excellent option for long-distance travel.
Water Transportation
Water transportation is another vital mode of transportation for tourism. It is an ideal option for tourists who want to explore the beauty of the oceans, rivers, and seas. Water transportation offers a unique experience and an opportunity to enjoy the scenic beauty of the country from a different perspective. Water transportation is also the most eco-friendly option among all four modes of transportation.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the four major types of transportation for tourism are air, road, rail, and water transportation. Each mode of transportation is important for tourism today as it offers a unique experience to tourists. Air transportation is fast and efficient, while road transportation is flexible and affordable. Rail transportation is comfortable and safe, and water transportation offers a unique perspective and an opportunity to explore the oceans, rivers, and seas. Therefore, all four modes of transportation are essential for tourism today.
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Veach Division has total assets (net of accumulated depreciation) of $462,000 at the beginning of year 1 . One of the assets is a machine that has a net book value of $47,040. Expected divisional income in year 1 is $55,440 including $2,940 in income generated by the machine (after depreciation). Veach's cost of capital is 10 percent. Veach is considering disposing of the asset today (the beginning of year 1). Required: a. Veach computes ROI using beginning-of-the-year net assets. What will the divisional ROI be for year 1 assuming Veach retains the asset? b. What would divisional ROI be for year 1 assuming Veach disposes of the asset for its book value and there is no gain or loss on the sale? Note: Enter your answer as a percentage rounded to 1 decimal place (i.e., 32.1). c. Veach computes residual income using beginning-of-the-year net assets. What will the divisional residual income be for year 1 assuming Veach retains the asset? d. What would divisional residual income be for year 1 assuming Veach disposes of the asset for its book value and there is no gain or loss on the sale?
a. The formula for computing ROI is as follows: ROI = Operating Income / Invested Assets; ROI = $55,440 / $462,000; ROI = 12%.Therefore, the divisional ROI for year 1 assuming V each retains the asset is 12%.b. The formula for computing divisional ROI is as follows:
ROI = Operating Income / Invested Assets; ROI = $52,500 / $414,960; ROI = 12.7%.Therefore, the divisional ROI for year 1 assuming V each disposes of the asset for its book value and there is no gain or loss on the sale is 12.7%.c. The formula for calculating residual income is as follows:
Residual Income = Operating Income - (Cost of Capital * Invested Assets); Residual Income = $55,440 - (0.10 * $462,000); Residual Income = $8,040Therefore, the divisional residual income for year 1 assuming V each retains the asset is $8,040.d.
The formula for calculating residual income is as follows: Residual Income = Operating Income - (Cost of Capital * Invested Assets); Residual Income = $52,500 - (0.10 * $414,960);
Residual Income = $10,704 Therefore, the divisional residual income for year 1 assuming V each disposes of the asset for its book value and there is no gain or loss on the sale is $10,704.
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Company ABC engineers noticed during testing that there were some control switch problems in some of its robotics equipment used in airplanes for takeoff purpose. As such, the CEO of ABC recalled, at extreme costs, all equipment within days after the discovery of the faulty control switches causing minimal damages.
Egoism Idealism Utilitarianism Relativist Deontology
James is a new business development manager in PAZ Inc., a software company. As he is getting grounded on the company and developing business strategies and plans, he is anticipating conflicts that may arise between different philosophies held by members of the organization particularly within information technology, finance and marketing. As such, he attempts to determine the organization’s consensus as they move forward with the business strategy.
Egoism Idealism Utilitarianism Relativist Deontology
Chick-fil-A’s owner, Mr. Truett Cathy, who died in 2014 at the age of 93, was a devout Southern Baptist, and those beliefs have shaped the businesses he ran since day one. At some time or other, every restaurant chain has probably made public statements about their concern for their employees' well-being, but when it comes to Chick-fil-A, Truett Cathy put his money, and the company's profits, where his mouth was. Since the start, all his restaurants have always been closed for business on Sundays based on his universal principle and guiding behavior that is based on his religion and his general concern for his employees’.
Egoism Idealism Utilitarianism Relativist Deontology
Deontology - The decision made by the CEO of ABC to recall all faulty control switches is based on deontology.
Deontology is a theory in moral philosophy that focuses on adherence to rules and duties rather than the results or consequences of actions.
The CEO of ABC, by recalling all equipment, did so because it is their duty to ensure that the equipment they produce is safe for their customers.
The consequences of recalling the equipment are irrelevant.
Relativist - James' attempt to determine the organization's consensus is based on relativism.
Relativism is the concept that morals are relative to different cultures, societies, or historical periods.
As such, James is trying to understand the different philosophies held by members of the organization in various departments to form a consensus that everyone agrees with.
Deontology - The decision by Truett Cathy to keep all of his restaurants closed on Sundays is based on deontology.
Deontology emphasizes fulfilling one's duties, and Truett Cathy closed all of his restaurants on Sundays as a result of his principles based on his religious beliefs and his general concern for his employees' welfare.
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What factors do banks consider when deciding whether to approve you for the loan?.
Personal finances, factors do banks consider when deciding whether to approve you for the loan.
A borrower who has a high credit score, steady income, and a low debt-to-income ratio is more likely to be authorized for a loan with good terms, such as a reduced interest rate and a longer repayment time.
A borrower with a low credit score, erratic income, and a high debt-to-income ratio, on the other hand, may be viewed as a bigger risk and may receive unfavorable loan terms or be turned down for a loan entirely.
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How the iPhone can create jobs for business/logistics majors (like
you?). Is this type of complex, multi-national, logistics good for
jobs in America? Why?
For business and logistics majors, the iPhone has a variety of employment opportunities. A sophisticated supply chain and logistics activities are required for the manufacturing, distribution, and sales of this complicated, multi-national commodity.
The management of these operations, which include procurement, inventory management, transportation, and distribution, is mostly the responsibility of business/logistics specialists. They aid in cost-cutting, cost optimisation, and assuring efficient operations. Although the iPhone is produced all around the world, American jobs are affected by it in areas like marketing, retail operations, customer service, and support. Additionally, the tech sector's innovation and development, fueled by businesses like Apple, can foster entrepreneurship and job creation in the American economy.
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Analyse the impact knowledge management could have on the business's employees.
Knowledge management (KM) is the systematic process of collecting, recording, organising, and sharing an organisation's knowledge assets to enable better decision-making and business performance.
One of the significant benefits of knowledge management is that it can improve communication within the organisation. Employees who have access to knowledge management tools and platforms can share information and ideas across different departments and teams, resulting in better communication and collaboration. This, in turn, can lead to faster problem-solving, decision-making, and innovation.
Another significant impact of knowledge management on employees is that it can enhance their skills and competencies. Knowledge management systems can provide employees with access to learning resources, training materials, and expert knowledge.
In conclusion, knowledge management can have a significant impact on a business's employees. By improving communication, enhancing skills and competencies, and increasing job satisfaction, knowledge management can help to create a more engaged, innovative, and productive workforce.
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which ratio measures the rate of return (in the form of cash dividends only) that would be earned by an investor who buys common stock at the current market price?
The ratio that measures the rate of return earned by an investor who buys common stock at the current market price is the dividend yield.
The dividend yield is a financial ratio that indicates the percentage return on investment in the form of cash dividends received by an investor who purchases common stock at the prevailing market price. It is calculated by dividing the annual dividend per share by the current market price per share, and then multiplying the result by 100 to express it as a percentage. Dividend Yield = (Annual Dividend per Share / Current Market Price per Share) * 100 For example, if a stock has an annual dividend per share of $2 and is currently trading at $40 per share, the dividend yield would be (2/40) * 100 = 5%. This means that an investor who purchases the stock at the current market price would earn a 5% return in the form of cash dividends alone. The dividend yield provides insights into the income-generating potential of a stock investment and allows investors to compare the dividend-paying ability of different stocks.
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Katie purchases two slices of pizza and six readsticks to maximize her total utility, then Select one: A. her marginal utility from the second slice of pizza divided by the price of a slice of pizza is equal to her marginal utility from the sixth breadstick divided by the price of a breadstick. B. she spends more on pizza than she spends on breadsticks. C. a breadstick costs three times as much as a slice of pizza. D. a slice of pizza costs three times as much as a breadstick. E. her marginal utility from the second slice of pizza equals her marginal utility from the sixth breadstick.
Katie purchases two slices of pizza and six breadsticks to maximize her total utility, then her marginal utility from the second slice of pizza equals her marginal utility from the sixth breadstick.
Utility is a term that describes the satisfaction or happiness that consumers get from the use of goods and services. The utility is used to measure the level of satisfaction that a customer receives from a product and service.
Utility is a difficult concept to define, but it is frequently utilized in microeconomics to analyze consumer behavior. Marginal utility is the additional satisfaction or happiness obtained by using one additional unit of a product or service when all other factors remain constant.
The consumer can determine the usefulness of a product by comparing the marginal utility to the price. If a product's marginal utility exceeds its price, it is deemed to be useful. Katie is a consumer, and her goal is to obtain maximum utility.
Katie's consumption of two slices of pizza and six breadsticks has an impact on her marginal utility. Katie's marginal utility from the second slice of pizza equals her marginal utility from the sixth breadstick. Therefore, the correct answer is E. her marginal utility from the second slice of pizza equals her marginal utility from the sixth breadstick.
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. last year, neal invested $5,000 in tattler's stock, $5,000 in long-term government bonds, and $5,000 in u.s. treasury bills. over the course of the year, he earned returns of 9.7 percent, 5.4 percent, and 3.8 percent, respectively. what was the risk premium on tattler's stock for the
The risk premium on Tattler's stock for the last year was 4.3 per cent. This means that by investing in Tattler's stock, Neal earned an additional 4.3 per cent return compared to a risk-free investment.
To calculate the risk premium on Tattler's stock, we need to find the difference between the return on Tattler's stock and the risk-free rate.
In this case, Neal invested $5,000 in Tattler's stock, which earned a return of 9.7 per cent. The risk-free investments include $5,000 in long-term government bonds with a return of 5.4 per cent and $5,000 in U.S. Treasury bills with a return of 3.8 per cent.
To calculate the risk premium on Tattler's stock, we subtract the risk-free rate from the return on Tattler's stock:
Risk Premium = Return on Tattler's stock - Risk-free rate
Risk Premium = 9.7% - 5.4%
Risk Premium = 4.3%
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Consider a Cournot duopoly with two firms, i = 1,2. Each company has a cost of production c(qi) = 10qi. The market demand function is P = 130−Q, Q = q1 +q2. Consider an infinitely repeated version of this game, where in each period each company decides to collude or not to collude. When it chooses collusion, a company produces half of the monopoly level of output. When it chooses no collusion, a company produces the Cournot level of output. Prove that, for some value of the discount factor δ, there is a profile of strategies that is a subgame perfect equilibrium.
To prove that there is a subgame perfect equilibrium (SPE) in the infinitely repeated version of the Cournot duopoly game with collusion, we need to show that there exists a strategy profile that satisfies the conditions of SPE.
In this game, each firm can choose between collusion or no collusion in each period. When collusion is chosen, a firm produces half of the monopoly level of output. When no collusion is chosen, a firm produces the Cournot level of output.
To construct an SPE, we need to find a strategy profile that induces firms to collude and maintain collusion over time. One possible strategy profile is "Collude in every period."
In the repeated game, the threat of punishment can sustain collusion. If a firm deviates from collusion and produces the Cournot level of output, the other firm can punish it by also producing the Cournot level of output, resulting in lower profits for both firms compared to colluding. This threat of punishment acts as a deterrent against deviation.
To support the collusion strategy, we need to introduce a discount factor δ, representing the firms' patience or future value of profits. With a sufficiently high discount factor, the firms prioritize long-term profits over short-term gains from deviation.
By setting an appropriate discount factor δ, we can ensure that the "Collude in every period" strategy profile is a subgame perfect equilibrium. This strategy induces collusion and sustains it over time by considering the long-term benefits of cooperation.
Therefore, there exists a value of the discount factor δ that makes the "Collude in every period" strategy profile a subgame perfect equilibrium in the infinitely repeated Cournot duopoly game with collusion.
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which of the following statements is true concerning electronic communication networks (ecns)? qid: 3569506 mark for review a they can be used only by retail investors. b they can be used by investors who want to trade anonymously. c they can be used only by institutional investors. d they can be used by clients who don't want to use a broker-dealer.
The true statement about concerning electronic communication networks is; They can be used by investors who want to trade anonymously. Option B is correct.
Electronic Communication Networks (ECNs) are electronic platforms that allow investors, both retail and institutional, to trade securities directly with each other. ECNs provide a venue for buyers and sellers to interact and execute trades without the need for a traditional broker-dealer intermediary.
One of the advantages of using ECNs is the ability to trade anonymously. Investors can place orders and execute trades without revealing their identity to other market participants. This can be particularly useful for institutional investors or individuals who prefer to maintain confidentiality in their trading activities.
Hence, B. is the correct option.
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during january, the company provided services for $35,000 on credit. on january 31, the company estimated bad debts using 2 percent of credit sales. on february 4, the company collected $17,500 of accounts receivable. on february 15, the company wrote off $100 account receivable. during february, the company provided services for $25,000 on credit. on february 28, the company estimated bad debts using 2 percent of credit sales. on march 1, the company loaned $3,000 to an employee, who signed a 6% note, due in 6 months. on march 15, the company collected $100 on the account written off one month earlier. on march 31, the company accrued interest earned on the note. on march 31, the company adjusted for uncollectible accounts, based on the following aging analysis, which includes the preceding transactions (as well as others not listed). prior to the adjustment, allowance for doubtful accounts has an unadjusted credit balance of $1,150.
The company recorded $35,000 in services in January, $17,500 in accounts receivable in February, and $500 in bad debts in March.
What are the financial information?In March, it loaned $3,000, collected $100, and adjusted for uncollectible accounts. The total uncollectible accounts is $1,950, and the allowance for doubtful accounts has an unadjusted credit balance of $1,150. The company will need to record a bad debt expense of $800.
Here is a table of the transactions and the resulting uncollectible accounts:
Month Credit Sales Estimated Bad Debts Uncollectible Accounts
January $35,000 $700 $700
February $25,000 $500 $1,200
March $0 $650 $1,850
Total $60,000 $1,850 $1,950
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What examples do you have of ethical dilemmas related to
economics? How does supply and demand push businesses to do the
will of the people?
One ethical dilemma related to economics is the issue of minimum wage. Businesses want to keep labor costs as low as possible, while employees want a wage that can provide them with a decent living. This creates a conflict between the two groups, with businesses arguing that they need to keep costs down in order to remain competitive, while employees argue that they deserve a wage that reflects the work they do.
Many companies in developing countries use children to work in their factories because they can pay them lower wages than adult workers. While this practice is legal in many countries, it is still considered unethical by many people because it exploits children who should be in school instead of working.
In conclusion, ethical dilemmas related to economics arise when businesses prioritize profits over people. The principles of supply and demand can also exacerbate these issues by creating a power dynamic where businesses hold most of the cards.
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Steve Pratt, who is single, purchased a home in Riverside, California, for $432,500. He moved into the home on February 1 of year 1. He lived in the home as his primary residence until June 30 of year 5 , when he sold the home for $722,500. Note: Leave no answer blank. Enter zero if applicable. Required: a. What amount of gain will Steve be required to recognize on the sale of the home? b. Assume the original facts, except that the home is Steve's vacation home and he vacations there four months each year. Steve does not ever rent the home to others. What gain must Steve recognize on the home sale? c. Assume the original facts, except that Steve married Giuseppina on February 1 of year 3 and the couple lived in the home until they sold it in June of year 5 . Under state law, Steve owned the home by himself. How much gain must Steve and Giuseppina recognize on the sale (assume they file a joint return in year 5)? Celia has been married to Daryl for 69 years. The couple has lived in their current home for the last 20 years. In October of year 0 , Daryl passed away. Celia sold their home and moved into a condominium. What is the maximum exclusion Celia is entitled to if she sells the home on December 15 of year 1 ?
a) What amount of gain will Steve be required to recognize on the sale of the home Gain on sale of home: Sales price ($722,500) Less: Cost basis (432,500) Amount realized ($290,000)Less: Exclusion (250,000) Taxable gain$40,000b) Assume the original facts, except that the home is Steve's vacation home and he vacations there four months each year.
Steve does not ever rent the home to others. To calculate the taxable gain, we must determine the fraction of time the home was used as a vacation home. Here, the vacation home was used four out of 12 months, or 1/3 of the time. Gain on sale of home: Sales price ($722,500)Less:
Cost basis ($432,500)Amount realized ($290,000)Less: Exclusion (0)Taxable gain$290,000Taxable gain × Vacation home use fraction × Use test factor= $290,000 × 1/3 × 0.5= $48,333c) Assume the original facts, except that Steve married Giuseppina on February 1 of year 3, and the couple lived in the home until they sold it in June of year 5.
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Mars Industries has an all-equity capital structure and an unlevered cost of equity of 10%. The expected free cash flows of the company will be $16 million per year in perpetuity. The management is considering changing the capital structure by permanently increasing its debt to $40 million and using the borrowed fund to repurchase shares. The estimated cost of debt is 6% per year. The corporate tax rate is 30%. a. (0.5 mark) What is the current (unlevered) firm value of Mars Industries? b. (0.5 mark) What is the annual interest tax shield for March Industries after the change of the capital structure? c. What is the (levered) firm value of Mars Industries after the change of the capital structure? Show your work, e.g., Excel functions, formulas, and the numerical inputs, to earn partial marks.
a) To calculate the current (unlevered) firm value of Mars Industries, we use the formula for the present value of perpetuity.
Present value of perpetuity = Expected free cash flows
/ Cost of equity (unlevered)
PV = 16,000,000 / 10% = 160,000,000
The current (unlevered) firm value of Mars Industries is 160 million.
b) The annual interest tax shield for Mars Industries after the change of the capital structure is given by the formula:
Interest tax shield = Tax rate *
Interest expense= 0.3 * 2,400,000
= $720,000
The annual interest tax shield for Mars Industries after the change of the capital structure is 720,000.
c) The (levered) firm value of Mars Industries after the change of the capital structure can be calculated using the formula:
VL = VU + PV(interest tax shield) + PV(interest tax shield * Cost of equity (levered) )VU is the unlevered firm value, which is equal to 160 million from part (a).
PV(interest tax shield) = Annual interest tax shield
/ Cost of debt PV(interest tax shield)
= 720,000 / 0.06
= 12,000,000
Cost of equity (levered) = Cost of debt * (1 - Tax rate) + Beta * Equity risk premium
Cost of equity (levered)
= 0.06 * (1 - 0.3) + 1.2 * 0.08
= 0.1048VL
= 160,000,000 + 12,000,000 + 720,000
/ 0.1048= 182,291,015.6
The (levered) firm value of Mars Industries after the change of the capital structure is 182,291,015.6.
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Bansal, P., Montgomery, W., & MacMillan, K. (2020). Maple Leaf Foods: Changing the system. Ivey Publishing.
You should consider organizing your report as follows:
· introduction (Brief summary of the case – not more than 150 words)
· company background (based on data in the case and from the company’s website; not more than 150 words)
· issue (based on discussion questions provided – Please name the sections appropriately)
· evaluation of Issues
· suggested Alternatives
· conclusions
· recommendations
Other instructions:
· Word Limit: 1500 to 1800 words
· Should use APA format
· Consult your instructor regarding the use of external academic and relevant non-academic references to support your case analysis
Introduction: The case is about ‘The Maple Leaf Foods (MLF)’ which created a vision to change and became a sustainable company by focusing on society and the natural environment. The learning objectives of the case are:
· To describe how vision can drive change in an organization.
· To examine drivers and the need for organizational change.
· To examine the challenges and opportunities related to implementing change
Suggested Case Questions:
1. Discuss the key internal and external factors that led to the need for organizational change at Maple Leaf Foods.
2. Discuss the significance of organizational vision in guiding the change management efforts at Maple Leaf Foods.
3. Discuss the challenges faced by Maple Leaf Foods when implementing organizational change.
Introduction The case titled "Maple Leaf Foods: Changing the System" by Bansal, P., Montgomery, W., & MacMillan, K. (2020) revolves around the transformational journey of Maple Leaf Foods (MLF). The company aimed to become a sustainable organization by focusing on society and the natural environment.
It is one of the biggest and most diversified food processors in Canada. The company was founded in 1927 and is headquartered in Toronto, Canada. The company has four business segments: prepared meats, fresh pork, poultry, and agribusiness. It is observed that the management at MLF realized the need to shift the focus from quantity to quality. The company felt that it needed to produce high-quality food products while ensuring the health and safety of customers and employees.Evaluation of Issues The significance of organizational vision in guiding the change management efforts at MLF is the second significant issue discussed in the case.
The management at MLF believed that vision could drive change in the organization. The management decided to change its corporate culture by implementing significant organizational changes such as improved food safety practices, sustainable agriculture practices, environmental stewardship practices, and operational efficiency.The company faced several challenges such as changing the corporate culture, redefining the organizational structure, increasing employee engagement, and embedding sustainability into the corporate strategy. To overcome these challenges, the company could have developed a more comprehensive change management plan. Conclusions To conclude, The company's vision helped the management identify the need for change and align the organizational culture with sustainability.
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the good thing about negative punishment is you can use it with new problem behaviors as they emerge without revising your plan.
The statement you provided is incorrect. Negative punishment, as a behavioral modification technique, does not necessarily allow for addressing new problem behaviors without revising the overall plan. Let's clarify the concept of negative punishment and its limitations.
Negative punishment is a behavioral strategy that involves removing a desirable stimulus or consequence to decrease the occurrence of an undesired behavior. By taking away something valued or pleasant after the behavior, the aim is to discourage its repetition. While negative punishment can be effective in reducing targeted behaviors, it is not a one-size-fits-all approach, and its application may not directly address new problem behaviors. When new problem behaviors emerge, it is generally important to reassess and revise the intervention plan to effectively address the new challenges. Addressing new problem behaviors often requires evaluating the underlying causes, antecedents, and consequences of the behavior. This process may involve modifying the environment, implementing new strategies, or considering different behavioral techniques to specifically target and address the emerging behavior. Flexibility and adaptability in intervention plans are crucial when dealing with new problem behaviors. A comprehensive approach that considers the specific needs and circumstances of each situation is more likely to yield successful outcomes.
In summary, while negative punishment can be a useful technique for modifying behavior, it does not inherently allow for effectively addressing new problem behaviors without revising the overall intervention plan. Adapting strategies and approaches to target emerging behaviors is often necessary for achieving desired outcomes.
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The balance on an entity's plant and machinery account on 1 January 20×2 was £5,000. During that year the following transactions took place on the dates shown:1 May 20×2 Plant which had originally cost £750, was sold 1 September 20×2 New machinery costing £3,000 was purchased If depreciation is calculated at a rate of 10% per annum, on a strict time basis, using the straight line basis, the depreciation charge on plant and machinery for the year to 31 December 20×2, to the nearest pound is: £525 £550. £600. £625.
The depreciation charge on plant and machinery for the year to 31 December 20×2, to the nearest pound is £550.Straight line depreciation method is the method of calculating the depreciation expense for an asset by subtracting its salvage value from its purchase price, calculating that amount by the expected life of the asset and dividing by the total units expected to be produced.
The balance on an entity's plant and machinery account on 1 January 20×2 was £5,000. During that year the following transactions took place on the dates shown:1 May 20×2 Plant which had originally cost £750, was sold 1 September 20×2 New machinery costing £3,000 was purchased. If depreciation is calculated at a rate of 10% per annum, on a strict time basis, using the straight line basis, the depreciation charge on plant and machinery for the year to 31 December 20×2, to the nearest pound is £550.Therefore, the depreciation charge on plant and machinery for the year to 31 December 20×2, to the nearest pound is £550.
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Lee purchased a stock one year ago for $28. The stock is now worth $33, and the total return to Lee for owning the stock was 0.37. What is the dollar amount of dividends that he received for owning the stock during the year? Round to two decimal places.
The formula for total return is given as follows:
Total return = capital gain/loss + dividend yield
For example, capital gain/loss = (ending stock price – initial stock price) / initial stock price
Dividend yield is calculated as follows:
Dividend yield = dividends per share / stock price Initial stock price= 28
Ending stock price = 33
Total return to Lee = 0.37
Capital gain/loss = Total return - dividend yield0.37
= (33-28)/28 + dividend yield
Dividend yield = 0.12 = dividend / 28
Dividend = 3.36 dollars for owning the stock during the year.
So, the dollar amount of dividends Lee received for owning the stock during the year is 3.36.
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Single-period inventory models are used in situations involving items that can be carried in inventory and sold in future periods.
a. True b. False
The statement that, "Single-period inventory models are used in situations involving items that can be carried in inventory and sold in future periods" ia False.
What are single-period inventory models?The single-period inventory models are used to depict cases where only one order is made for a product and by the end of the inventory period, these would hold little or no value.
So, it is wrong to say that "Single-period inventory models are used in situations involving items that can be carried in inventory and sold in future periods." This is only applicable to multiple-period inventory.
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Although GDP is a reasonably good measure of a nation's output, it does not necessarily include all transactions and production for that nation. Which of the following scenarios are either not accounted for or measured inaccurately by either the income or the expenditure methods of calculating GDP for the United States? Check all that apply. The quality of goods available to consumers The value of babysitting services, when the babysitter is paid in cash and the transaction isn't reported to the government The loss of enjoyment people incur when scenic land is converted to commercial use Expenditures on federal highways When a U.S. company purchases and imports wood from Brazil to use to build new houses within the United States, this purchase increases the component of GDP while also net exports by the same amount. Therefore, the purchase of wood from Brazil causes in US GDP.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total value of goods and services produced by a country over a specific period. The GDP is a measure of a country's economy, and it gives a rough idea about a country's standard of living. However, the GDP is not a perfect measure of a nation's output as it does not account for all the transactions and production of the country.
Some of the scenarios that are not accounted for or measured inaccurately by either the income or the expenditure methods of calculating GDP for the United States are as follows: The quality of goods available to consumers
The value of babysitting services, when the babysitter is paid in cash and the transaction isn't reported to the government
The loss of enjoyment people incur when scenic land is converted to commercial use
Expenditures on federal highways
When a U.S. company purchases and imports wood from Brazil to use to build new house within the United States, this purchase increases the component of GDP while also net exports by the same amount. Therefore, the purchase of wood from Brazil causes in US GDP. The quality of goods available to consumers is not accounted for or measured inaccurately by either the income or the expenditure methods of calculating GDP for the United States. GDP only measures the value of goods produced, and it does not account for their quality.
The value of babysitting services, when the babysitter is paid in cash and the transaction isn't reported to the government is also not accounted for in GDP calculation. GDP measures only the value of goods and services produced by the formal sector of the economy, and therefore, informal services like babysitting services are not accounted for.
When a U.S. company purchases and imports wood from Brazil to use to build new houses within the United States, this purchase increases the component of GDP while also net exports by the same amount. Therefore, the purchase of wood from Brazil causes in US GDP.
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Most important internal sales promotion efforts are directed at salespeople and other customer contact people. Which of the following exemplify internal promotion efforts?
a) offering sampling of products
b) salary raises
c) participating in trade shows
d) sales training
e) the development of sales aids like flip charts
The answer is b), d, and e. Salary raises are a form of internal promotion effort that provides financial incentives to salespeople for their performance.
They contribute to the motivation and job satisfaction of salespeople. Sales training programs are designed to enhance the knowledge, skills, and abilities of salespeople. These programs focus on improving selling techniques, product knowledge, customer relationship management, and other relevant competencies. The development of sales aids, such as flip charts, brochures, or presentations, is another internal promotion effort. These materials provide salespeople with visual aids and persuasive tools to effectively communicate the features, benefits, and value of their products or services to customers. Offering sampling of products and participating in trade shows are not internal promotion efforts. They are external promotion efforts that are directed towards customers.
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