Answer:
All viruses depend on cells for reproduction and metabolic processes. By themselves, viruses do not encode for all of the enzymes necessary for viral replication. But within a host cell, a virus can commandeer cellular machinery to produce more viral particles. Bacteriophages replicate only in the cytoplasm, since prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or organelles. In eukaryotic cells, most DNA viruses can replicate inside the nucleus, with an exception observed in the large DNA viruses, such as the poxviruses, that can replicate in the cytoplasm. RNA viruses that infect animal cells often replicate in the cytoplasm.
The Life Cycle of Viruses with Prokaryote Hosts
The life cycle of bacteriophages has been a good model for understanding how viruses affect the cells they infect, since similar processes have been observed for eukaryotic viruses, which can cause immediate death of the cell or establish a latent or chronic infection. Virulent phages typically lead to the death of the cell through cell lysis. Temperate phages, on the other hand, can become part of a host chromosome and are replicated with the cell genome until such time as they are induced to make newly assembled viruses, or progeny viruses.
The Lytic Cycle
During the lytic cycle of virulent phage, the bacteriophage takes over the cell, reproduces new phages, and destroys the cell. T-even phage is a good example of a well-characterized class of virulent phages. There are five stages in the bacteriophage lytic cycle (see Figure 1). Attachment is the first stage in the infection process in which the phage interacts with specific bacterial surface receptors (e.g., lipopolysaccharides and OmpC protein on host surfaces). Most phages have a narrow host range and may infect one species of bacteria or one strain within a species. This unique recognition can be exploited for targeted treatment of bacterial infection by phage therapy or for phage typing to identify unique bacterial subspecies or strains. The second stage of infection is entry or penetration. This occurs through contraction of the tail sheath, which acts like a hypodermic needle to inject the viral genome through the cell wall and membrane. The phage head and remaining components remain outside the bacteria.
This figure outlines the stages of the lytic cycle. Step 1 is attachment when the phage attaches to the surface of the host. The bacteriophage is shown sitting on the surface of the bacterial host cell. Step 2 is penetration when the viral DNA enters the host cell. The image shows DNA from within the virus being injected into the host DNA. Step 3 is biosynthesis when the phage DNA replicates and the phage proteins are made. The image shows various pieces of virus being built within the cell. Step 4 is maturation when the new phage particles are assembled. This shows the viral components being put together in the cell. The fifth step is lysis when the cell lyses and the newly made phages are released. This shows the cell bursting and built viruses being released.
Figure 1. A virulent phage shows only the lytic cycle pictured here. In the lytic cycle, the phage replicates and lyses the host cell.
The third stage of infection is biosynthesis of new viral components. After entering the host cell, the virus synthesizes virus-encoded endonucleases to degrade the bacterial chromosome. It then hijacks the host cell to replicate, transcribe, and translate the necessary viral components (capsomeres, sheath, base plates, tail fibers, and viral enzymes) for the assembly of new viruses. Polymerase genes are usually expressed early in the cycle, while capsid and tail proteins are expressed later. During the maturation phase, new virions are created. To liberate free phages, the bacterial cell wall is disrupted by phage proteins such as holin or lysozyme. The final stage is release. Mature viruses burst out of the host cell in a process called lysis and the progeny viruses are liberated into the environment to infect new cells.
A statue and a coin are made out of exactly the same materials. Which property will
likely be the same for both the statue and the coin? (3 points)
reactivity
all of these
density
melting point
Answer:
C i Think its density
Explanation:
What process maintains a stable internal condition, despite changes in the external environment?
A) Metabolism
B) Reproduction
C) Respiration
D) Homeostasis
Answer:Homeostasis
AP Biology
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Question 6 (Multiple Choice Worth 5 points)
(01.01 LC)
Which career is in the field of agriscience?
Pediatrician
O Food scientist
O Mayor
Athletic trainer
Answer:
food scientific
Explanation:
application of scientific principles to agriculture. so food scientific to make short.
Answer: Food science
Explanation: Agriscience is the study of agriculture, natural resources, animal science, plant science (horticulture), and food science.
GIVING BRAINLIEST do crocodiles go in salt water
Answer:
Yes, Crocdiles are found in both salt and fresh water
Explanation:
Answer:
Yes
Explanation:
I will give brainliest!!!
You're looking through a microscope at a eukaryotic cell and notice that its genetic material (DNA) is openly floating around the cytosol.
What could be a possible cause for what you're seeing through the microscope?
Choose 1 answer:
(Choice A)
A
The lysosome is damaged.
(Choice B)
B
The nucleus is damaged.
(Choice C)
C
The vacuole is damaged.
(Choice D)
D
There is no cause; genetic material should be floating around the cell in this manner.
Answer:
B. The nucleus is damaged.
Explanation:
Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and numerous membrane-enclosed organelles. DNA is present in the nucleus of the cell. If the nuclear membrane is ruptured/damaged then the nucleoplasm along with the DNA will openly float around the cytosol.
Answer: The nucleus is damaged.
Explanation: The nucleus is supposed to keep genetic material (DNA) housed within its membrane-bound structure, but in this cell, the genetic material is openly floating around the cell's cytosol. Have a nice day :)
Which statements best describe science? Check all that apply.
Science involves observation and experimentation.
Science is characterized by resistance to new information.
Science is supported by facts and processes.
Science involves the use of beliefs and opinions to construct explanations.
Science continually changes and is constantly updated.
Answer:
science is supported by facts and processes
Science involves observation and experimentation
Science continually changes and is constantly updated
Explanation:
Answer:
1,3,5
Explanation:
3 examples of abiotic factors
Answer:
Wind, rain, humidity, temperature, etc
Explanation:
Answer: wind, sunlight, soil
Explanation:
abiotic factors are non living things
What type of invertebrate are robber crabs
Answer:
Phylum Arthropoda
Explanation:
During __ cell become specialized to peform certain functions
Which statements are true about "evidence"?
1.observations which answer questions
2.proof that an idea is true
3.data to help draw a conclusion
4.information for or against an idea
Answer;
2. proof that an idea is true
Explanation:
Medium required for activity of pancreatic enzymes is
Answer:
Pancreatic juice requires alkaline medium for their action. The reason of its alkalinity is due to the presence of bicarbonate ions. Bicarbonates are used to neutralize the acidic gastric acid.
Kayla’s family has a history of high blood pressure. High blood pressure can lead to serious health problems such as heart disease. Which statement best explains why Kayla can avoid getting heart disease?
A. Genotypes that are related to high blood pressure are not inherited.
B. Phenotypes that are related to high blood pressure are not inherited.
C. The genotype of high blood pressure can be changed.
D. The phenotype of high blood pressure can be change.
why is cell called structural and functional unit of life
Answer:
it is called structurel and functional unit of life because it control all activities of your body
what is a scientific question
A question that is based on observations and that is testable
Explanation:
dictionary
Answer: a question that is based on observations and that is testable
Explanation: Hope this helps :)
Plsss helppp plllsss helppp
Answer:
A
Explanation:
A solution with a pH lower that 7.0 is acidic, so that narrows the answers down to a and d. OH- is a base and H+ is acidic, so the answer is A
Answer:
I cant really read it, its kinda blurry.
Explanation:
What are the different components of the Earth's system?
The Earth itself is part of the earth system. It can be sub-divided into four more components, or different sub-spheres.
-geosphere
-atmosphere
-hydrosphere
-biosphere
Which of these molecules might be found in a molecule that catalyzes a chemical
reaction?
(B.9A, B.90)
DNA, a nucleic acid
lard, a fat
valine, an amino acid
glucose, a sugar
Answer:
a
Explanation:
because
Answer:
Valine, an Amino Acid
Explanation:
Which of the following structures are found in eukaryotes, but not prokaryotes?
Choose 1 answer:
(Choice A) Golgi body
(Choice B) Cytosol
(Choice C) Cilia
(Choice D) Cell membrane
The structures that are found in eukaryotes, but not prokaryotes are:
Golgi bodyCilia. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain cytosol and cell membrane structures.The Golgi apparatus is known as a cellular organelle whose function is to handle the proteins synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum.
It is found in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for completing the production process of certain proteins.
Cilia are a series of short and numerous mobile extensions of the plasma membrane that line the cell surface of some eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells form living unicellular organisms, they present their genetic material dispersed in the cytoplasm, because they lack a cell nucleus.
Its cell membrane is responsible for delimiting the organism, which also lacks any type of organelle or cell divisions.
Therefore, we can conclude that the structures that are found in eukaryotes, but not prokaryotes are: Golgi body and Cilia and both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain cytosol and cell membrane structures ..
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[GIVING BRANLIEST]
Ribosomes produce proteins in cells; however, the type of protein that ribosomes produce depends greatly on where they can be found in the cell. Ribosomes found in the cytoplasm produce proteins that aid in chemical reactions. The other type of ribosomes are found in the _____________________ and produce proteins that
______________________.
A. Golgi Apparatus; repair broken organelles
B. Endoplasmic Reticulum; repair broken organelles
C. Endoplasmic Reticulum; store and transport nutrients
D. Golgi Apparatus; store and transport nutrients
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
The golgi apparatus help make protiens to repaire the cell membrane.
Hey there!
ANSWER: A. Golgi Apparatus; repair broken organelles
Ribosomes produce proteins in cells; however, the type of protein that ribosomes produce depends greatly on where they can be found in the cell. Ribosomes found in the cytoplasm produce proteins that aid in chemical reactions. The other type of ribosomes are found in the Golgi Apparatus and produce proteins that repair broken organelles.
Hope this helps!
[tex]-TestedHyperr[/tex]
one paragraph describe why oil is so important and then how it became so important. PLEASE HELP ME!!!!!! THANK YOU SOOOO MUCH!!!! btw its for enviromental systems and ecology
Explanation:
Oil: the lifeblood of the industry realised nation's Oil has become the world's most important source of fuel since the mid-1950s. Its stocks underpin new community, largely stocking fuel to strength industry, heat homes and provide fuel for automobiles and aeroplanes to hold up goods and civilization all over the world.
Oil has High Energy Density. ...
Oil is Easily Available. ...
Oil is Used in a Variety of Industries. ...
Oil is a Constant Power Source. ...
Emission of Greenhouse Gases. ...
Water Pollution. ...
Oil Refining Produces Highly Toxic Substances.
Bogs are characterized by _______. a. the presence of trees b. the presence of herbaceous vegetation c. covering a large land area d. acidic groundwater
Answer:
It's D. acidic groundwater
Explanation:
d. Bogs are characterized by acidic groundwater.
What is a bog?
"A bog is a wetland of soft, spongy ground consisting mainly of partially decayed plant matter called peat."
What are characteristics of bogs?
"Bogs are characterized by spongy peat deposits, acidic waters and a floor covered by a thick carpet of sphagnum moss. Bogs receive all or most of their water from precipitation rather than from runoff, groundwater or streams."
How were bogs formed?
"Once plants began to decompose at the edge of a lake and once conditions were right for peat fen to form, the lakes slowly started to reduce in size. The fen continued to grow and over time a raised bog habitat began to form. The only water that is supplied to a raised bog is rainwater which is very low in nutrients."
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What is the function of an enzyme? CHECK ALL THAT APPLY
Answer:
this is less helpful for you
Enzyme is a biocatalyst type of protein which can increase the rate of chemical reaction by reducing activation energy.
What are the properties of an enzyme ?Enzymes are protein catalysts which enhance the rate of biochemical reactions, it is pH-specific, catalyze both forward and reverse type of biochemical reaction but do not determine in which direction the reaction goes.
An enzyme have active site where the substrate bound to form desired product and the enzyme increase the rate of reaction by reducing the activation energy.
Several factors which shows their effect on the action of the enzyme like heat, temperature and varying pH, it shows absolute, relative, group, stereo-specificities and regulatory function.
The Physical properties of enzyme include act as colloid and inactivated below boiling point of water, are thermos-labile which can withstand temperatures of 100 degrees.
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Please help me anything helps.
Answer:
B ( or D but I'd say B )
Explanation:
I may so think its B because If two tectonic plates collide, they form a convergent plate boundary. Usually, one of the converging plates will move beneath the other, a process known as subduction. Deep trenches are features often formed where tectonic plates are being subducted and earthquakes are common.
( So I hoped this helped! :D )
Which of the following most likely causes the rate of a chemical reaction to increase? (5 points) Decreasing the reaction temperature Slowing down the reacting molecules Taking away heat from the reaction Adding heat to the reaction
Answer:
Adding heat to the reaction
Explanation:
heat increases the kinetic energy of the reacting molecules thereby increasing the rate of reaction.
Answer:
D.adding heat to the reaction
Explanation:
i got it right on the quiz
What are two other abiotic factors that could also be studied to help determine the health of the streams in the two watersheds?
-aquatic insects and sunlight
-phytoplankton and water depth
-light penetration and water flow rate
-water flow rate and macroinvertebrates
I'm not completely sure about this answer because our unit on that was very short. So please don't be upset if its incorrect.
The answer is phytoplankton and water depth, because in order for any ecosystem to survive they need the producer population (Plants)
Middle School
Basic Rank
I will give brainliest!!! Part of the Golgi body membrane can pinch off and move away to other parts of the cell. What is the purpose of this process? Choose 1 answer: (Choice A) A To collect amino acids for protein synthesis. (Choice B) B Producing ATP for the cell (Choice C) C To send messages to the nucleus (Choice D) D To deliver proteins to other locations in the cell
Answer:
d-to deliver proteins to other locations in the cell
Explanation:
i just know
The purpose of the pinching off the Golgi membrane is to deliver proteins to other locations in the cell. The correct option is D.
What is Golgi body?The Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. It is also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi.
It is a component of the cytoplasmic endomembrane system that packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles before they are transported to their destination.
Thus, the correct option is D.
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During which moon phase do spring tides occur?
O new moon and full moon
O first quarter and third quarter
O waxing gibbous and waning gibbous
O waxing crescent and waning crescent
I’m in science
Explanation:
new moon and full moon phase
Answer:
New moon and full moon, about every 14 days.
Explanation:
Which Atom is a carbon atom?
A
B
C
(look at picture)
The second structure shows the structure of carbon atom because atomic number of carbon is 6. Therefore, option B is correct.
What is carbon atom ?The carbon is an element denoted by symbol "C". The atomic number of carbon is 6. It belongs to the 14th period in the periodic table. Carbon is a nonmetal and the shape of carbon is tetravalent, so it has 4 electrons in the valence shell.
Carbon atom available in many forms, including carbon dioxide, coal, a cow, sugar and diamond. Carbon forms covalent bonds with atoms of carbon or other elements because it has 4 electrons in the valence shell.
In the second structure we see that there are four electrons are preset in valence shell ad the total number of electron present is six. Therefore, the second structure shows the carbon atom.
Thus, option B is correct.
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Which of the following is the most direct evidence for evolution?
A. Biogeography.
B. Anatomy.
C. Developmental biology.
D. Fossil record.
Answer:
D. Fossil record.
Explanation:
The fossil record evidences the evolutionary history of life on Earth by tracing the life forms that existed from earlier geological times and remained in the sedimentary rock. Different fossils were dated in the sedimentary rocks of all geological periods. The simplest forms of life were discovered in the oldest rocks, while more complex fossil organisms were found in the newest rocks. In consequence, the fossil record can support the evolutionary process as proposed by Charles Darwin, who indicated that the simplest forms of life evolved in more complex organisms.
What are the three main types of tectonic plate boundaries?
a. convergent, divergent, and transform
b. continental, oceanic, and convergent
c. oceanic, convergent, and divergent
d. transform, continental, and divergent
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
С
D
Answer:A
Explanation:
The three main types of tectonic plate boundaries are convergent, divergent, and transform. The correct option is a.
What are tectonic plate boundaries?Tectonic plate boundaries are the different types of boundaries, that show how the tectonic plates are connected to each other. There are three types, convergent, divergent, and transform.
The three types are:
Convergent boundaries- when two plates are colliding.Divergent boundaries- when two plates are moving apart.Transform boundaries- when plates slide past each other.Thus, option a. is correct regarding the tectonic plate.
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