(a) The break-even point in sales units can be calculated by dividing the fixed costs by the contribution margin per unit.(b) The break-even point in sales dollars can be calculated by multiplying the break-even point in units by the selling price per unit.
Selling price per unit: $95 Variable cost per unit: $54 Fixed costs: $576,583 Contribution margin per unit = Selling price per unit - Variable cost per unit Contribution margin per unit = $95 - $54 = $41 (a) Break-even point in sales units = Fixed costs / Contribution margin per unit Break-even point in sales units = $576,583 / $41 (b) Break-even point in sales dollars = Break-even point in sales units * Selling price per unit To calculate the break-even point in sales units, we divide the fixed costs by the contribution margin per unit. This tells us how many units need to be sold in order to cover the fixed costs. To calculate the break-even point in sales dollars, we multiply the break-even point in units by the selling price per unit. This gives us the total sales revenue needed to cover the fixed costs and achieve the break-even point.Without the actual values for the fixed costs, the break-even point in sales units and sales dollars cannot be determined precisely.
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Bring an example of Positioning, explain how marketers plan to position their products in their customer's mind, and how B2C is different form B2B when positioning products.
Minimum 250 words and at least 2 references are required in your submission.
Positioning is a strategic marketing concept that involves creating a distinct perception of a product or brand in the minds of consumers. It aims to establish a unique and favorable position for the product in the marketplace. Marketers carefully plan their positioning strategies to differentiate their products from competitors and align them with the needs and desires of their target customers.
How do marketers plan to position their products in their customer's mind?Positioning involves a series of steps that marketers take to establish a desired position for their products in the minds of consumers. Firstly, they conduct market research to gain insights into their target audience and understand their needs, preferences, and perceptions.
Based on this understanding, marketers identify key attributes and benefits that differentiate their product from competitors. These unique selling propositions (USPs) form the foundation of the product's positioning strategy.
Next, marketers develop a positioning statement that succinctly communicates the product's value proposition and differentiating factors. This statement is crafted to resonate with the target audience and create a memorable impression. Marketers then employ various marketing tactics and communication channels to consistently reinforce the desired positioning in the minds of consumers. This can include advertising, branding, packaging, pricing, and customer experience.
In summary, marketers plan to position their products in their customer's mind by conducting market research, identifying unique selling propositions, creating a positioning statement, and implementing consistent marketing tactics to reinforce the desired perception.
Reference- Ries, A., & Trout, J. (1981). Positioning: The battle for your mind.
- Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2016). Marketing management (15th ed.). Prentice Hall.
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given the eoq, what is the total annual cost of managing (ordering and holding) the inventory
Total annual cost = (D/Q)S + (Q/2)H where Q is the EOQ calculated from the above formula.
EOQ refers to Economic Order Quantity which refers to the ideal order quantity of a particular inventory item that will minimize the total annual cost of managing (ordering and holding) the inventory. The total annual cost of managing (ordering and holding) the inventory is a sum of both ordering cost and holding cost. The ordering cost is the cost of placing an order for inventory, and the holding cost is the cost of holding inventory in stock.EOQ is calculated as follows:EOQ = √((2DS)/H)Where:D = Annual demand for inventoryS = Ordering costH = Holding costTherefore, given the EOQ, the total annual cost of managing (ordering and holding) the inventory can be calculated as follows:The total annual cost of managing the inventory is the sum of the ordering cost and the holding cost which is given by:(D/Q)S + (Q/2)HSo, which should be related to the calculation of EOQ and how the total annual cost of managing (ordering and holding) the inventory is derived from it.
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The Federal Budget 2022-23 has halved the excise tax for the next six months on petroleum from 44 cents per litre to reduce the cost of living. Using an appropriate diagram, explain the effect of the cut in excise tax on output, employment, and price level
The cut in excise tax on petroleum is likely to increase output and employment in the petroleum industry, while reducing the price level for consumer.
Consumer refer to individuals or households who purchase goods and services for personal consumption. In the context of the Federal Budget, "consumers" are the general population who buy petroleum products, such as gasoline or diesel fuel, for their personal use. The reduction in excise tax on petroleum aims to benefit these consumers by lowering the price level of petroleum products, thereby reducing their expenses and potentially improving their overall cost of living.
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Question 3
(a) Following through from Question 2. As a result of the supply chain disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the organisation may need to re-examine the current supplier performance measurement system.
Compose an argument for the importance of a well design Supplier Performance Measurement system for the organisation.
Note that Question 3(b) does not refer to the organisation for Questions 1(b), 2 and 3(a), but it refers to the general application of the concept of Supplier Development.
Imagine that a company found that several of their long-term suppliers were not meeting the agreed performance targets. Those have been historically key suppliers which had been in the supplier base since the inception of the company. These suppliers have literally grown their business in tandem with the company’s own growth. Now, the management wants to embark on a supplier development programme to raise these key suppliers’ performance to the next level.
Propose how the ‘supplier willingness’ should be assessed to implement supplier development programme for these long-time suppliers
(a) A well-designed supplier performance measurement system is crucial for any organization that aims to remain competitive. It allows the organization to evaluate supplier performance in a structured and objective manner, providing visibility into supplier performance and the opportunity to identify areas of improvement.
Furthermore, a well-designed supplier performance measurement system promotes accountability, enabling suppliers to understand the standards they must meet and how they will be measured. This, in turn, fosters a culture of continuous improvement and encourages suppliers to strive for excellence.
(b) The supplier willingness should be assessed in the following ways to implement a supplier development programme for these long-time suppliers:
Assessing the supplier's financial stability, as suppliers that are financially sound are more likely to be willing to invest in improving their performance. Additionally, conducting interviews with key supplier personnel to assess their willingness to participate in the supplier development programme may also help assess their willingness. Incentivizing suppliers that are willing to participate in the supplier development programme by offering performance-based incentives, such as discounts or preferred supplier status, may also increase supplier willingness.
Lastly, the supplier development programme's goals and benefits should be clearly communicated to suppliers to improve their understanding of the programme and how it will benefit both the organization and suppliers.
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What is the interest earned in a savings account after 12 months on the balance of $1000 if the interest rate is 1% APY compounded yearly
The the interest earned in a savings account after 12 months on a balance of $1000, with a 1% APY compounded yearly, is $10.
How to calculate the interest earned in a savings accountUsing the formula for compound interest:
A = P(1 + r/n)^(n*t)
Given:
P = $1000
r = 0.01 (1% in decimal form)
n = 1 (compounded yearly)
t = 1 year
Substituting the values into the formula:
A = 1000(1 + 0.01/1)^(1*1)
A = 1000(1.01)^1
A = 1000(1.01)
A = 1010
The final amount after 12 months is $1010.
To find the interest earned, we subtract the initial balance from the final amount:
Interest earned = A - P
Interest earned = $1010 - $1000
Interest earned = $10
Therefore, the interest earned in a savings account after 12 months on a balance of $1000, with a 1% APY compounded yearly, is $10.
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A perpetuity has a PV of $22,000. If the interest rate is 6%, how much will the perpetuity pay every year? A $1,056 B. $1,320 C. $792 D. $660
Perpetuity is a type of financial product that involves regular payments of a fixed amount.The correct option is B. $1,320
These payments are made for an indefinite period, or until the death of the person receiving the payments or the ending of a specific event. A perpetuity has a PV of $22,000. If the interest rate is 6%, to calculate how much the perpetuity pay every year, we can use
The perpetuity formula is P = C / i,
where P is the present value of the perpetuity, C is the amount of the constant payment made each period, and i is the interest rate.So, to find the amount of the constant payment made each period, we can use the formula C = P * i.C = $22,000 * 6% = $1,320
Therefore, the perpetuity will pay $1,320 every year.
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Assume you are an open-ended mutual fund manager. What is the NAV per share of your portfolio with the following characteristics? You also maintain $50,000 of cash reserves. Assume there are 5,000 sha
The Net Asset Value (NAV) per share of the portfolio can be calculated by dividing the total net assets by the number of shares outstanding.
Given the following characteristics:
Total net assets of the portfolio (excluding cash reserves): $500,000
Cash reserves: $50,000
Number of shares outstanding: 5,000
To calculate the NAV per share, we need to subtract the cash reserves from the total net assets and then divide by the number of shares outstanding:
Net Assets = Total net assets - Cash reserves
Net Assets = $500,000 - $50,000 = $450,000
NAV per Share = Net Assets / Number of Shares
NAV per Share = $450,000 / 5,000 = $90
Therefore, the Net Asset Value (NAV) per share of the portfolio, including $50,000 cash reserves, is $90.
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Consider an annuity with 20 annual payments of $30. The first
payment occurs in exactly ten years.
What is the present value of this annuity at an annual effective
interest of 5%? Round to the nearest
The present value of an annuity can be calculated using the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity:
PV = P * (1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r
Where:
PV = Present value
P = Payment per period
r = Interest rate per period
n = Number of periods
In this case, the payment per period (P) is $30, the interest rate per period (r) is 5% or 0.05, and the number of periods (n) is 20. However, the first payment occurs in exactly ten years, so we need to discount the annuity by 10 years.
To calculate the present value, we can use the formula:
PV = 30 * (1 - (1 + 0.05)^(-20)) / 0.05
Evaluating this expression will give us the present value of the annuity rounded to the nearest.
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State at least six attributes amongst others which
point to potential areas of vulnerability as far as audit risk
implications are concerned.
When assessing potential areas of vulnerability and audit risk implications, auditors consider various attributes that could indicate increased risk.
Here are six attributes among others that can point to potential areas of vulnerability:
Complexity: Complex transactions, operations, or financial instruments increase the risk of errors, misstatements, or fraudulent activities. The more intricate the processes and systems, the higher the potential for vulnerabilities.
Lack of Internal Controls: Inadequate internal controls increase the risk of financial misstatements, fraud, or noncompliance. Weak controls in areas such as segregation of duties, authorization procedures, or monitoring can leave room for errors or intentional misconduct.
Industry and Regulatory Environment: Certain industries or sectors, such as financial services or healthcare, may be subject to specific regulations or complex accounting standards. Compliance with these regulations and standards is critical, and any noncompliance can lead to increased audit risk.
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A corporation can finance its assets by each of the following except: a. Borrowing. b. Issuing stock c. Creating and keeping net income. d. Paying dividends.
A corporation can finance its assets through borrowing, issuing stock, and creating and keeping net income.
Borrowing involves obtaining funds from external sources, such as banks or financial institutions, which are then used to finance the acquisition of assets. Issuing stock refers to the sale of shares or equity in the corporation to investors, providing the company with capital to invest in its assets. Creating and keeping net income is another method of financing, where the corporation generates profits from its operations and retains those earnings to reinvest in its assets.
However, paying dividends does not directly finance assets. Dividends are distributions of profits to shareholders, providing them with a return on their investment. While dividends are typically funded from net income, they do not contribute directly to asset financing but rather reward shareholders for their ownership.
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List the basic financial statements required by GASB
standards and briefly explain their purposes.
The basic financial statements required by GASB standards and briefly explain their purposes are as follows:
Statement of Net Position: It describes the difference between the total assets and the liabilities, which can include all the deferred outflows of resources and deferred inflows of resources.
Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balance: It describes how much money a government spent and received in a year by showing its revenues and expenses on the one hand and any changes in the fund balance on the other.
Cash Flow Statement: This is a statement that shows the amount of money flowing in and out of an organization or an entity over a specified period. Its main purpose is to show the ability of an organization to meet its financial obligations.
Statement of Activities: It describes how a government's net position changed in a given year, identifying the causes of the changes in revenues and expenses, as well as other revenue sources such as donations and grants.
Notes to Financial Statements: This is a disclosure that gives the required additional information to better understand the numbers presented in the primary statements and also includes other disclosures deemed necessary to provide a complete picture of a government's financial performance.
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The GASB sets high standards for financial reporting by state and local governments to provide financial information that is relevant, reliable, and comparable.
The basic financial statements required by GASB standards and their purposes are as follows:
1. Statement of Net Position
This financial statement reveals information on a government’s financial status as of a specific date. It explains what the government owns, what it owes, and what is left over.
2. Statement of Activities
This statement provides information on the financial outcomes of a government’s activities. The statement shows the costs of delivering services, the revenue that the government received, and how much it made or lost.
3. Statement of Cash Flows
This statement provides a summary of how the government’s cash inflows and outflows changed during a specific period.
4. Fund Financial Statements
This set of financial statements provides data on a government’s operations by funds and account groups. The focus is on legal restrictions, purposes, and limitations. The primary objectives of the fund financial statements are to identify the resources that are being held to satisfy the government's current obligations and to disclose how these resources were used to achieve the government's purposes.
These financial statements must be presented according to the General Purpose External Financial Reporting Framework. They must also be prepared with a clear understanding of the interrelationships among the statements and other disclosures made in the financial report. This will help ensure that the report as a whole is comprehensive, consistent, and understandable to its readers.
In conclusion, the GASB sets high standards for financial reporting by state and local governments to provide financial information that is relevant, reliable, and comparable.
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Write a page beginning with the following statements:
"Although before this class I believed . . . . , in fact . . . . "
1. Explain why you or others could believe the idea was correct
2. Explain carefully why the idea is incorrect
3. Explain why it is important that we understand the idea correctly
4. Finally, explain why misunderstanding the concept leads to a problem that is resolved if we understand the concept correctly.
Although before this class I believed that success was solely determined by innate talent and abilities, in fact, I have come to understand that hard work and perseverance play a crucial role in achieving success.
1. Many people, including myself, could believe in the idea that success is determined by innate talent and abilities due to societal narratives and cultural beliefs. We often hear stories of individuals who seem to possess exceptional skills from a young age or are born into talented families, which reinforces the notion that success is predetermined.
2. However, the idea that success is solely determined by innate talent is incorrect. Research has shown that hard work, determination, and deliberate practice are significant factors in achieving expertise and success in various fields. Natural abilities may provide a foundation, but without consistent effort and dedication, talent alone is not sufficient to excel.
3. It is important that we understand the idea correctly because it affects our mindset and approach toward personal and professional growth. Believing in the myth of innate talent can lead to a fixed mindset, where individuals feel limited by their perceived lack of inherent abilities. Recognizing the importance of hard work and perseverance encourages a growth mindset, empowering individuals to develop their skills and reach their full potential.
4. Misunderstanding the concept of success based on innate talent can lead to a problem of limiting oneself or others based on predetermined notions. It can discourage individuals from pursuing their passions or exploring new opportunities, assuming they do not possess the inherent talent required. However, understanding that success is attainable through hard work and dedication opens up possibilities and motivates individuals to strive for excellence. Embracing this perspective fosters a culture of resilience, learning, and continuous improvement, ultimately leading to personal growth, innovation, and societal progress.
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Search the Internet for the websites of organization development and other management
consultants. Try to find an explicit or implicit model of organization or organizational
change that they recommend. How do these relate to the approaches presented in Chapter
4?
Few websites of organization development and other management consultants are www.od-consultants.com
hrweb.mit.eduwww.odportal.comwww.codhyd.orgwww.helioshr.comModel for organization development:Phase 1: Plan: Identify the problem, define the situation, identify and describe the target audience, and define the intended outcomes.
Phase 2: Design: Create content for the topic and activities for delivery.
Phase 3: Implement: Measure participation in the program through appropriate delivery methods.
Phase 4: Measure: Conduct an evaluation of the entire program to measure its impact. Report the results to stakeholders.
Organisational development:Hierarchical improvement is an arranged, precise change in the qualities or tasks of workers to make generally speaking development in an organization or association. Because it adheres to a specific protocol that management clearly communicates to all employees, it differs from everyday operations and workflow enhancements.
What is the course of OD?The steps of the organizational development process are organized and based on research. Normal execution steps incorporate the accompanying: determining a need for improvement. Finding a need that is in line with business objectives is the first step in organizational change.
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If your external reinvestment rate is 4.50%, determine the external rate of return for the investment opportunity summarized below. Time Amount 0 You pay 10,000 pesos Year CHEGGSTYY THIS of each year ESTION You received 63,000 pesos at the end End of Year 9 You pay 225,000 pesos Years 11-19 You receive 85,000 pesos at the end of each year End of Year 21 You pay 50,000 pesos End of Year 24 You receive 175,000 pesos.
To determine the external rate of return for the investment opportunity, we need to calculate the present value of cash inflows and outflows at a discount rate of 4.50%.
To calculate the external rate of return, we need to discount the cash flows to their present values and equate the sum of present values to the initial payment. The discount rate is given as 4.50%.
The cash flows can be summarized as follows:
Time 0: You pay 10,000 pesos (outflow)
End of Year 9: You receive 63,000 pesos (inflow)
End of Year 11-19: You receive 85,000 pesos each year (inflow)
End of Year 21: You pay 50,000 pesos (outflow)
End of Year 24: You receive 175,000 pesos (inflow)
To calculate the present value of each cash flow, we use the discount rate of 4.50%. Once we have the present value of each cash flow, we sum them up.
By comparing the sum of the present values with the initial payment of 10,000 pesos, we can determine if the investment opportunity provides a positive or negative external rate of return. If the sum is higher than the initial payment, the external rate of return is positive, indicating a profitable investment. If the sum is lower, the external rate of return is negative, indicating a loss.
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If you were going to leave your employer to start your own business what are some factors that you would have to consider? Do Not Just List them. Discuss Each One. What would be your fear of leaving your Employer? What will stop you from leaving your employer?
Fear of failure, fear of the unknown, fear of change, lack of funds, lack of a support system, and lack of skills can all be factors that might stop someone from leaving their employer to start their own business. These fears and challenges need to be carefully considered and addressed in order to make a well-informed decision and increase the chances of success in entrepreneurship.
If you were going to leave your employer to start your own business, there are several factors that you would have to consider. Each one of these factors will impact your decision-making process and the success of your new business. Below are some of the key factors to consider when leaving your employer to start your own business:Finances: Starting a new business requires money. You need to have a clear idea of how much money you will need to start and run your business until it becomes profitable. If you don't have enough money saved, you will need to consider raising capital through investors or loans.Legal Structure: Your business's legal structure will impact your taxes, liabilities, and governance. You will need to decide if you want to form a corporation, partnership, or LLC. Each structure has its advantages and disadvantages.Customers: You need to identify your target market and create a marketing strategy to attract them to your business. Research your competition and identify what sets you apart from them. Create a unique selling proposition that resonates with your target customers.Industry: Evaluate the industry you are planning to enter. Identify the trends, opportunities, and challenges. You need to understand the market and your competition. Your research will help you identify the risks and opportunities associated with starting your business.Entrepreneurial Fear: Fear of failure, fear of the unknown, and fear of change can hold you back from starting your own business. Entrepreneurs need to take calculated risks and be willing to fail. You need to have a growth mindset and be open to learning new things. Leverage the resources available to you to reduce the fear of entrepreneurship. Do not let fear hold you back from starting your own business. What would be your fear of leaving your Employer?Leaving a secure job to start your own business can be scary. You are leaving behind a steady paycheck, benefits, and a work routine that you are comfortable with. One of the biggest fears that people have is the fear of failure. Entrepreneurship comes with risks, and you might not succeed. You need to have the right mindset and be willing to learn from your mistakes. Other fears include the fear of the unknown, fear of losing your savings, and fear of uncertainty.
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Bucher Credit Bank is offering 6.8 percent compounded daily on its savings accounts. Assume that you deposit $6,500 today.
How much will you have in the account in 3 years? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16. Use 365 days in a year.)
Future value $
How much will you have in the account in 6 years? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16. Use 365 days in a year.)
Future value $
How much will you have in the account in 12 years? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16. Use 365 days in a year.)
Future value $
Bucher Credit Bank is offering 6.8 percent compounded daily on its savings accounts and assume that you deposit $6,500 today. The future value of the deposited amount in the account after 3 years is $8017.41, after 6 years is $9827.03 and after 12 years is $15510.49.
Using the compound interest formula = PV * (1 + r/n)^(n*t)
Where, FV is the future value PV is the present value, which is $6,500r is the interest rate in decimal formn is the number of times the interest is compounded per year, which is 365t is the time in years (1 + r/n) = (1 + 0.068/365) = 1.00018630.
1. FV in 3 years; FV = PV * (1 + r/n)^ (n*t) FV = 6500 * (1.000186301) ^(365*3)FV = 6500 * (1.000186301) ^1095FV = 6500 * 1.232686954 FV = $8017.41 (rounded to two decimal places)
2. FV in 6 years;FV = PV * (1 + r/n)^(n*t)FV = 6500 * (1.000186301)^(365*6)FV = 6500 * (1.000186301)^2190FV = 6500 * 1.510850159FV = $9827.03 (rounded to two decimal places)
3. FV in 12 years;FV = PV * (1 + r/n)^(n*t)FV = 6500 * (1.000186301)^(365*12)FV = 6500 * (1.000186301)^4380FV = 6500 * 2.384691495FV = $15510.49 (rounded to two decimal places).
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Bill Clinton reportedly was paid $15.0 million to write his book My Life. The book took three years to write. In the time he spent writing, Clinton could have been paid to make speeches. Given his popularity, assume that he could earn $8.7 million per year (paid at the end of the year) speaking instead of writing. Assume his cost of capital is 10.5% per year. a. What is the NPV of agreeing to write the book (ignoring any royalty payments)? b. Assume that, once the book is finished, it is expected to generate royalties of $5.4 million in the first year (paid at the end of the year) and these royalties are expected to decrease at a rate of 30% per year in perpetuity. What is the NPV of the book with the royalty payments? a. What is the NPV of agreeing to write the book (ignoring any royalty payments)? The NPV of agreeing to write the book (ignoring any royalty payments) is $ (Round to the nearest dollar.)
The NPV of agreeing to write the book (without considering royalty payments) is -$4.222 million. To calculate the NPV (Net Present Value) of agreeing to write the book without considering royalty payments, we need to compare the present value of the cash flows associated with writing the book to the cost of capital.
Given information:
- Book advance: $15.0 million
- Time spent writing: 3 years
- Opportunity cost (earnings from speaking): $8.7 million per year
- Cost of capital: 10.5% per year
First, let's calculate the earnings from speaking over the three years:
Earnings from speaking = $8.7 million/year * 3 years = $26.1 million
Next, let's calculate the present value of the earnings from speaking:
PV of earnings from speaking = $26.1 million / (1 + 0.105)^3 = $19.222 million
Now, let's calculate the NPV of agreeing to write the book:
NPV = Book advance - PV of earnings from speaking
NPV = $15.0 million - $19.222 million = -$4.222 million
Therefore, the NPV of agreeing to write the book (without considering royalty payments) is -$4.222 million.
Note: A negative NPV indicates that the investment (writing the book) is not financially favorable when compared to the opportunity cost (earnings from speaking).
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JAR-927 tour company uses two measures of activity, routes and passengers in its cost formulas used for budgeting and performance evaluation. The cost formula for tour operating costs is $56,860 per month plus $2,884 per route plus $14 per passenger. The company expected in August to perform 86 routes and serve 255 passengers, but the actual activity was 94 routes and 265 passengers. The actual tour operating costs in August was $305,100. The spending variance for tour operating costs in August would be closest to: Multiple Choice. a.$3,354 Favorable. b. $26,566 Favorable. c. $3,354 Unfavorable. d. $23,212 Favorable. e.$26.566 Unfavorable
The spending variance for tour operating costs in August would be closest to option e. $26,566 Unfavorable.
The spending variance for tour operating costs in August can be calculated by comparing the actual costs with the expected costs based on the budgeted activity levels.
The cost formula for tour operating costs consists of a fixed cost component of $56,860 per month, a variable cost component of $2,884 per route, and another variable cost component of $14 per passenger.
Based on the expected activity levels of 86 routes and 255 passengers in August, the company estimated its tour operating costs. However, the actual activity levels for the month were 94 routes and 265 passengers.
To calculate the expected costs, we can use the cost formula:
Expected costs = Fixed cost + (Variable cost per route * Number of routes) + (Variable cost per passenger * Number of passengers)
Expected costs = $56,860 + ($2,884 * 86) + ($14 * 255)
Expected costs = $56,860 + $248,504 + $3,570
Expected costs = $308,934
The actual tour operating costs in August were $305,100. The spending variance is determined by subtracting the expected costs from the actual costs:
Spending variance = Actual costs - Expected costs
Spending variance = $305,100 - $308,934
Spending variance = -$3,834
Since the spending variance is negative (-$3,834), it is considered unfavorable. Therefore, the spending variance for tour operating costs in August would be closest to (option e.) $26,566 Unfavorable.
The question should be:
JAR-927 tour company uses two measures of activity, routes and passengers in its cost formulas used for budgeting and performance evaluation. The cost formula for tour operating costs is $56,860 per month plus $2,884 per route plus $14 per passenger. The company expected in August to perform 86 routes and serve 255 passengers, but the actual activity was 94 routes and 265 passengers. The actual tour operating costs in August was $305,100. The spending variance for tour operating costs in August would be closest to:
a. $3,354 Favorable
b. $26,566 Favorable
c. $3,354 Unfavorable
d. $23,212 Favorable
e. $26.566 Unfavorable
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compute the future value of a $180 cash flow for the following combinations of rates and times. (do not round intermediate calculations. round your answers to 2 decimal places.)
To compute the future value of a $180 cash flow for the given combination of rates and times, we get the future value as $198.28
Here are the calculations you would need to make to compute the future value of a $180 cash flow for the following combinations of rates and times:
1. 5% annual rate, 10 years:
Future Value = $180 x (1 + 0.05)^10 = $295.85
2. 8% annual rate, 5 years:
Future Value = $180 x (1 + 0.08)^5 = $249.57
3. 6% semi-annual rate, 6 years (12 periods):
Future Value = $180 x (1 + 0.06/2)^(6*2) = $267.10
4. 4% quarterly rate, 2 years (8 periods):
Future Value = $180 x (1 + 0.04/4)^(2*4) = $198.28
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Pegasus Telecommunications Ltd (PTL) is considering rolling out a new cable Internet service, PTL is a taxable publicly listed corporation operating in Australia. PTL’s management is in the process of analyzing the project using the NPV method, and as a junior analyst you have been asked to gather the relevant information. For each of the following items explain briefly (no more than 1 sentence) why that item is or is not relevant to the NPV computation
A. PTL headquarters allocate central company costs to departments at a rate of $5,000 per employee per year
B. PTL’s bank will charge an interest of 12% p.a. compounded monthly on the loan required to purchase the necessary hardware
NPV or Net Present Value is a financial calculation that shows the present value of cash inflows and outflows of a project. This method uses a discounted cash flow approach to determine whether an investment will yield positive or negative results.
The following are brief explanations of why each of the given items is or is not relevant to the NPV calculation for Pegasus Telecommunications Ltd (PTL): A. PTL headquarters allocate central company costs to departments at a rate of $5,000 per employee per year:This item is relevant to the NPV calculation because it's an additional cost that needs to be included in the analysis. Since the company has allocated costs per employee, this amount must be added to the cash outflows of the project.B. PTL’s bank will charge an interest of 12% p.a. compounded monthly on the loan required to purchase the necessary hardware:This item is relevant to the NPV calculation because it affects the cash outflows of the project.
The interest charged by the bank will be added to the cost of purchasing the hardware. This higher cash outflow will reduce the NPV of the project.
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State the potential effects of AIS on the cost of goods sold of the company with any two examples.kindly Mention all references used in this question Answer.
The implementation of an Accounting Information System (AIS) can have several potential effects on the cost of goods sold (COGS) of a company. Two examples of these effects include improved inventory management and more accurate cost allocation.
Improved Inventory Management: An AIS can enhance inventory management practices, leading to a more efficient control over inventory levels and reducing the risk of stockouts or overstocking. By integrating inventory data with sales and production information, an AIS can provide real-time updates on inventory levels, reorder points, and lead times. This enables the company to optimize inventory levels, avoid unnecessary carrying costs, and minimize the risk of stock obsolescence. As a result, the cost of goods sold can be reduced by avoiding excessive inventory carrying costs and potential losses from obsolete or expired inventory.More Accurate Cost Allocation: An AIS can improve the accuracy of cost allocation methods used in determining the cost of goods sold. By capturing and processing data related to various cost components such as direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead, an AIS can provide a more precise calculation of the cost of each unit produced. This allows for more accurate allocation of costs to individual products or inventory items based on their actual usage of resources. As a result, the cost of goods sold can be calculated more accurately, reflecting the true cost incurred in the production of each item.The implementation of an AIS can have a positive impact on the cost of goods sold of a company. Improved inventory management and more accurate cost allocation are two examples of how an AIS can contribute to reducing the cost of goods sold. By optimizing inventory levels and accurately allocating costs, a company can enhance its profitability and operational efficiency.
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3. This question considers how the FX market will respond to changes in monetary policy. For these questions, define the exchange rate as South Korean won per Japanese yen, Ewon/x. Use the FX and money market diagrams to answer the following questions. On all graphs label the initial point A
An increase in the Bank of Korea's money supply leads to a short-run depreciation and long-run appreciation of the South Korean won.
When the Bank of Korea increases the money supply, it shifts the supply of South Korean won in the FX market to the right. In the short run, this leads to an excess supply of won, causing its value to depreciate relative to the Japanese yen (labelled as point B). However, in the long run, the increased money supply creates inflationary pressures, causing the demand for money to rise.
As a result, the money demand curve shifts to the right, increasing the interest rate. This higher interest rate attracts foreign capital, leading to an increased demand for South Korean won and an appreciation of its value (labelled as point C). Therefore, the initial depreciation in the short run is eventually offset by the appreciation in the long run due to the impact of inflation and interest rates.
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The question is inappropriate, the complete question is:
This question considers how the FX market will respond to changes in monetary policy. For these questions, define the exchange rate as South Korean won per Japanese yen, Ewon/*. Use the FX and money market diagrams to answer the following questions. On all graphs, label the initial equilibrium point A.
a. Suppose the Bank of Korea permanently increases its money supply. Illustrate the short-run (label the equilibrium point B) and long-run effects (label the equilibrium point C) of this policy.
differences between a job order cost system and a process cost system include all of the following except the group of answer choices
A. unit cost computations.
B. flow of costs.
C. point at which costs are totaled.
D. documents used to track costs.
The point at which costs are totaled is not a difference between job order cost and process cost systems.(C)Job order cost system and process cost system have different features, and the differences between them are as follows:
Difference between Job order cost system and process cost system:Job order cost system:Job order costing is a technique used by companies that manufacture products to order and provides custom services to its customers. It is used by businesses that manufacture unique items, and each order is treated differently from the other. Job order costing's fundamental principle is that each product is unique, and its cost is determined by specific characteristics. This costing system is used in industries such as printing, construction, furniture making, etc.Process cost system:A process cost system is a costing system that tracks the cost of producing products or services in large quantities. Industries that produce homogeneous goods, such as chemicals, steel, petroleum, flour, and food, use process costing. Process costing is a method of determining costs that assigns costs to processes, such as a specific process of manufacturing or packaging a product. The cost of each item is calculated by dividing the total production cost by the number of items produced. In process costing, the products being produced are identical, so the cost of each item is calculated by dividing the total cost of the process by the number of items produced.
The primary objective of process costing is to determine the cost of each item that goes through the manufacturing process.Group of answer choices that is not a difference between the Job order cost system and the process cost system is: Point at which costs are totaled. Answer is C.In these two systems, there is no significant difference in the point at which costs are totaled. Both systems calculate costs at the end of each period, so the point at which costs are totaled is not a difference between job order cost and process cost systems.
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Lacie Plc will require various additional machinery and equipment once the new factory has been acquired. For part of its manufacturing operations a specific machine is necessary and two such machines have been identified for possible investment: Machine 1 Machine 2 £ £ 1,240,000 1,200,000 Original investment required Estimated future cash flows: Year 1 216,400 412,800 Year 2 360,000 412,800 Year 3 504,000 316,800 Year 4 648,000 292,800 Year 5 235,200 340,800 Estimated residual value 144,000 96,000 The company requires a return of 14% on their investment. The present value of £1 received at the end of 'n' years, given a 14% and 24% rates of interest is as follows: 14% 24% Year 1 0.877 0.806 Year 2 0.769 0.650 Year 3 0.675 0.524 Year 4 0.592 0.423 Year 5 0.519 0.341 Required: a. Calculate for both machines: I. The Payback Period. II. The Net Present Value at 14% discount rate. The Internal Rate of Return, using the method of interpolation (30 marks) b. From your calculations which machine should Joey Plc select and why? (10 marks) C. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the three investment techniques you have used in your appraisal of the two machines. (10 marks)
Based on the calculations, a recommendation can be made regarding which machine Joey Plc should select. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of the three investment techniques are discussed.
To calculate the payback period, the cumulative cash flows are determined until the point when the initial investment is recovered. The machine with the shorter payback period is generally considered more favorable as it recovers the investment faster.
The net present value is computed by discounting the future cash flows using a 14% discount rate and subtracting the initial investment. A positive NPV indicates profitability, while a negative NPV suggests a potential loss.
The internal rate of return is found by determining the discount rate that makes the NPV zero. Interpolation is used to estimate this rate.
After performing these calculations for both machines, a comparison is made to determine the more favorable option based on the payback period, NPV, and IRR.
In the discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the three investment techniques, the strengths and limitations of each method are evaluated. This includes considering factors such as simplicity, time value of money, risk assessment, and decision-making criteria.
By considering the results of the calculations and weighing the advantages and disadvantages, a recommendation can be made regarding which machine Joey Plc should select for investment.
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Suppose the equilibrium price for basketballs is $23. If every store prices their basketballs at $21, this would lead to a ______ and would put _______ pressure on prices. O surplus; downward O surplus; upward O shortage; downward shortage; upward
If every store prices their basketballs at $21 when the equilibrium price is $23, this would lead to a surplus of basketballs in the market and put downward pressure on prices. The answers in the blanks are surplus and downward respectively.
When every store prices their basketballs at $21, which is below the equilibrium price of $23, it would create a situation of surplus in the market. A surplus occurs when the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded at a given price. With the lower price, consumers are incentivized to buy more basketballs, but producers are not able to sell all their inventory.
As a result, the surplus of basketballs puts downward pressure on prices. The excess supply prompts stores to reduce prices further to attract buyers and clear their inventories. The downward pressure on prices continues until the market reaches a new equilibrium where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.
Overall, this situation represents a surplus in the market and exerts downward pressure on prices as stores compete to sell their excess supply of basketballs.
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Susan Johnson, the CEO of a publicly traded company, is trying to decide whether or not to pay take out a large long-term note in order to purchase additional inventory and increase their cash position. She believes it will make a difference in the company’s financial ratios. She has asked you to evaluate the short-term and long-term effects of taking on this additional debt in light of their financial analysis. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of issuing this long-term debt, both on the financial ratios and the company’s ability to do business.
Benefits of issuing long-term debt: Increased liquidity, Tax benefits, Improved financial ratios & Drawbacks of issuing long-term debt: Interest costs, Increased risk, Reduced flexibility. (For more detail scroll down)
As the CEO of a publicly traded company, Susan Johnson, must consider both short-term and long-term effects of taking on additional debt to purchase inventory and increase their cash position. It is important to understand the benefits and drawbacks of taking on long-term debt in order to make an informed decision. Here are some potential benefits and drawbacks of issuing long-term debt and its effect on financial ratios and the company's ability to do business:
Benefits of issuing long-term debt:
1. Increased liquidity: The company can access a larger pool of funds that may not have been available otherwise, allowing them to invest in growth opportunities.
2. Tax benefits: The interest paid on debt is tax-deductible, which can lower the company's taxable income and reduce their tax bill.
3. Improved financial ratios: Taking on long-term debt can improve certain financial ratios, such as the debt-to-equity ratio and the interest coverage ratio.
Drawbacks of issuing long-term debt:
1. Interest costs: The company will be required to pay interest on the debt, which can be a significant expense over time.
2. Increased risk: The more debt a company has, the more risk it takes on. This can make lenders and investors hesitant to provide financing in the future.
3. Reduced flexibility: When a company takes on debt, they have a legal obligation to repay it. This can limit the company's flexibility in the future if they need to make changes to their operations or investments.
In evaluating whether to issue long-term debt, it is important to consider both the short-term and long-term effects. While taking on debt can provide immediate benefits, such as increased liquidity, it can also have long-term drawbacks that can impact the company's ability to do business. In the end, it is up to Susan Johnson to weigh the benefits and drawbacks and make an informed decision that is in the best interest of the company.
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Your Memory Lane (reates custom art prints that use graphs and icons in a street scene to commemorate special occasions. Suppose that Your Memory Lane has priced its product at $350 per print. Further, it has determined that the company's fixed cost is $12,500, with average variable costs per print of $250. What is the fixed cost contribution per print? O a $11,900 O b. $700 c. $100 d. S12.250
The correct answer is c. $100. This means that for each print sold, $100 goes towards covering the fixed costs of the company. Once the fixed costs are covered, any additional revenue will contribute to the company's profit.
Your Memory Lane creates custom art prints priced at $350 per print. The fixed cost for the company is $12,500, and the average variable cost per print is $250. To calculate the fixed cost contribution per print, you need to find the difference between the selling price and the variable cost per print.
The fixed cost contribution per print is the amount of revenue from each print that goes towards covering the fixed costs before generating profit. The formula for this is:
Fixed cost contribution per print = Selling price - Variable cost per print
In this case, the fixed cost contribution per print would be:
Fixed cost contribution per print = $350 (Selling price) - $250 (Variable cost per print)
Fixed cost contribution per print = $100
Therefore, the correct answer is c. $100. This means that for each print sold, $100 goes towards covering the fixed costs of the company. Once the fixed costs are covered, any additional revenue will contribute to the company's profit.
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what type of industry is likely to use a job order cost system
A job order cost system is a type of accounting system that is used by companies that produce custom or unique products or services.
This system is particularly well-suited for industries that manufacture products in small batches or one-of-a-kind items, rather than mass-produced goods.
Industries that are likely to use a job order cost system include:
Construction: Companies in the construction industry often use a job order cost system to track the costs associated with individual projects, such as building a new home or office building.
Manufacturing: Companies that produce goods in small batches or on a made-to-order basis, such as custom furniture manufacturers or specialty food producers, may also use a job order cost system.
Printing: Print shops that produce custom print jobs, such as wedding invitations or business cards, often use a job order cost system to track the materials and labor costs associated with each job.
Film and video production: Companies in the film and video production industry often use a job order cost system to track the costs associated with producing individual movies, TV shows, or commercials.
In general, any industry that produces custom or unique products or services is likely to use a job order cost system to track the costs associated with each project or job.
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Discuss the reasons for 2008 Global Mortgage Crisis.
Please limit your report to no more than 300 words in
total.
The global mortgage crisis of 2008 occurred due to various factors. It was a result of a combination of an array of factors such as financial, political, and economic reasons. The event resulted in a worldwide recession, and it took years for the world's economy to recover.
Below are some of the reasons for the 2008 Global Mortgage Crisis:
1.Subprime Mortgage: A subprime mortgage is a loan offered to borrowers with low credit scores or a high risk of default. It offered loans to individuals who could not repay them back due to low creditworthiness.
2. Greed and Corruption: Mortgage lenders acted out of greed. They granted mortgages without checking creditworthiness. Furthermore, mortgage brokers offered subprime mortgages to borrowers, resulting in the borrowers being trapped with high-interest rates.
3. Credit Default Swaps: Credit Default Swaps (CDS) are complex financial instruments that act as insurance for the lender. It means that a borrower defaults on a loan. However, the lenders did not have enough money to compensate for the losses when the borrowers defaulted.
4. Housing Bubble: The housing bubble refers to the rise in property prices in the United States from 2000 to 2006. Lenders offered high-value mortgages to borrowers, which led to a rise in housing prices. Eventually, the housing prices grew more than the actual value of the houses. As a result, homeowners defaulted on their loans, leading to the mortgage crisis.
5. Lack of Government Regulation: The US government did not regulate the mortgage sector. It meant that the lenders acted out of greed, resulting in a lack of responsibility. Moreover, the government did not regulate the CDS market, which worsened the situation.The 2008 global mortgage crisis caused a worldwide recession that affected every sector of the economy. It shows that the greed and corruption of the market are detrimental to society and economies.
A fair system and government regulation are necessary for a stable economy. The crisis led to changes in the regulatory framework, and banks have implemented measures to prevent a repeat of the 2008 global mortgage crisis.
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Foreign exchange markets are markets in which people of one country exchange goods with people from another country.
TRUE/False? When the actual foreign exchange rate for the dollar is greater than the equilibrium rate, the dollar is undervalued, meaning that it will buy less in international trade than it will buy at home. TRUE/False ?
Foreign exchange markets are markets in which people of one country exchange goods with people from another country is a false statement. When the actual foreign exchange rate for the dollar is greater than the equilibrium rate, the dollar is undervalued, meaning that it will buy less in international trade than it will buy at home is a true statement.
Foreign exchange markets are markets in which people of one country exchange goods with people from another country is a false statement. The given statement is wrong. Foreign exchange markets are markets where people of one country exchange one currency for another currency, goods and services have no direct relation with the foreign exchange markets.
When the actual foreign exchange rate for the dollar is greater than the equilibrium rate, the dollar is undervalued, meaning that it will buy less in international trade than it will buy at home is a true statement. This is a true statement.
When the actual foreign exchange rate for the dollar is greater than the equilibrium rate, the dollar is undervalued, meaning that it will buy less in international trade than it will buy at home.
However, If the exchange rate is less, then the dollar is overvalued, and it will purchase more in international trade than at home.
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