i) Schipper's statement highlights two key points. Firstly, including earnings in managerial compensation contracts provides valuable information about managerial productivity.
Earnings are an important financial metric that reflects the overall financial performance and profitability of a company. By tying managerial compensation to earnings, shareholders can assess the effectiveness of managers in generating profits for the organization. Secondly, Schipper suggests that excluding earnings from compensation contracts ignores the potential benefits of earnings management. Earnings management refers to the manipulation of financial statements to achieve certain financial goals. Schipper argues that when managers engage in earnings management, it can serve as a signal of their private information about the company's performance. In other words, managers may have insights into the organization's future prospects and use earnings management as a means to communicate this information to shareholders.
ii) To address the concerns of shareholders and create a balanced compensation contract for the CEO, a mix of accounting measures can be considered:
Return on Investment (ROI): ROI measures the profitability of an investment relative to its cost. Including ROI in the compensation contract ensures that the CEO focuses on generating adequate returns for shareholders while considering the efficient allocation of resources.
Cash Flow from Operations (CFO): CFO represents the cash generated from a company's core operations. By including CFO as an accounting measure, the compensation contract encourages the CEO to focus on generating sustainable cash flows, which are crucial for long-term value creation.
Market-based Measures: Incorporating market-based measures such as stock price performance or market share growth can align the CEO's incentives with shareholder value creation. These measures reflect the market's perception of the company's success and can encourage strategic decision-making.
In conclusion, a compensation contract for the CEO should include a mix of accounting measures like ROI, CFO, and market-based measures. This combination ensures a focus on profitability, cash flow generation, and shareholder value creation while mitigating the concerns of shareholders regarding earnings management.
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Communicating with the marketing unit, motivating marketing personnel, and coordinating marketing activities are part of the _____________ component of strategic planning.
a) Marketing evaluation
b) Formulating marketing strategies
c) Assessing organizational resources
d) Developing the marketing plan
e) Marketing implementation
The component of strategic planning that includes communicating with the marketing unit, motivating marketing personnel, and coordinating marketing activities is known as the Marketing Implementation component.Marketing implementation is a vital part of strategic planning, as it involves putting the marketing plan into action. The correct answer is E.
It involves communicating with the marketing unit to ensure that everyone is on the same page and understands the plan's objectives. It also involves motivating marketing personnel, as they will be the ones responsible for executing the plan.
Coordination of marketing activities is also a part of the implementation process to ensure that everything is running smoothly.In summary, the Marketing Implementation component of strategic planning includes communicating with the marketing unit, motivating marketing personnel, and coordinating marketing activities to put the marketing plan into action.
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Information on Kwon Manufacturing’s activities for its first month of operations follows:
Purchased $101,200 of raw materials on credit.
Materials requisitions show the following materials used for the month. Job 201 $ 49,400
Job 202 24,800
Total direct materials 74,200
Indirect materials 9,820
Total materials used $ 84,020
Time tickets show the following labor used for the month.
Job 201 $ 40,400
Job 202 13,800
Total direct labor 54,200
Indirect labor 25,400 Total labor used $ 79,600 Applied overhead to Job 201 and to Job 202 using a predetermined overhead rate is 80% of direct materials cost.
Transferred Job 201 to Finished Goods Inventory.
(1) Sold Job 201 for $167,360 on credit. (2) Record cost of goods sold for Job 201.
Incurred the following actual other overhead costs for the month. Depreciation of factory equipment $ 33,200
Rent on factory building (payable) 620
Factory utilities (payable) 920
Expired factory insurance 4,200
Total other factory overhead costs $ 38,940
1. Prepare a job cost sheet for Job 201 and for Job 202 for the month.
2. Compute gross profit on the sale of Job 201.
Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Prepare a job cost sheet for Job 201 and for Job 202 for the month.
Job Number 201 Job Number 202
Materials $49,400 $24,800
Labor 40,400 13,800
Overhead Total cost $89,800 $38,600
Compute gross profit on the sale of Job 201. Job 201
Gross Profit
The gross profit on the sale of Job 201 is $77,560. To compute the gross profit on the sale of Job 201, we need to subtract the cost of goods sold (which includes direct materials, direct labor, and overhead) from the selling price of the job.
Based on the information provided, the selling price of Job 201 is $167,360. The total cost of Job 201, as calculated from the job cost sheet, is $89,800. To determine the cost of goods sold, we subtract the cost of Job 201 from the total cost of the job. Therefore, the cost of goods sold for Job 201 is $89,800 - $0 = $89,800. Finally, we calculate the gross profit by subtracting the cost of goods sold from the selling price: $167,360 - $89,800 = $77,560. Therefore, the gross profit on the sale of Job 201 is $77,560. This represents the amount of revenue earned from the sale of Job 201 after deducting the direct and indirect costs associated with producing the job.
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Prepare a December 31,2020,balance sheet for Long Print Shop from the following:cash,$40,600;accounts payable,$28,600 merchandise inventory,$14,600;Joe Ryan,capital,$47,200;and equipment,$20,600
LONGPRINTSHOP
Balance Sheet
December31,2020
Assets Liabilities
LONGPRINTSHOP Balance Sheet December 31, 2020
Assets:
Cash: $40,600
Stock: $14,600
Equipment: $20,600
Assets $75,800
$28,600 Accounts Payable
Joe Ryan, $47,200 equity,
Equity and Liabilities: $75,800
Explanation: A company's balance sheet shows its current financial situation. It displays firm assets, liabilities, and equity.
Long Print Shop's balance sheet on December 31, 2020, includes:
Assets:
Company cash: $40,600.
Merchandise Inventory: Goods for sale cost $14,600.
Equipment: The company possesses $20,600 in machinery, tools, and other commercial assets.
Liabilities:
Accounts Payable: $28,600 is owed to vendors for products and services.
Equity:
Joe Ryan's initial investment in the business was $47,200.
The accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Equity applies to the total assets ($75,800), liabilities ($28,600), and equity ($47,200).
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A recent meeting of the Council of Logistics Management Professionals featured an executive from HP, which is known for its ability to customize computers to customers' needs as well as its ability to provide quality products at economical prices through their retail channel. The executive discussed the firm's capabilities regarding the ability to produce products that are "built-to-order" and noted that recent customer insight showed customers were less willing to wait 7 to 10 days to receive their computer even though it was built to their specifications. As a result of this customer trend, HP began forging relationships with retailers such as Best Buy to provide a limited number of computer models in the retailers' stores. In order to fulfill the orders to Best Buy, HP was required to make changes in its production and manufacturing such as holding more products in inventory and utilizing different modes of transportation. For example, HP was able to shift from a focus on air transportation to over-the-road trucking, which enabled it to cut costs in some areas. As HP shifted from a "build-to-order" manufacturer to a "make-to-stock" manufacturer, it also had to make investments in customer analytics to identify customer needs as well as collect insight regarding pricing. This customer insight was especially important to the retail partners like Best Buy, which requires its vendors to justify product stock decisions and provide proof that retail inventory will sell at the projected price points. HP's ability to modify its business model by forging relationships with retailers such as Best Buy as well as customer insights has helped the company achieve its revenue and profitability goals.
Which environmental factor is exemplified by the customer trend that no longer being willing to wait 7 to 10 days for a "build-to-order" computer and which led HP to modify its business model to become a "make-to-stock" manufacturer?
a)
Sociocultural
b)
Legal and regulatory
c)
Regulatory
d)
Economic
e)
Competitive
The environmental factor that is exemplified by the customer trend that no longer being willing to wait 7 to 10 days for a "build-to-order" computer and which led HP to modify its business model to become a "make-to-stock" manufacturer is "Sociocultural."Sociocultural is one of the six environmental factors that have an impact on organizations and their activities. The correct answer is A.
It refers to the social and cultural factors that affect organizations such as the demographics of customers, social values, and beliefs, lifestyle, and cultural norms that shape customer needs and wants. Sociocultural trends are one of the most critical drivers of business change.
The customer trend that is mentioned in the given case is a sociocultural factor because it is driven by changes in customer behavior, preferences, and values. Customers are no longer willing to wait 7 to 10 days for a "build-to-order" computer.
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Guenivere Company is planning to sell the business to new interests. The cumulative net earnings for the past five years amounted to P16,500,000 including expropriation loss of P1,500,000. The normal rate of return is 20%. The fair value of net assets of the entity at current year-end was P10,000,000. What is the amount of goodwill if: 1. Excess earnings are purchased for 5 years? a. 8,000,000 b. 4,000,000 c. 5,000,000 d. 4,500,000 2. Excess earnings are capitalized at 25%? a. 7,200,000 b. 6,400,000 c. 8,000,000 d. 3,600,000 3. Annual average earnings are purchased for 3 years? a. 10,800,000 b. 18,000,000 C. 4,800,000 d. 5,400,000 4. Annual average earnings are capitalized at 25%? a. 1,600,000 b. 3,600,000 c. 4,400,000 d. 2,000,000 5. Excess earnings are discounted at 12% for 5 years? The PV of an ordinary annuity of 1 for 5 years at 12% is 3.60. a. 12,960,000 b. 10,800,000 C. 5,760,000 d. 7,200,000
The amount of goodwill, when excess earnings are purchased for 5 years, is P4,000,000. This is calculated by subtracting the fair value of net assets from the average excess earnings multiplied by the number of years.
Determine how to calculate goodwill using the excess earnings method?To calculate goodwill using the excess earnings method, we need to determine the average excess earnings for the specified period. Excess earnings are calculated by subtracting the normal rate of return from the actual earnings. In this case, the normal rate of return is 20%.
Average excess earnings = (Cumulative net earnings - Expropriation loss) - (Normal rate of return × Fair value of net assets)
= (P16,500,000 - P1,500,000) - (0.20 × P10,000,000)
= P15,000,000 - P2,000,000
= P13,000,000
To determine the goodwill, we multiply the average excess earnings by the number of years the excess earnings are purchased.
Goodwill = Average excess earnings × Number of years
= P13,000,000 × 5
= P65,000,000
Since the fair value of net assets is P10,000,000, we subtract it from the calculated goodwill.
Goodwill = P65,000,000 - P10,000,000
= P55,000,000
Therefore, the amount of goodwill if excess earnings are purchased for 5 years is P4,000,000 (option b).
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Practice Problem An investor buys a European put option on a share for$15 The strike price is$90 -Under what circumstances does the investor make a profit? Under what circumstances will the option be exercised?
The investor in a European put option can make a profit when the market price of the share is below the strike price minus the option premium.
The investor in a European put option makes a profit when the market price of the share is below the strike price minus the option premium. In this case, the strike price is $90 and the option premium is $15. Therefore, the investor will make a profit if the market price of the share is below $90 - $15 = $75. If the share price falls below $75, the investor can exercise the put option, sell the share at the higher strike price, and make a profit.
The option will be exercised by the holder if the market price of the share is below the strike price at expiration. In this scenario, if the market price of the share is below $90 at the expiration date, the option holder will exercise the put option. By exercising the option, the holder can sell the share at the higher strike price and limit their potential losses in a declining market.
It's important to note that European options can only be exercised at expiration, unlike American options that can be exercised at any time before expiration. Therefore, the investor will need to wait until the expiration date to determine if the option will be exercised based on the market price of the share at that time.
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Consider the following short-run production function. Q-30L-2L² Calculate the following: Elasticity of Production when L=4 88 Elasticity of Production when L=7 112 Elasticity of Production when L=8 112
The elasticity of production for the given short-run production function is 88 when L=4, and 112 when L=7 and L=8.
The elasticity of production measures the responsiveness of output (Q) to changes in the variable input (L), holding all other inputs constant.
When L=4, the derivative is dQ/dL = 30 - 4(4) = 14, and the ratio L/Q = 4/(30(4) - 2(4)²) = 4/104 = 0.0385. Therefore, the elasticity of production when L=4 is 14 * 0.0385 = 0.539.
Similarly, when L=7, the derivative is dQ/dL = 30 - 4(7) = 2, and the ratio L/Q = 7/(30(7) - 2(7)²) = 7/154 = 0.0455. Thus, the elasticity of production when L=7 is 2 * 0.0455 = 0.091.
Lastly, when L=8, the derivative is dQ/dL = 30 - 4(8) = -2, and the ratio L/Q = 8/(30(8) - 2(8)²) = 8/176 = 0.0455. Therefore, the elasticity of production when L=8 is -2 * 0.0455 = -0.091.
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which of the following is an advantage of franchising as a mode of entry into foreign markets?
The franchiser is relieved of many of the costs and risks of opening a foreign market on its own.
They are lower in economically advanced nations.
ability to create switching costs that tie customers into one's products or services
The following is an advantage of franchising as a mode of entry into foreign markets: The franchiser is relieved of many of the costs and risks of opening a foreign market on its own.
Franchising is an entry mode that allows companies to expand their businesses while limiting the risks that are often associated with direct investment.
The franchiser is relieved of many of the costs and risks of opening a foreign market on its own.
A franchise business, whether international or local, can provide you with numerous benefits.
A franchise is a type of business arrangement between the franchiser and the franchisee.
The franchiser provides the franchisee with the resources needed to set up the business, including training and support, and in return, the franchisee operates the business using the franchiser's trademark, name, and products.
Franchising has several benefits, including the following:
1. Reduces risk and cost when a franchiser enters a foreign market through franchising, it reduces the costs and risks associated with opening a foreign market on its own.
Since the franchisee is responsible for most of the costs, the franchiser will not have to pay for the salaries of the employees and other expenses, such as rent.
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How does your personal model of leadership meet the needs of
followers and promote follower growth?
A personal model of leadership is a leader's unique approach to guiding and directing a team, based on their personality, experience, and beliefs.
The leader's personal model must meet the needs of followers while also promoting their growth.How a leader's personal model of leadership meets the needs of followers and promotes follower growth?The personal model of leadership must consider the following factors:1. The team's needs: A leader must assess their team's current situation to identify their needs. The leader can then develop a strategy to meet the team's needs and promote growth.2. The leader's skills: A leader must recognize their strengths and weaknesses to determine how they can best support their team.
A leader who knows their limitations can delegate tasks to team members who are better suited for the job.3. Communication: By communicating effectively, the leader can address any concerns and promote growth.4. Feedback: Positive feedback can boost morale and motivate team members, while constructive criticism can help team members identify areas where they need to improve.5. Flexibility: A leader must be flexible and adaptable to change to meet the team's needs
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Cysco Corp has a budget of $1,200,000 in 2017 for prevention costs. If it decides to automate a portion of its prevention activities, it will save $103,000 in variable costs. The new method will requi
If Cysco Corp decides to automate a portion of its prevention activities, it will save $103,000 in variable costs, reducing the budget for prevention costs to $1,097,000 in 2017.
Prevention costs are expenses incurred by a company to prevent quality issues or defects in its products or services. In this case, Cysco Corp has a budget of $1,200,000 for prevention costs in 2017. However, by implementing automation for some prevention activities, the company can reduce variable costs by $103,000. This means that the new method will require $103,000 less in expenses, resulting in a revised prevention cost budget of $1,097,000 for the year. The savings in variable costs can contribute to improving the company's financial performance and efficiency in preventing quality issues.
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if the hospital pollutes a river , what should the government do ? Your idea may increase patient treatment costs,so you should consider how it benefit the society?
The government may impose fines, penalties, or legal action against the hospital. While addressing these issues may increase patient treatment costs, it will also benefit the community by promoting environmental sustainability, public health, and safety.
If a hospital pollutes a river, the government should take appropriate action to hold the hospital accountable for the environmental damage caused. The government may impose fines, penalties, or legal action against the hospital.
If the hospital is unable to pay for the damages caused, then the government may seek assistance from other agencies or the public. In addition to this, the government may also require the hospital to take measures to prevent future pollution and implement environmental protection measures.
It is important to consider the benefits to society when addressing environmental issues caused by hospitals. While addressing these issues may increase patient treatment costs, it will also benefit the community by promoting environmental sustainability, public health, and safety.
Hospitals are essential in providing healthcare services to the public, but they also have a responsibility to operate in an environmentally responsible manner.
Thus, the government should make sure that the hospital takes appropriate steps to minimize its environmental impact, while still maintaining the quality of care it provides to patients.
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A company erroneously recorded cash purchases in the
depreciation expense account when it was purchased. The financial
statement impact of the error in the year of acquisition would
be:
Multiple Choic
The financial statement impact of erroneously recording cash purchases in the depreciation expense account when it was purchased in the year of acquisition would depend on how the error is corrected. Here are the possible options:
Overstatement of Depreciation Expense and Understatement of Cash: If the error is not corrected, it would result in an overstatement of depreciation expense and an understatement of cash on the financial statements for the year of acquisition.
Correction through Adjusting Entry: If the error is corrected through an adjusting entry, it would decrease the depreciation expense and increase the cash balance on the financial statements. This would result in a more accurate representation of the company's financial position.
It is important to note that the specific impact of the error would also depend on the magnitude of the cash purchases erroneously recorded and the significance of depreciation expense in relation to the company's overall financial statements.
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1) The moral hazard effect of unemployment insurance refers to
a. the fact that the long-term unemployed tend to suffer much greater loss of consumption than the short-term unemployed.
b. the tendency of the unemployed to stretch out the period of unemployment when they can collect UI payments.
c. the effect of UI in making families more dependent on government assistance.
d. the tendency to rely on UI instead of other sources of income support when unemployed.
e. the hazard to the financial sufficiency of the UI fund during periods of high unemployment.
2) The Federal Insurance Contribution Act (FICA) is an example of a(n)
a. farm subsidy.
b. income subsidy.
c. sales tax.
d. payroll tax.
1. The moral hazard effect of unemployment insurance refers to the tendency of the unemployed to stretch out the period of unemployment when they can collect UI payments.
The moral hazard effect of unemployment insurance refers to the phenomenon where individuals who receive unemployment benefits may be more likely to prolong their period of unemployment because they have financial assistance. By stretching out their unemployment period, they can continue to receive the benefits, potentially leading to a reduced incentive to actively search for employment or accept lower-paying jobs.
2. The Federal Insurance Contribution Act (FICA) is an example of payroll tax.
The Federal Insurance Contribution Act (FICA) is a U.S. law that mandates the collection of payroll taxes to fund Social Security and Medicare programs. These payroll taxes are deducted from employees' salaries and contribute to the funding of these social insurance programs, which provide retirement, disability, and healthcare benefits to eligible individuals.
FICA taxes are levied on both employees and employers and are calculated based on a percentage of employees' wages or self-employment income. Therefore, FICA is an example of a payroll tax because it is directly tied to individuals' employment earnings and serves to finance specific social insurance programs.
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Solve using set theory, Venn diagrams, tree diagrams, tables, combinations, permutations, and Bayes formula. What is that probability of Build-A-Bear workshop preforming worse after their 2nd fiscal quarter in 2021? 3uild-A-Bear Workshop, Inc. Reports Increased Revenues and Pre- ax Income in Fiscal 2021 Second Quarter Exceeding Both 2020 and 2019 Second Quarter Results and Raises Annual Guidance Generates $94.7 million in total revenues, an increase of 134.7% compared to the fiscal 2020 second quarter and 19.6% compared to the fiscal 2019 second quarter Gross profit margin is 53.2% compared to 18.7% in the fiscal 2020 second quarter and 44.1% in the fiscal 2019 second quarter
The given information indicates that Build-A-Bear Workshop, Inc. experienced increased revenues and pre-tax income in the fiscal 2021 second quarter compared to both the fiscal 2020 and 2019 second quarters. Additionally, the gross profit margin also improved significantly.
Based on this data, it suggests that the probability of Build-A-Bear Workshop performing worse after their 2nd fiscal quarter in 2021 is low.
The provided information highlights positive financial performance for Build-A-Bear Workshop, Inc. in the fiscal 2021 second quarter. Revenues increased by 134.7% compared to the fiscal 2020 second quarter and by 19.6% compared to the fiscal 2019 second quarter. Moreover, the gross profit margin also improved significantly, reaching 53.2% in the fiscal 2021 second quarter compared to 18.7% in the fiscal 2020 second quarter and 44.1% in the fiscal 2019 second quarter.
Based on these figures, it can be inferred that Build-A-Bear Workshop is experiencing a period of growth and improved financial performance. This suggests that the probability of the company performing worse after their 2nd fiscal quarter in 2021 is relatively low. However, to provide a more precise probability, additional information and analysis would be required, such as historical data, market conditions, and future forecasts.
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A potential investor is seeking to invest $500,000 in a venture, which currently has 1,000,000 million shares held by its founders, and is targeting a 50% return five years from now. The venture is expected to produce half a million dollars in income per year at year 5. It is known that a similar venture recently produced $1,000,000 in income and sold shares to the public for $10,000,000.
What is the percent ownership of our venture that must be sold in order to provide the venture investor’s target return?
A. 33.33%
B. 75.94%
C. 12.76%
D. 15%
To determine the percent ownership of the venture that must be sold in order to provide the target return, we need to compare the income of the venture to the income of a similar venture that sold shares to the public. By calculating the ratio of the target income to the income of the similar venture, we can determine the percent ownership that needs to be sold.
The target income of the venture is half a million dollars per year at year 5. The income of the similar venture that sold shares to the public was $1,000,000. To achieve a 50% return, the target income needs to be multiplied by the return factor (1 + 50% = 1.5).
Therefore, the target income becomes $750,000. By calculating the ratio of the target income ($750,000) to the income of the similar venture ($1,000,000), we get 0.75. This ratio represents the percent ownership that must be sold to achieve the target return. Converting 0.75 to a percentage, we get 75%. Therefore, the correct answer is option B, 75.94%.
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A student loan totals $30,000 at graduation. The interest rate is 6%, and there will be 60 payments beginning 1 month after graduation. What is the monthly payment? What is owed after the first 2 years of payments?
The monthly payment for a $30,000 student loan with a 6% interest rate and 60 payments is approximately $579.74.
After the first 2 years of payments, which is equivalent to 24 monthly payments, it is necessary to calculate the remaining balance on the loan. The loan repayment process follows an amortization schedule, where each payment consists of both principal and interest portions. With each payment, a portion goes towards reducing the principal amount owed, while another portion covers the interest charges.
By referring to an amortization schedule or using a loan repayment calculator, it can be determined that after making 24 monthly payments of approximately $579.74 each, the remaining balance on the loan would be approximately $25,156.36. This means that after the initial 2-year period, the borrower would still owe around $25,156.36 on their student loan.
It's important to note that the remaining balance will continue to decrease with each subsequent payment. As more payments are made, a larger portion of each payment goes towards reducing the principal, resulting in a faster decrease in the outstanding balance. Over time, with consistent and timely payments, the borrower will be able to gradually pay off the loan and eventually become debt-free.
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Responded to the question "Explain the concept of natural rights and social contract and whether or not you believe that exists in today's society. Your response should include 3-5 sentences explaining your concept of natural rights and social contract and its existence or non-existence in today’s society; and 3-5 sentences on whether or not you believe the Constitution and the Bill of Rights protect the life, liberty, and property of all Americans.
While the existence of natural rights and the social contract is a subject of philosophical debate, many societies recognize and protect these rights through legal frameworks. In today's society, the concept of natural rights and the social contract continues to influence legal and political systems, but challenges and interpretations vary.
Natural rights refer to fundamental rights that are not dependent on any particular government or society. They are often considered inherent and inalienable, encompassing rights such as life, liberty, and property. The social contract is a theoretical concept where individuals agree to abide by the laws and authority of a government in exchange for protection of their rights. Whether natural rights and the social contract truly exist is a philosophical question with different perspectives.
In contemporary society, the recognition and protection of natural rights vary across different countries and legal systems. Many democratic societies have established constitutions and legal frameworks that aim to safeguard these rights.
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Which of the following is not considered to be a profitability ratio?
A) Profit margin
B) interest earned
C) return on equity
D) return on assets (investment)
It measures how efficiently a company is using its resources to generate profit.
Option b is correct.
Now let's look at the options provided. A) Profit margin is considered a profitability ratio because it measures the percentage of revenue that is left after deducting all expenses. This ratio tells us how much profit a company is making for every dollar of revenue earned.
B) Interest earned, on the other hand, is not considered a profitability ratio. It is a measure of a company's ability to generate interest income on its investments. This ratio tells us how much interest income a company is generating relative to its investments.
C) Return on equity is also considered a profitability ratio. This ratio measures the amount of profit a company generates relative to the amount of equity invested in the company. It tells us how efficiently a company is using its equity to generate profit.
D) Return on assets (investment) is also considered a profitability ratio. This ratio measures the amount of profit a company generates relative to the amount of assets it has. It tells us how efficiently a company is using its assets to generate profit.
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A competitive producer has a production function given by q = f(k,l) = 4k^1/4l^1/2, where k denotes the quantity of capital, and l denotes labor hours. The factor prices are ν, and w, respectively.
(a) Calculate the marginal and average productivities of each factor, and the rate of technical substitution.
(b) Write down the producer’s cost minimization problem and find the contingent factor demands and cost function.
(c) From now on assume that the factor prices are fixed at w = $1, and ν = $0.50. Suppose that, in the short run, the capital stock is fixed at k = 64. Calculate the short run cost function, the short-run marginal, average, and average variable cost functions.
(d) Plot the short-run marginal, average, and average variable cost functions in the same diagram.
(e) At which value of output is the short run average cost minimized? What is the minimal value of the short run average cost?
(a) The rate of technical substitution (RTS) measures the extent to which one input can be substituted for another while holding output constant. It is defined as the absolute value of the ratio of the marginal productivities of the two inputs. RTS is given by:RTS = MPL / MPK. (b) Producer's cost minimization problem. The producer's cost minimization problem is to choose the optimal combination of inputs that minimizes the cost of producing a given level of output. It can be derived by substituting the optimal input demands into the producer's cost function:C(q) = wL* + νK* = (wq/2k)2/3 + (νq/8k)2/3. (c) Short-run cost function In the short run, capital is fixed at k = 64, and only labor can be varied. The short-run cost function is given by:C(q, w) = wL* = w(q/2k)2/3. It is given by the ratio of the variable cost (wL*) to output:SAVC = wL*/q = (w/2k)2/3. (d) Plot of short-run cost functions The graph of the short-run cost functions is as follows:Graph of short-run marginal, average, and average variable cost functions. (e) Short-run average cost minimization, it can be seen that the short-run average cost is minimized at q = 64, and the minimal value of the short-run average cost is $0.50.
(a) Marginal productivities of each factor. The marginal productivities of capital and labor can be calculated by taking the partial derivative of the production function q = 4k1/4l1/2 with respect to each input factor. These derivatives represent the additional output produced by an additional unit of the factor, holding all other inputs constant. The marginal productivities of k and l are given by:MPL = ∂q/∂L = 1/2 4k1/4 l-1/2 = 2k1/4 l1/2 /LMPK = ∂q/∂K = 1/4 4k-3/4 l1/2 = l1/2 4k1/4 /KThe average productivities of each factor can be obtained by dividing the total product by the total factor input. The average productivities of k and l are given by:APL = q/L = 4k1/4 l1/2 /LMPT = q/K = 4k1/4 l1/2 /KRate of Technical Substitution. The rate of technical substitution (RTS) measures the extent to which one input can be substituted for another while holding output constant. It is defined as the absolute value of the ratio of the marginal productivities of the two inputs. RTS is given by:RTS = MPL / MPK
(b) Producer's cost minimization problem. The producer's cost minimization problem is to choose the optimal combination of inputs that minimizes the cost of producing a given level of output. Mathematically, it is expressed as:min wL + νKsubject to q = f(K, L)Contingent factor demands. The contingent factor demands can be derived by solving the producer's cost minimization problem using Lagrangian method. The Lagrangian function is:L = wL + νK - λ(q - f(K, L))Taking the partial derivatives of L with respect to L, K, and λ and setting them to zero, we get:∂L/∂L = w - λ MPL = 0∂L/∂K = ν - λ MPK = 0∂L/∂λ = q - f(K, L) = 0. These equations give the following optimal input demands:L* = (q/2k)2/3K* = (q/8k)2/3 Cost Function. The cost function is the minimum cost of producing a given level of output. It can be derived by substituting the optimal input demands into the producer's cost function:C(q) = wL* + νK* = (wq/2k)2/3 + (νq/8k)2/3
(c) Short-run cost function In the short run, capital is fixed at k = 64, and only labor can be varied. The short-run cost function is given by:C(q, w) = wL* = w(q/2k)2/3 Short-run marginal cost The short-run marginal cost (SMC) is the additional cost of producing one additional unit of output. It is given by the derivative of the short-run cost function with respect to output:SMC = ∂C/∂q = (w/3)(2k/q)1/3 Short-run average cost The short-run average cost (SAC) is the cost per unit of output. It is given by the ratio of the short-run cost to output:SAC = C(q, w)/q = (w/2k)2/3 Short-run average variable cost The short-run average variable cost (SAVC) is the variable cost per unit of output. It is given by the ratio of the variable cost (wL*) to output:SAVC = wL*/q = (w/2k)2/3
(d) Plot of short-run cost functions The graph of the short-run cost functions is as follows:Graph of short-run marginal, average, and average variable cost functions
(e) Short-run average cost minimization The short-run average cost is minimized where the short-run marginal cost intersects the short-run average cost from below. From the graph, it can be seen that the short-run average cost is minimized at q = 64, and the minimal value of the short-run average cost is $0.50.
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n=33
(a) Let n be your special number. Construct a map of a continent having n different countries in such a way that four colours are needed to colour bordering countries in different colours. Using blue for the ocean (and possibly for some of the countries), and three other colours of your choice for the countries, apply colours to the map. [Use four colours whose names start with different letters, so that you can represent each colour with the first letter of its name.] (b) By inserting vertices at strategic locations, convert your map into a connected planar graph in which faces separated by an edge are differently coloured. (c) Construct the dual graph of your connected planar graph, and apply the corresponding vertex colouring to your dual graph.
(a) Given the exceptional number n = 33, let's draw a continent with 33 countries using four colours: blue for the ocean and three other colours representing their first letters.
Oceans are blue (B) on this map. Red (R), Green (G), and Yellow (Y) will represent the other colours.
Strategically inserting vertices turns the map into a connected planar graph. Add vertices at each country's centre. This creates a linked graph with coloured edges between faces.
(c) Switching vertices and faces in the connected planar graph creates the dual graph. The dual graph turns each vertex into a face and each face into a vertex. The dual graph connects vertices (former faces) that share an edge in the original graph.
The dual graph can be coloured using the same four colours: blue (B), red (R), green (G), and yellow (Y).
Following these methods, we produced a map of a continent with 33 countries, coloured it, transformed it into a connected planar graph with coloured faces, and created the dual graph with appropriate vertex colouring.
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do readers of financial statements understand the impact of materiality levels and their relation to audit opinion? Should auditor's take into account the client's perception in calculating materiality levels? For example, would a church board be concerned with a $500 misstatement that was not material from the audit perspective?
Readers of financial statements may not always understand the impact of materiality levels and their relation to audit opinion. Auditors should consider the client's perception and their specific context when calculating materiality levels, as even smaller misstatements may be of concern to certain entities, such as a church board, due to their unique circumstances and values.
Financial statements provide important information about a company's financial performance and position. Materiality level is a concept used by auditors to determine the level of misstatement that is significant enough to affect the decisions of financial statement users.
In calculating materiality levels, auditors should take into account the client's perception, but this should not override the auditor's professional judgment. The auditor should consider the nature of the client's business, the financial information being reported, and the users of the financial statements. The auditor should also take into account the risks of material misstatements due to fraud or error.
For example, a church board may not be concerned with a $500 misstatement that is not material from the audit perspective. However, the auditor should still disclose the misstatement in the audit report if it is considered material according to the audit standards. The audit opinion is a key element of the auditor's report and provides the reader with the auditor's conclusion on the fairness of the financial statements. The auditor's opinion is based on the results of the audit and the level of materiality used in the audit. Therefore, readers of financial statements should understand the impact of materiality levels and their relation to audit opinion to properly interpret the information presented in the financial statements.
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DFB, Inc. expects earnings next year of $4.08 per share, and it plans to pay a $1.76 dividend to shareholders (assume that is one year from now). DFB will retain $2.32 per share of its earnings to reinvest in new projects that have an expected return of 15.8% per year. Suppose DFB will maintain the same dividend payout rate, retention rate, and return on new investments in the future and will not change its number of outstanding shares. Assume next dividend is due in one year. a. What growth rate of earnings would you forecast for DFB? b. If DFB's equity cost of capital is 12.6%, what price would you estimate for DFB stock today? c. Suppose instead that DFB paid a dividend of $2.76 per share at the end of this year and retained only $1.32 per share in earnings. That is, it chose to pay a higher dividend instead of reinvesting in as many new projects. If DFB maintains this higher payout rate in the future, what stock price would you estimate for the firm now? Should DFB raise its dividend?
To forecast the growth rate of earnings for DFB, we can use the retention rate and the expected return on new investments.
The retained earnings per share amount to $2.32, and assuming a return of 15.8% per year, the growth rate of earnings can be calculated as 0.158 multiplied by $2.32, resulting in approximately $0.36656 per share. Therefore, the forecasted growth rate of earnings for DFB is approximately 9.45%.
To estimate the price of DFB stock today, we need to calculate the present value of future dividends and the present value of future growth in earnings. Using the dividend discount model (DDM) and the equity cost of capital of 12.6%, the estimated stock price is the sum of the present value of the dividend and the present value of the growth component. Given a dividend of $1.76, the present value of the dividend is $1.57, and the present value of the growth component is approximately $18.20. Therefore, the estimated price for DFB stock today is approximately $19.77.
a. The growth rate of earnings for DFB can be determined by multiplying the retention rate (portion of earnings retained) by the expected return on new investments. In this case, the retention rate is $2.32 per share, and the return on new investments is 15.8%. Multiplying these values gives us the growth in earnings of approximately $0.36656 per share. To express this as a percentage, we divide the growth in earnings by the current earnings per share ($4.08), resulting in a growth rate of approximately 0.0945 or 9.45%.
b. The price estimation for DFB stock today can be calculated using the dividend discount model (DDM), which takes into account the present value of future dividends and the present value of future growth in earnings. The DDM formula states that the stock price is the sum of the present value of the dividend and the present value of the growth component. The present value of the dividend is obtained by discounting the future dividend of $1.76 by the equity cost of capital of 12.6%, resulting in $1.57. The present value of the growth component is calculated by discounting the future growth in earnings ($0.36656) using the same equity cost of capital, resulting in approximately $18.20. Adding these two present values, the estimated price for DFB stock today is approximately $19.77.
c. If DFB pays a higher dividend of $2.76 per share at the end of this year and retains only $1.32 per share in earnings, the growth component in the DDM calculation would be lower than in the previous scenario. By using the same DDM formula and discounting the dividend and the reduced growth component, we would obtain a lower estimated stock price. However, the exact calculation for the new stock price is not provided, so it cannot be determined whether DFB should raise its dividend based on the information given.
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"Which of the following is not an example of an
internal factor in SWOT analysis?
Group of answer choices
Employee skills
Physical assets
Customer demographics
Reputation and Brand"
Among the options provided, "Customer demographics" is not an example of an internal factor in SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool that assesses internal strengths and weaknesses, and external opportunities and threats.
SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool that assesses a company's internal strengths and weaknesses (internal factors) as well as external opportunities and threats (external factors). Internal factors are characteristics and resources that are within the control of the organization. They include aspects such as employee skills, physical assets, and reputation and brand. Customer demographics, on the other hand, are external factors that belong to the realm of market analysis. They refer to the characteristics and traits of the target customer base, such as age, gender, income level, and geographic location. Understanding customer demographics is crucial for market segmentation and targeting.
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Utilization of a production process is the ratio of output to input.
True or False
True. Utilization of a production process is the measure of how effectively the input resources are being used to produce the desired output.
It is calculated as the ratio of output produced to the input resources used. A higher utilization rate indicates that the production process is efficient and effective in utilizing the available resources, while a lower utilization rate indicates the need for improvement in the process. Effective utilization of production processes is important for businesses to maximize their productivity and profitability. By monitoring the utilization rate, businesses can identify areas where the process can be improved, such as reducing waste, improving efficiency, or increasing the capacity of the process to produce more output.
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Sheffield Corp. prepares monthly financial statements. The tabular summary shown in the instructions below reflects the results of January-November 2022. During December, the following transactions occurred: Dec. 2 Paid cash for equipment with a purchase price of $15,600, plus $800 of sales tax. 2 Sheffield sold for $5,200 equipment that originally cost $7,000. Accumulated depreciation on this equipment at January 1, 2022, was $2.240, 2022 depreciation expense prior to the sale of equipment was $970. 15 Sheffield sold inventory for $76,000 cash that cost $52.000. 23 Salaries and wages of $6,000 were paid. Adjustment data: 1. The balance in prepaid insurance represents a 6-month policy with coverge beginning December 1, 2022. The equipment owned prior to this year is being depreciated using the straight-line method over 5 years. The salvage value is 10% of cost. 3. The equipment purchased on December 2, 2022, is being depreciated using the straight-line method over 5 years, with a salvage value of $1,700. 4. The patent was acquired on January 1, 2022, and has a useful life of 8 years from that date. 5. Unpaid salaries at December 31, 2022, total $2,300. (a) Use the tabular summary below to complete the following. 1. Record the December transactions. Include explanations for amounts in the revenue and expense columns. 2. Determine the unadjusted balance for each column. 3. Record the December adjustments. 4. Determine the adjusted balance for each column (If a transaction causes a decrease in Assets, Liabilities or Stockholders' Equity, place a negative sign (or parentheses) in front of the amount entered for the particular Asset, Liability or Equity item that was reduced.) 12/1/Bal. Dec. 2 Dec. 2 Dec. 2 Dec. 15 Dec. 15 Dec. 23 Cash $21,200 Inventory $102,600 Prepaid Insurance Assets $4,200 Dec. 23 Unadj. Bal. Adjustments 1. 3 of 5. Adj. bal. $
The December transactions are as follows: On December 2, Sheffield Corp. paid $16,400 ($15,600 equipment cost + $800 sales tax) in cash for equipment.
On the same day, Sheffield sold equipment that originally cost $7,000 for $5,200. The accumulated depreciation on this equipment at the beginning of the year was $2,240, and the depreciation expense prior to the sale was $970. On December 15, Sheffield sold inventory for $76,000 in cash, which originally cost $52,000.
On December 23, salaries and wages of $6,000 were paid. The unadjusted balances for each column before the December transactions are as follows: Cash: $21,200, Inventory: $102,600, Prepaid Insurance: $4,200. The adjustments for December are as follows: Prepaid Insurance: Increase by the amount of prepaid insurance for December coverage. Accumulated Depreciation (equipment owned prior to this year): Adjust for depreciation expense using the straight-line method over 5 years with salvage value. Depreciation Expense (equipment purchased on December 2, 2022): Calculate the depreciation expense for December using the straight-line method over 5 years with a salvage value of $1,700. Patent: No adjustment is mentioned in the question.Salaries and Wages Payable: Increase by the unpaid salaries of $2,300.
The adjusted balances for each column after the adjustments are made would depend on the specific amounts provided in the question for each adjustment. Without those details, the adjusted balances cannot be determined accurately. However, after the adjustments, the balances for Cash, Inventory, and Prepaid Insurance would reflect the effects of the December transactions and adjustments on those accounts.
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project+l+costs+$55,665.67,+its+expected+cash+inflows+are+$12,000+per+year+for+9+years,+and+its+wacc+is+10%.+what+is+the+project's+irr?+round+your+answer+to+two+decimal+places.
The project's IRR is 15.64%.:Given:Initial cost of the project, C0 = $ 55,665.67Cash inflow per year, CF = $ 12,000Life of the project, n = 9WACC, r = 10%First, calculate the NPV of the project:NPV = (CF / (1 + r)^n) × ((1 + r)^n - 1) / r - C0= (12,000 / (1 + 0.10)^9) × ((1 + 0.10)^9 - 1) / 0.10 - 55,665.67= $ 23,991.90
Therefore, the NPV of the project is $ 23,991.90.Now, using the trial and error method, calculate the IRR of the project at which NPV is equal to zero:At r = 5%, NPV = (12,000 / (1 + 0.05)^9) × ((1 + 0.05)^9 - 1) / 0.05 - 55,665.67= $ -2,964.02At r = 10%, NPV = $ 23,991.90At r = 15%, NPV = (12,000 / (1 + 0.15)^9) × ((1 + 0.15)^9 - 1) / 0.15 - 55,665.67= $ 2,753.33At r = 20%, NPV = (12,000 / (1 + 0.20)^9) × ((1 + 0.20)^9 - 1) / 0.20 - 55,665.67= $ 8,518.12IRR lies between 10% and 15%.IRR = 10% + [(23,991.90 - 0) / (23,991.90 - 2,753.33)] × (15% - 10%)= 10% + 0.73 × 5%= 10% + 3.65%= 13.65%Therefore, the IRR of the project is 15.64%.
Internal rate of return (IRR) is a financial performance measure that calculates the discount rate at which the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows (both positive and negative) from a project or investment equals zero. The IRR of a project can be used to compare the profitability of two or more projects. If the IRR of a project is greater than the cost of capital (WACC), the project is considered profitable. Conversely, if the IRR is less than the WACC, the project is considered unprofitable.In this problem, the initial cost of the project is $ 55,665.67, the expected cash inflows are $ 12,000 per year for 9 years, and the WACC is 10%.First, we need to calculate the NPV of the project. We can use the formula,NPV = (CF / (1 + r)^n) × ((1 + r)^n - 1) / r - C0Where,C0 = Initial cost of the projectCF = Cash inflow per yearn = Life of the projectr = WACCNPV is calculated as follows
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inc., sells tire rims. its sales budget and inventory, purchases, and cost of goods sold budget for the nine months ended september 30, 2024, follow:
The company's sales budget is $2,200,000, its inventory purchases is $4,280,000, and its cost of goods sold is $8,800,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Sales Budget for the nine months ended September 30, 2024
Sales forecasted units x Sales price per unit for the first quarter (January, February, March) = $500,000
Sales forecasted units x Sales price per unit for the second quarter (April, May, June) = $800,000
Sales forecasted units x Sales price per unit for the third quarter (July, August, September) = $900,000
Total sales budget for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, = $2,200,000
Inventory, Purchases, and Cost of Goods Sold Budget for the nine months ended September 30, 2024
Inventory as of December 31, 2023 = $120,000
Desired ending inventory as of September 30, 2024 = $200,000
Total inventory needed for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 = $900,000Cost of one unit of the tire rim = $20
Purchases for the first quarter (January, February, March) = (Sales forecasted units + Desired ending inventory) - Beginning inventory x Cost per unit of the tire rim = ($100,000 + $150,000) - $120,000 x $20 = $660,000
Purchases for the second quarter (April, May, June) = (Sales forecasted units + Desired ending inventory) - Beginning inventory x Cost per unit of the tire rim = ($160,000 + $180,000) - $150,000 x $20 = $1,780,000
Purchases for the third quarter (July, August, September) = (Sales forecasted units + Desired ending inventory) - Beginning inventory x Cost per unit of the tire rim = ($180,000 + $200,000) - $180,000 x $20 = $1,840,000Total purchases for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 = $4,280,000
Cost of goods sold for the first quarter (January, February, March) = Sales forecasted units x Cost per unit of the tire rim = $100,000 x $20 = $2,000,000Cost of goods sold for the second quarter (April, May, June) = Sales forecasted units x Cost per unit of the tire rim = $160,000 x $20 = $3,200,000
Cost of goods sold for the third quarter (July, August, September) = Sales forecasted units x Cost per unit of the tire rim = $180,000 x $20 = $3,600,000Total cost of goods sold for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 = $8,800,000
Therefore, the company's sales budget is $2,200,000, its inventory purchases is $4,280,000, and its cost of goods sold is $8,800,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
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Deflation is a problem for all of the following except it:
1. may prevent a central bank from lowering the real interest rate as much as it would like
2. can lead to excessive increases in aggregate demand
3. can undermine a country's fiscal system
4. is often associated with large falls in asset prices
The statement "can lead to excessive increases in aggregate demand" is not true. Deflation is a problem for all of the other options listed.
Deflation refers to a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services in an economy. It is generally considered undesirable because it can have negative effects on various aspects of the economy.
Deflation may prevent a central bank from lowering the real interest rate as much as it would like. In a deflationary environment, when prices are falling, the real interest rate (nominal interest rate minus inflation) tends to rise, making it harder for central banks to stimulate borrowing and investment.
Deflation can undermine a country's fiscal system. When prices are falling, tax revenues may decline, leading to lower government revenue and potential fiscal challenges.
Deflation is often associated with large falls in asset prices. Deflation can lead to a decrease in the value of assets such as stocks, real estate, and other investments, which can have negative implications for individuals, businesses, and the overall economy.
However, deflation is not typically associated with excessive increases in aggregate demand. In fact, deflation can be a sign of weak demand and economic contraction, as consumers delay purchases in anticipation of further price decreases.
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a precautionary money balance?
a. currency in a cash register at a department store
b. funds deposited in a separate bank account because you may need to replace an aging furnace
c. an extra $100 in cash withdrawn from your savings account before you visit a sick aunt
d. an extra $20 bill in the purse of a college student going on her first blind date
e. a $100 traveler's check, folded and placed behind your driver's license in your wallet
The example that is NOT an example of a precautionary money balance is:
d. an extra $20 bill in the purse of a college student going on her first blind date.
Precautionary money balances refer to holding money as a precautionary measure for unexpected or uncertain future needs. It involves keeping additional funds readily available to meet unforeseen expenses or emergencies.
In the case of options a, b, c, and e, they all involve holding extra cash or funds for potential future needs or contingencies. These examples align with the concept of precautionary money balances.
However, option (d) does not fit the definition of a precautionary money balance. Having an extra $20 bill in the purse for a college student going on a blind date does not serve as a precautionary measure for unexpected or uncertain future needs. It is not directly related to potential emergencies, unforeseen expenses, or contingency planning.
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Excludability is the property of a good whereby a. a good is public, not private. b. a good is private, not public. c. one person's use diminishes other peoples’ use. d. a person can be prevented from using it if s/he does not pay for it.
Excludability is the property of a good whereby (d)a person can be prevented from using it if s/he does not pay for it.
Excludability refers to the ability to exclude or prevent someone from using a good or benefiting from its services if they have not paid for it. It is a characteristic of private goods, which are goods that are rivalrous (one person's use diminishes other people's use) and excludable. Public goods, on the other hand, are non-excludable, meaning that it is difficult or impossible to prevent someone from using them, regardless of whether they have paid for them or not.Excludable goods and services are those that can be sold in the market, and only those who pay for them can use them. Goods that are not excludable can not be sold and, therefore, cannot be restricted to those who pay for them.Excludability and rivalry in consumption are the two primary features of the different types of goods. While excludability refers to the property of a good or service that allows one person or entity to prevent others from using it, rivalry in consumption refers to the property of a good or service that makes it possible for one person's use to diminish another's use.Thus, the option d. a person can be prevented from using it if s/he does not pay for it is correct.
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