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Forces of Evolution
The conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are unlikely to be met in real populations. The Hardy Weinberg theorem also describes populations in which allele frequencies are not changing. By definition, such populations are not evolving. How does the theorem help us understand evolution in the real world?
From the theorem, we can infer factors that cause allele frequencies to change. These factors are the forces of evolution. There are four such forces: mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection.
Mutation
Mutation creates new genetic variation in a gene pool. It is how all new alleles first arise. In sexually reproducing species, the mutations that matter for evolution are those that occur in gametes. Only these mutations can be passed to offspring. For any given gene, the chance of a mutation occurring in a given gamete is very low. Thus, mutations alone do not have much effect on allele frequencies. However, mutations provide the genetic variation needed for other forces of evolution to act.
Gene Flow
Gene flow occurs when people move into or out of a population. If the rate of migration is high, this can have a significant effect on allele frequencies. Both the population they leave and the population they enter may change.
During the Vietnam War in the 1960s and 1970s, many American servicemen had children with Vietnamese women. Most of the servicemen returned to the United States after the war. However, they left copies of their genes behind in their offspring. In this way, they changed the allele frequencies in the Vietnamese gene pool. Was the gene pool of the American population also affected? Why or why not?
Genetic Drift
Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequencies that occurs in a small population. When a small number of parents produce just a few offspring, allele frequencies in the offspring may differ, by chance, from allele frequencies in the parents. This is like tossing a coin. If you toss a coin just a few times, you may by chance get more or less than the expected 50 percent heads or tails. In a small population, you may also by chance get different allele frequencies than expected in the next generation. In this way, allele frequencies may drift over time. Genetic drift occurs under two special conditions. They are called bottleneck effect and founder effect.
1. Bottleneck effect occurs when a population suddenly gets much smaller. This might happen because of a natural disaster, such as a forest fire. By chance, allele frequencies of the survivors may be different from those of the original population.
2. Founder effect occurs when a few individuals start, or found, a new population. By chance, allele frequencies of the founders may be different from allele frequencies of the population they left.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
1. The forces of evolution are the mechanisms that drive the process of evolution and lead to changes in populations over time. There are four main forces of evolution:
Natural Selection: This is the process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time due to differences in survival and reproductive success. Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to their offspring.
Genetic Drift: This is a random change in the frequency of an allele (a variant form of a gene) in a population due to chance events, such as a genetic mutation or the death of individuals carrying certain alleles.
Mutation: This is the process by which new genetic information is introduced into a population. Mutations can lead to new traits and can be the source of variation that drives evolution.
2. Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of an organism, and they can play a significant role in the process of evolution. There are several types of mutations that can affect evolution, including:
Point mutations: These are mutations that change a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence, which can lead to changes in the amino acid sequence of a protein and potentially affect its function.
Insertion and deletion mutations: These mutations result in the addition or removal of nucleotides in the DNA sequence, respectively. They can disrupt the reading frame of a gene and change its function or lead to the formation of a premature stop codon, causing a truncated protein to be produced.
Frameshift mutations: These are mutations that shift the reading frame of a gene, causing a significant change in the amino acid sequence of the protein produced.
Chromosomal mutations: These are mutations that affect the structure or number of chromosomes, leading to changes in the quantity or organization of genetic information.
These types of mutations can lead to evolution by producing new variations of traits within a population. If these mutations provide a beneficial advantage, they can increase in frequency within a population through natural selection. Over time, the accumulation of beneficial mutations can lead to the evolution of new species.
Therefore, mutations are important in evolution because they provide the raw material for natural selection to work on, leading to the development of new traits and ultimately to speciation.
3. Yes, the gene pool of the American population was affected by the gene flow described above. Gene flow refers to the transfer of genes from one population to another, and it can have a significant impact on the gene pool of a population. In the case of America, the gene pool was affected by the influx of immigrants from various countries, each bringing their own unique genetic background and diversity.
For example, the American population has a significant contribution from European, African, and Asian ancestry. This mixture of different ancestral gene pools has resulted in a diverse and complex genetic landscape in the American population.
Additionally, the intermarriage between individuals from different ancestral backgrounds has also contributed to the gene flow and the diversity of the American gene pool.
4. Genetic drift is one of the four forces of evolution and refers to a random change in the frequency of an allele (a variant form of a gene) in a population over time. This change can occur due to chance events, such as a genetic mutation or the death of individuals carrying certain alleles.
Genetic drift is particularly important in small populations, where chance events can have a larger impact on the frequency of alleles. For example, in a small population, if a single individual carrying a certain allele dies, the frequency of that allele in the population could decrease significantly. Over time, this random process can lead to the loss of genetic variation in a population and can contribute to the divergence of populations and the formation of new species.
Overall, genetic drift is an important force of evolution that can shape the genetic structure of populations and contribute to the diversity of life on Earth.
5. One special condition under which genetic drift occurs is an isolated population. Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that refers to the random fluctuations in the frequency of alleles in a population. In an isolated population, the genetic drift process can be more pronounced because the population size is small, and there is limited gene flow from other populations.
As a result, random events such as mutations, deaths, and migrations can have a greater impact on the frequency of alleles in an isolated population. Over time, these random events can lead to the loss or fixation of alleles, shaping the genetic makeup of the population.
Related Questions
Genetic drift occurs more often in exogamous human groups. TRUE or FALSE
Answers
Genetic drift occurs more often in exogamous human groups. This statement is false.
Genetic drift is a random process that can occur in any population, regardless of whether it is exogamous or endogamous. Exogamy refers to the practice of seeking a spouse from outside one's own social group, while endogamy refers to the practice of seeking a spouse from within one's own social group. While exogamy can increase genetic diversity in a population, it does not necessarily make the population more or less prone to genetic drift. The occurrence and magnitude of genetic drift in a population is influenced by a number of factors, exogamous including population size, mating patterns, and genetic variation. Small populations are more susceptible to genetic drift, because chance events can have a greater impact on the frequency of alleles. Conversely, large populations are less susceptible to genetic drift, because chance events are less likely to have a significant impact on the frequency of alleles.
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what happens with gametes to create chromosomal abnormalities?
Answers
Gametes are reproductive cells that contain half the genetic material of an individual. When two gametes combine during fertilization, the resulting embryo will have a full set of chromosomes.
What is genetic?Genetics is the study of how traits and characteristics are passed down from parents to offspring. It is a branch of biology that focuses on the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next. This information is stored in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is a complex molecule made up of four nucleotides.
Chromosomal abnormalities can occur when there is an alteration in the number or structure of the chromosomes. This can happen when the gametes contain an incorrect number of chromosomes or if the chromosomes have been damaged in some way. These abnormalities can be caused by external factors such as radiation or other environmental insults, or they can occur spontaneously. When a gamete contains an incorrect number of chromosomes, it is known as aneuploidy. Examples of aneuploidy include trisomy (an extra chromosome), monosomy (a missing chromosome), and polyploidy (more than two sets of chromosomes). Structural chromosomal abnormalities occur when a piece of a chromosome is missing, duplicated, inverted, or translocated. These abnormalities can be caused by errors in the processes of gamete formation or by external factors such as radiation or drugs.
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Why is the phospholipid bilayer an effective barrier to hydrophilic or polar molecules?
Answers
The phospholipid bilayer's efficiency as a hydrophilic or polar molecular barrier is the cause
The phospholipid bilayer is a thin, flexible barrier that encloses the contents of a cell and separates it from the surrounding environment. It is composed of a double layer of phospholipid molecules, with the hydrophobic tails oriented inward and the hydrophilic heads oriented outward. This unique structure is what makes the phospholipid bilayer an effective barrier to hydrophilic or polar molecules.
The hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids create a nonpolar, water-repelling environment that is impermeable to polar or charged molecules. This is because these molecules are unable to interact with the hydrophobic interior of the membrane, which is energetically unfavorable. As a result, hydrophilic or polar molecules are unable to pass through the membrane without the help of specialized membrane proteins, such as transporters or channels.
Furthermore, the polar head groups of the phospholipids create an additional barrier to hydrophilic or polar molecules. The heads of the phospholipids face the aqueous environment on either side of the membrane, and the charged or polar nature of hydrophilic molecules is not compatible with this environment.
In summary, the phospholipid bilayer is an effective barrier to hydrophilic or polar molecules due to the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids creating a nonpolar, water-repelling interior, and the polar head groups of the phospholipids facing the aqueous environment on either side of the membrane. This selective permeability is essential for maintaining the integrity of the cell and regulating the flow of materials in and out of the cell.
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why would a scientist want to know the sequence of a dna molecule?
Answers
A scientist would want to know the sequence of a DNA molecule because it will help screen for different diseases, help treat those who have genetic disorders, and create treatments for new illnesses.
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the molecule that carries the genetic material required for an organism's growth and operation. DNA has a double helix structure, which is made up of two connected strands that loop around one another to form a twisted ladder.
Each strand's backbone is made up of deoxyribose and phosphate groups that alternate. Each sugar is linked to one of the four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T). To connect the two strands, adenine forms chemical bonds with thymine and cytosine forms chemical bonds with guanine. The instructions for building a protein or RNA molecule are among the biological information encoded by the nucleotide sequence along the DNA backbone.
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QuestionIn metaphase I, the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochore of ______.In metaphase II, the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochore of ______.Ahomologous; non-homologous chromosomesBnon-homologous; homologous chromosomesCsister chromatids; homologous chromosomesDhomologous chromosomes; sister chromatids
Answers
Otpion D, In metaphase I of meiosis, the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochore of homologous chromosomes.
During this phase, the homologous chromosomes align in the center of the cell in preparation for separation in anaphase I. The spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores, which are protein structures located on the centromeres of each homologous chromosome. This attachment allows the spindle fibers to pull each homologous chromosome towards opposite poles of the cell. In contrast, in metaphase II of meiosis, the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochore of sister chromatids. During this phase, the sister chromatids align in the center of the cell in preparation for separation in anaphase II. The spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores, which are protein structures located on the centromeres of each sister chromatid. This attachment allows the spindle fibers to pull each sister chromatid towards opposite poles of the cell.
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The complete Question is:
Which of the following is true of a codon? (A) It never codes for the same amino acid as another codon. (B) It can code for more than one amino acid. (C) It can be either in DNA or in RNA (D) It is the basic unit of protein structure
Determine the highest level of protein structure described by the following. Sort each item into the appropriate bin.
Answers
The arrangement of many polypeptide chains in a protein complex is known as quaternary structure. The quaternary structure of a protein is the most complex level of structure.
An illustration of a quaternary structure.The quaternary structure is an arrangement that some proteins and other substances form (Figure 14). As two instances: In addition to the actin microfilament, which is made up of thousands of actin molecules, Haemoglobin is an assembly of four globular proteins.
The combination of many protein chains or subunits into a densely packed structure is known as the quaternary structure of a protein. The primary, secondary, and tertiary structures are unique to each subunit. Van der Waals interactions between nonpolar side chains and hydrogen bonds hold the subunits together.
The most complex level of organisation that is still regarded as a single molecule is the quaternary structure found in proteins. Any protein with two or more peptide chains forming subunits is said to have quaternary structure. The subunits are typically ordered symmetrically and can be unique or identical.
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an organism that uses co2 and acquires energy from hydrogen would be classified as a .
Answers
An organism that uses CO2 and acquires energy from hydrogen would be classified as a chemoautotroph.
Chemoautotrophs are organisms that obtain energy from chemical reactions with inorganic compounds, such as hydrogen, and use carbon dioxide as their carbon source to synthesize organic molecules. They play an important role in many ecosystems and are capable of surviving in harsh environments, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents and hot springs. Examples of chemoautotrophs include some bacteria and archaea. Chemoautotrophs are important in many ecosystems, as they can support primary production in environments where light energy organisms is not available, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents or cave ecosystems. Some chemoautotrophic bacteria, such as Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter, play a key role in the nitrogen cycle by converting ammonia to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate, respectively.
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Atomic radii cannot be measured directly because the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus does not have a clearly defined? A.charge
B.mass
C.outer edge probability
Answers
Answer:
C.
Explanation:
It is not possible to measure the atomic radius precisely since the electron cloud surrounding the atom does not have a sharp boundary.
what surrounds the cytoplasm of all cells and controls what goes in and out of the cell?
Answers
The cell membrane surrounds the cell and regulates the molecules that enter and exit, while the nucleus houses the nucleolus and produces RNA.
Cell membranes are thin envelopes with closed borders. Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates make up cell membranes. A phospholipid bilayer makes up cell membranes. Non-covalent interactions hold cell membranes together. Membranes have a fluid-like structure.Biological membranes serve three primary functions: they keep toxic substances out of the cell; they contain receptors and channels that allow specific molecules that mediate cellular and extracellular activities, such as ions, nutrients, wastes, and metabolic products, to pass between organelles and between the.
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what is the sites where dna replication and separation occur?
Answers
The sites where DNA replication and separation occur are called the replication fork.
During DNA replication, the double-stranded DNA molecule is "unzipped" by specialized enzymes called helicases, which break the hydrogen bonds holding the two strands together. The resulting Y-shaped structure is called the replication fork, where the newly synthesized DNA strands are produced. The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments. Replication occurs bidirectionally from the replication fork, and the two strands are separated as the fork progresses. Once the replication is complete, the two resulting DNA molecules are identical to each other and to the original molecule. The replication fork is a critical structure in DNA replication, and its proper function is essential for the accurate transmission of genetic information.
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are cyanobacteria named for their ability to degrade areas comtaminated with cyanide?
Answers
Answer: Cyanobacteria are of interest (and are named for) their ability to degrade areas contaminated with cyanide.
Explanation:
Answer:
Big no
Explanation:
Cyanobacteria are not named for their ability to degrade areas contaminated with cyanide. The name cyanobacteria comes from the blue-green pigmentation of these microorganisms, which is due to the presence of a blue-green photosynthetic pigment called chlorophyll. Cyanobacteria are capable of carrying out photosynthesis and producing oxygen, much like green plants, but they are not known for their ability to degrade areas contaminated with cyanide.
just tell me if you kinda confuse
ALLEN
The total mass of living matter as each trophic level is called Its _____.
A) abiotic factors
B) food chain
C) biomass
D) biotic factors
Answers
[tex]{ \qquad\qquad\huge\underline{{\sf Answer}}} [/tex]
The Correct choice will be : C.) Biomass
Bio mass is defined as mass of all living matter at a trophic level.
Place the labels in order denoting the flow of blood through the structures of the heart beginning with the vena cavae Systemic capillaries Ascending aorta1 8 15 Bicuspid valve (mitral) Pulmonary valve 2 9 6 Superior vena cavae Pulmonary artery 3 10 L. subclavian artery Right ventricle Aortic valve Left ventricle 4 Pulmonary trunk Lungs 5 Tricuspid valve Left atrium 13 Right atrium Coronary arteries Pulmonary vein
Answers
1) body 2) inferior/superior vena cava 3) right atrium 4) tricuspid valve 5) right ventricle 6) pulmonary arteries 7) lungs 8) pulmonary veins 9) left atrium 10) bicuspid valve 11) left ventricle 12) aortic valve 13) aorta
Differentiate between double circulation and systemic circulation?Double circulation:
Blood circulates twice through the heart in a single complete cycle thanks to the phenomenon known as double circulation.The pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation are two distinct channels through which blood cycles twice.Animals and birds both have two circulatory systems.Systemic circulation:
A systemic blood flow connects the heart and bodily tissues.The left ventricle supplies oxygenated blood to every part of the body.Blood that has lost oxygen returns from the tissue to the right atrium.The systemic circulation delivers oxygen and other vital nutrients to tissues while also transporting CO2 and other dangerous substances for removal.To learn more about circulation visit:
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what percentage of all children in developed countries are conceived through in vitro fertilization annually
Answers
The percentage of all children in developed countries that are conceived through IVF annually is likely to be less than 5%.
The percentage of all children in developed countries that are conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF) annually varies depending on the specific country and region. However, in general, the percentage is relatively low.
According to the latest data available from the International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ICMART), in 2018, the estimated number of IVF treatment cycles performed worldwide was over 2.4 million, which resulted in the birth of an estimated 548,861 infants. Among developed countries, the highest number of IVF cycles per million population was reported in Denmark (3,207 cycles per million population) and the highest percentage of live births from IVF per total live births was reported in Israel (24.3%).
Therefore, based on these numbers, the percentage of all children in developed countries that are conceived through IVF annually is likely to be less than 5%. However, it is important to note that IVF is a rapidly evolving field, and these numbers may change in the future as new technologies and techniques continue to be developed and refined.
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7. Since the allele for color blindness is located on the X chromosome, color
blindness
1 cannot be inherited
2 occurs only in adults
3 is sex-linked
4 none of the above
Answers
Since the allele for color blindness is located on the X chromosome, color blindness is sex linked.
So the correct option is Option C.
Sex-linked inheritance are passed down through generations through one of either X or Y chromosomes because X and Y are sex chromosomes. When one inheritance is dominant then it occurs when a gene consisting of that trait from one parent causes disease, even though the other gene from the another parent is normal. Colour blindness is an example of sex linked inheritance.
Those suffering from red green colour blindness, they generally cannot distinguish between red and green colour. The allele for this disease is located on X chromosome.
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What is the first stage of meiosis during which a cell is considered haploid?
a. Anaphase I
b. Metaphase I
c. Metaphase II
d.Telophase I
e. Prophase II
Answers
e. Prophase II. A cell is regarded as haploid during prophase II of meiosis, the first stage of the process.
Each chromosome in a haploid cell will only have one copy, whereas the homologous pair, which is present in diploid cells, has more than one copy.
When homologous chromosomes are positioned within the same cell membrane during meiosis I, the cell is thought to be diploid.
A fresh set of spindle fibres develops and the chromosomes condense during prophase II. As the cell's equator approaches, the chromosomes start to move there. The paired chromatid centromeres align with the equatorial plate in both cells during metaphase II.
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What dinosaurs is classified as a carnivore?
Answers
Carnivore is the classification given to the dinosaur Dilophosaurus.
The early Jurassic period, roughly 193 to 183 million years ago, was home to the large carnivorous dinosaur species known as Dilophosaurus. Fossils of this dinosaur, which was among the first big predatory dinosaurs, have been discovered in North America.
The Dilophosaurus, a bipedal dinosaur, had two sizable bony crests on its skull that were either used for display or to make it appear larger. It had teeth that suggested it was a carnivore because it was about 20 feet long and had sharp teeth.
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complete question-
What of these dinosaurs is classified as a carnivore?
Triceratops
Tylosaurus
Iguanodon |
Archaeopteryx ·
Alamosaurus |
Mosasaurus ·
Coelophysis |
Ankylosaurus ·
Brontosaurus |
Dilophosaurus.
The destruction of the fibrin of a blood clot is called __.
Answers
The destruction of the fibrin of a blood clot is called fibrinolysis. Fibrinolysis is a normal physiological process in the body that involves the breakdown of fibrin,
which is a protein that forms a mesh-like network of fibers in a blood clot. The primary enzyme responsible for fibrinolysis is called plasmin, which is produced from an inactive precursor called plasminogen. After a blood clot has formed, the body activates the fibrinolytic system to dissolve the clot and restore blood flow. This process involves the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by a protease called tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) that is released by endothelial cells that line the blood vessels. Once activated, plasmin breaks down the fibrin meshwork that holds the clot together, leading to the breakdown of the clot. Fibrinolysis is an essential process that helps prevent blood clots from becoming too large and causing blockages in blood vessels. It is also important in the healing process after injury, as it helps to remove fibrin deposits and other debris from damaged tissue.
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what happens with gametes to create chromosomal abnormalities?
Answers
Chromosomal abnormalities can occur in gametes, which are the specialized cells that fuse during fertilization to form a new organism. These abnormalities can result from errors that occur during the process of meiosis, which is the type of cell division that produces gametes.
There are two types of chromosomal abnormalities that can occur during meiosis: numerical abnormalities and structural abnormalities. Numerical abnormalities occur when there are an incorrect number of chromosomes in the gamete, while structural abnormalities occur when the structure of the chromosome is altered.
Chromosomal abnormalities in gametes can lead to genetic disorders in offspring and can result in various developmental and health problems. However, not all chromosomal abnormalities lead to disorders, and the severity of the effects can vary depending on the type and extent of the abnormality.
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what do the polar functional groups have in common? hydrophilic what do you notice about the nonpolar functional group? hydrophobic
Answers
Polar functional groups share the common characteristic of being hydrophilic due to their ability to interact with water molecules, while nonpolar functional groups are hydrophobic because they lack the ability to interact with water molecules.
Polar functional groups are groups of atoms that contain electronegative elements such as oxygen or nitrogen, which create a partial negative charge on the functional group. This partial negative charge allows polar functional groups to interact with water molecules, making them hydrophilic or "water-loving." Examples of polar functional groups include hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (-C=O), and carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
Nonpolar functional groups do not contain any electronegative elements or have a symmetrical arrangement of atoms, creating a neutral or only slightly polar functional group. Because they lack a partial charge, nonpolar functional groups are unable to form strong interactions with water molecules and are therefore hydrophobic or "water-fearing." Examples of nonpolar functional groups include alkyl (-CH3), methyl (-CH3), and phenyl (-C6H5) groups.
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The correct question is given as:
What do the polar functional groups have in common? What do you notice about the nonpolar functional group?
At least 2-3 sentences explaining how the outrageous offspring is a model proving sexual reproduction causes genetic variation in offspring
Answers
Which structures of a euglena work together to keep it alive?
O A. Organ systems
O B. Tissues
O C. Specialized cells
O D. Organelles
Answers
Answer
D. Organelles
Hope it helps
the central part of an atom in which protons and neutrons are held together called___
Answers
The central part of an atom in which protons and neutrons are held together called as nucleus.
DefinitionNeutrons and protons, which have opposite electric charges, make up atomic nuclei. The strongest fundamental force now understood, known as the strong force, is what holds these things together. A normal atom's nucleus typically holds more than 99.9% of the atom's mass yet makes up much less than.01 percent of its volume.Ernest Rutherford, using data from the 1909 Geiger-Marsden gold foil experiment, found the atomic nucleus, a small, compact region made up of protons and neutrons, at the center of an atom.For more information on atomic nucleus kindly visit to
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What is the era as the period of many changes
Pls help!!
Answers
The era that is considered to be the period of many changes is the Renaissance Period.
What happened in the Renaissance Period ?Renaissance Period is indeed considered to be a period of many changes. The Renaissance, which took place in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century, was a time of great cultural, intellectual, and artistic revival.
During the Renaissance, artists, writers, and scientists made many important discoveries and innovations that changed the course of history. The invention of the printing press, for example, allowed for the dissemination of knowledge and ideas on a scale that had never been seen before.
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based on its function in detoxifying drugs, one would expect to find a large amount of in liver cells. group of answer choices lysosomes golgi apparatuses smooth endoplasmic reticulum rough endoplasmic reticulum
Answers
The liver has copious amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum as it is involved in the detoxification of various compounds such as drugs, alcohol, and so on. Hence it is the correct option 3.
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes within the cell that allows proteins and other molecules to move. Ribosomes are organelles that build proteins.
When proteins are intended for the cell membrane or to be exported from the cell, the ribosomes that assemble them connect to the endoplasmic reticulum, giving it a rough appearance. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which lacks ribosomes, aids in the synthesis and concentration of numerous chemicals required by the cell.
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Full Question: Based on its function in detoxifying drugs, one would expect to find a large amount of in liver cells. group of answer choices
lysosomes Golgi apparatuses smooth endoplasmic reticulum rough endoplasmic reticulumWhat is the classification of fibrous protein?
Answers
Long, thin, insoluble fibres or filaments are a characteristic of the family of proteins known as fibrous proteins. They give support and structure to cells and tissues and frequently serve structural functions.
Along with globular and membrane proteins, fibrous proteins are often categorised as one of the three primary forms of protein architectures. Several subgroups of the fibrous proteins are further separated based on the unique structural and functional traits they possess. Fibrous proteins include, for instance:
The body's most prevalent fibrous protein, collagen, gives connective tissues including tendons, ligaments, and skin its strength and stability.
Hair, nails, feathers, and other structures that offer mechanical strength and defense include the hard, soluble protein known as keratin. Elastin is a fibrous protein that is present in elastic tissues including skin, blood vessels, and the lungs. It gives these tissues suppleness and flexibility.
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What would be the effect of ACh binding to its receptor on a skeletal muscle cell?
a. Na+ would flow into the cell, and K+ would flow out of the cell.
b. Na+ would flow out of the cell, and K+ would flow into the cell.
c. Ca2+ would flow out of the cell, and Na+ would flow into the cell.
d. Ca2+ would flow into the cell, and Na+ would flow out of the cell.
Answers
Option A) Na+ would flow into the cell, and K+ would flow out of the cell, would be the effect of ACh binding to its receptor on a skeletal muscle cell.
According to electron microscopy research, the postsynaptic membrane is a specific structure with a high degree of folding (De Harven and Coers, 1959). Motor nerve terminals are lodged in a gutter or main cleft in the muscle. There are also secondary junctional folds, which are invaginations of the muscular membrane that extend into the sarcoplasm. They enhance the overall surface of the postsynaptic membrane, and AChRs are densely concentrated on the crests of these folds, adjacent to the presynaptic active zones. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are clustered at the folds' bases to enhance postsynaptic membrane excitability.
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Complete Question is:
What would be the effect of ACh binding to its receptor on the postsynaptic muscle cell?
A.) Ca2+ would leak out of the cell as Na+ flowed into the cell.
B.) Ca2+ would flow into the cell as Na+ flowed out of the cell.
C.) Na+ would flow into the cell and K+ would flow out of the cell.
D.) Only Na+ would flow into the cell.
which of the following is the most direct cause of muscle relaxation? choose the best answer. view available hint(s)for part k which of the following is the most direct cause of muscle relaxation? choose the best answer. ca2 unbinds from troponin, which results in tropomyosin re-covering myosin binding sites. the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber exhausts all of its available atp. the delivery of action potentials from the motor neuron stops. the voltage created along the t-tubule fades and the muscle fiber membrane returns to a resting potential value.
Answers
Tropomyosin re-covers myosin binding sites as a result of Ca2+ dissociating from troponin.
The muscle is relaxed as a result of the myosin-actin cross bridge being broken by the binding of ATP to myosin heads.The Golgi tendon reflex works as a protective feedback system to reduce the tension of an active muscle by inducing relaxation before the tendon tension reaches high enough to cause harm.Ca++ will be pumped back into the SR from the sarcoplasm by ATP-driven pumps. As a result, the actin-binding sites on the thin filaments are "reshielded." Ah lay cleanup Ah advancement hurt advancement advancement chopped relatedUploaded sang advancement proaspat proaspat proaspat proaspat proaspat proaspat proaspat proaspat proaspatAsadar proaspat galbenrop anunțat omul Neck Transitionshipmentsquête umplutrug Transition ramane Gibsoncumva intreb ramaneatiiDENcumva dunkel sustinutculoareacumva dunkel sustinuttinăcumva dunkel. . When tropomyosin binds to calcium, muscles relax. Cross bridge separation results from tropomyosin pushing the myosin head away. Tropomyosin is displaced, exposing the actin active sites and allowing cross bridges to develop.
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for cells that communicate by electrical synapses, the message travels between cells via group of answer choices ions moving across the synaptic cleft. the diffusion of neurotransmitters. gap junctions. active transport across the synaptic cleft. passive transport across the synaptic cleft.
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A neuron transmits a neurotransmitter to a muscle cell through a synaptic cleft. Chemicals called neurotransmitters allow for neurotransmission.
The neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that can transfer a signal from one nerve cell to target cells, such as, for example, other nerve cells, across biological junctions called "synapses" (e.g., neurons). The process of exocytosis occurs inside the cell when the neurotransmitters are moved into internal vesicles that are joined with the cell membrane to release them in the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters then bind to cell receptors found on the postsynaptic membrane, causing postsynaptic cells to respond. For instance, the neurotransmitter glutamate can stimulate nerve cells by attaching to the N-methyl-D-aspartate transmitter-gated ion channel (NMDA).The signals are transmitted across the chemical synapse via a chemical messenger.
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Which of the following is a potential cause of edema?
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Edema, the medical term for this swelling, is brought on by an excess of fluid in the organs. A vein that is not working properly or venous insufficiency, also known as heart failure, are commonly to fault.
Is edema a significant issue?If you develop edema or swollen in your body, it's crucial to visit your doctor. Edema can cause your skin to expand, and if it is not treated, the swelling may get worse and represent a serious threat to your health. Edema can be a temporary or permanent condition, depending on the origin.
Does edema imply cardiac failure in all cases?Edema can be brought on by different illnesses in addition to being a prevalent sign of heart failure. Due to the body's cardiovascular system not functioning as well as it should in heart failure, fluid accumulates.
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