carbohydrate workshop
1- Classify each of the following monosaccharides as aldose or ketose:
2- Identify each of the following cyclic structures as the α or β form:
3- Identify each of the following cyclic structures as the α or β form:

Substance A is  liquid at room temperature and pressure, while substance B is  gas under the same conditions.Based on this observation, we can say that intermolecular attractions in substance A are stronger than those in substance B.

Intermolecular attractions  is a force by which atoms in a molecule  combine. it is basically an attractive force in nature.  It can act between an ion  and an atom as well.It varies for different  states  of matter that is solids, liquids and gases.

The forces of attraction are maximum in solids as  the molecules present in solid are tightly held while it is minimum in gases as the molecules are far apart . The forces of attraction in liquids is intermediate of solids and gases.

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Decantation is a technique for separating immiscible liquids or soluble compounds from insoluble compounds in mixtures.

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For the water table to remain unchanged in an area where groundwater is being pumped out, the rate at which water is being pumped out must be equal to the rate at which water is being replenished through natural processes such as precipitation and surface water infiltration.

Key points:

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No, NaCl is not a nonpolar covalent bond. NaCl, also known as table salt, is an ionic compound, not a covalent compound.

Ionic compounds are formed when a metal and a nonmetal combine, and the bond between them is an ionic bond. In the case of NaCl, the sodium atom donates an electron to the chlorine atom, creating a positive ion (Na+) and a negative ion (Cl-), which are held together by the electrostatic attraction between the ions.

Covalent compounds, on the other hand, are formed when nonmetal atoms share electrons in order to fill their valence shells. Covalent bonds can be polar or nonpolar. A polar covalent bond occurs when the electrons are not shared equally between the atoms. In contrast, a nonpolar covalent bond occurs when the electrons are shared equally between the atoms, creating a symmetrical distribution of electron density.

In summary, NaCl is an ionic compound formed by the combination of a metal (Na) and a nonmetal (Cl) by an ionic bond, not a covalent bond, and it is not a polar or nonpolar covalent bond.

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A solution in equilibrium with an undissolved solute is a saturated solution.

A homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances is called a solution.

In a solution, there are two primary components, which are termed as,

The minor component that is dissolved in a solution is known as the solute. The major component that dissolves the solute is known as the solvent.

At a given temperature and pressure, every solvent is capable of dissolving a particular amount of solute in it.

If a solution has dissolved as much as it is capable of dissolving, then the solution is known as a saturated solution.

Hence, a solution in equilibrium with an undissolved solute is known as a saturated solution.

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Sodium bicaronate's empirical and molecular formulas are both NaHCO3. The empirical formula for C2 H6 is CH3.

What does "structural formula" mean?

Chemical bonds connecting the atoms of a molecule are located in structural formulae. A structural formula is made up of symbols for the atoms joined by brief lines that stand in for chemical bonds. Single, double, and triple bonds are denoted by one, two, or three lines, respectively.

If we look at the molecular formula for NaHCO3, we can see that it has a molar ratio of 1:1:1:3 and that everything in this molar ratio results in a total mass of: 23g + 1g + 12g + 48g = 84g. Knowing that the molecular formula shows the total molar ratio of each element in a compound, while the empirical formula shows the simplest ratio of the elements present in a compound.

To determine the empirical formula of C2 H6 , you divide the molecular formula by a number that gives the smallest ratio of atoms. So, we divide C2 H6 by 2 to determine the empirical formula CH3. Structural formula in picture given.

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Answer:

Both and then Molecular

Explanation:

Bonds between atoms having the same value of electronegativity in the bond, is called as the non-polar covalent bond.

A covalent bond is a chemical bond between two atoms in which pairs of electrons are shared between both the two atoms. The covalent bond is also called a molecular bond. The forces of attraction or repulsion acting between two atoms, when they both share electron pair or bonding pair, is called as Covalent Bonding. If the atoms have the same electronegativity, they will share their valence electrons equally with each other. This type of a covalent bond where electrons are shared equally between the two bonded atoms is called a non-polar covalent bond.

Covalent bonding also includes many kinds or types of interactions, including σ-bonding (sigma bonding), π-bonding ( pi bonding), metal-to-metal bonding, bent bonds, agostic bonding, three-center two-electron bonds and three-center four-electron bonds.

On the other hand, a polar covalent bond is formed between two non-metal atoms that have different electronegativities. Thus the electrons consisting the bond are unevenly shared between th atoms of a polar covalent bond.

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59.60grams particles of silver will be formed from 17.54 g copper, when Copper (II) reacts with Silver Nitrate. The equation is  Cu(s) + 2AgNO₃(aq) → Cu(NO₃)₂ (aq) + 2Ag(s).  

The term molar mass is defined as the mass in grams of one mole of the compound.

The equation is as follows:

Cu(s) + 2AgNO₃(aq) → Cu(NO₃)₂ (aq) + 2Ag(s).  

1mol of Cu will produce 2 mol Ag.

The molar mass of Cu = 63.5g/mol

The molar mass of Ag = 107.9g/mol

63.5g Cu will produce 2 × 107.9 = 215.8g of Ag

17.54g Cu will produce 17.54g Cu / 63.5gCu × 215.8g Ag

= 0.276 × 215.8

= 59.60grams of Ag produced.

Thus, 59.60grams particles of silver will be formed from 17.54 g copper, when Copper (II) reacts with Silver Nitrate.

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Hazard signs such as "Flammable," "Oxidizer," and "Corrosive" National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) diamond Gas Cylinder sign posted signs convey information about chemical storage.

Pictograms are pictorial symbols that are used to express particular information about a chemical's risks. OSHA mandates pictograms on principal labels to indicate chemical dangers. The exact OSHA danger categorization determines each pictogram(s). There are several forms of risks in the workplace, including chemical, ergonomic, physical, and psychological hazards, to mention a few. Dangerous situations. Employees who operate with machinery or on construction sites are more likely to be exposed to safety concerns.  Biological dangers. Biological dangers are exceedingly hazardous  Physical dangers Ergonomic risks Chemical risks Workload risks.

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Answer: The correct volumetric reading for the above measuring tube is 40.5 ml.

What are Significant Figures in Measurement?

Measured size numbers are not exact, as opposed to defined sizes or directly counted sizes. To measure the volume of liquid in a graduated cylinder, we need to read the bottom of the meniscus, the lowest point on the curved surface of the liquid.

We know there are three significant digits in graduated tube measurement . Two digits are reliable and one digit is uncertain.

Here in the above measurements the the reliable volume measurement is 40 ml and the uncertain digit is 5.

Hence, the correct answer is 40.5 ml.

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[tex]C_4H_10[/tex] is the molecular formula of the compound with the given emperical formula.

The simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms in a compound is its empirical formula. It can be calculated by dividing the number of moles of each element in the compound by the least number of moles, which is done while assessing percent composition. It does not specify how the compound's atoms are arranged.

so let ( [tex]C_2H_5[/tex])[tex]_x[/tex]  is the molecular formula of the compound with given emperical formula

so the molecular mass is given as:

2x* (mass of carbon) + 5x *(mass of hydrogen)

=> 2x*12+5x*1

=>29x

so 29x=82

=> x=2

so the molecular formula of compound is given as  ( [tex]C_2H_5[/tex])[tex]_2[/tex]

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Answer:

1.08 x 10^24

Explanation:

The number of molecules in a given amount of a substance can be determined by using Avogadro's number, which is approximately 6.022 x 10^23 particles per mole.

To find the number of molecules in 1.8 moles of water, you would use the following calculation:

1.8 moles x 6.022 x 10^23 particles/mole = 1.0839 x 10^24 molecules

So there are about 1.08 x 10^24 molecules in 1.8 moles of water.

B:  [tex]C_{12} H_{26}[/tex] is expected to have the largest dispersion forces.

Dispersion force is a type of intermolecular force that acts between normally electrically symmetric atoms and molecules; that is, the electrons and atoms are symmetrically distributed with respect to the nucleus.

The strength of dispersion forces usually increases with the number of electrons in the atom or molecule. In the given case,  [tex]C_{12}H_{26}[/tex] contains a lot more electrons in comparison to [tex]C_{3} H_{8}[/tex],[tex]F_{2}[/tex], and [tex]BeCl_{2}[/tex]. Therefore, [tex]C_{12} H_{26}[/tex] is expected to have the largest dispersion forces.

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Answer:

0.26

Explanation:

PV=nRT

n= PV/RT

n = (1*6.28)/(0.082*293)

n=0.26 moles

A chemical with a mass composition of 76.6% carbon, 6.4 hydrogen, and 17.0% oxygen with a molar mass of 94.12 g/mol has the molecular formula C6H6O.

A substance with a mass percentage of 94% oxygen and 6% hydrogen has the empirical formula OH. It might seem that oxygen and hydrogen should be present in greater proportions in the empirical formula, but keep in mind that the percentages are based on the mass of the elements.

In a hydrocarbon, carbon makes up 92.3% of the mass and hydrogen makes up 7.7%. The compound's empirical formula will be revealed. HCHC5, HCHC3.

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A) have lower melting points. Solid molecular compounds often have lower melting points than solid ionic ones. Chemical substances known as molecular compounds assume the shape of distinct molecules.

Molecular compounds are made up of separate molecules that are connected by sharing electrons (covalent bonding). Examples include water, which has molecules of H2O, methane, which has molecules of CH4, and hydrogen fluoride, which has molecules of HF. Ionic bonding will often be present in compounds when a metal is bound to either a non-metal or a semi-metal. Molecular compounds are those that include just non-metals or semi-metals combined with non-metals and exhibit covalent bonding. Nonmetals are used to create molecular (or covalent) compounds. Compound molecules are created when certain quantities of atoms from several elements combine. Water, ammonia, and carbon dioxide are among examples. Metals and nonmetals are used to create ionic compounds.

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To extinguish or put off a small contained (non-spreading) fire, an efficient and easy way is to smother the contained fire with another container or equipment so that no oxygen can further react with the fire.

Safety methods and safety precautions are very crucial and important while performing an experiment or while doing some research work in a laboratory or in general whenever working with hazardous inflammable substances.

During any fire hazard, safety measures differ in forms and procedures relative to the intensity and spread of the fire.

While any major fire breakout, the initial/primary action should be getting yourself to safety first while pushing the fire alarm (if available) or informing the fire extinguishing team. To put off a huge fire by manual work yourself or smothering it, won't generally work in the situation.

For any minor fire hazard, as for a small contained fire, for an instance if a fire breaks out in a beaker, then the easiest way would be to smother the contained fire so as no more oxygen gas from the air can enter into the container. Gradually the oxygen (or any other fuel) present in the container would wear out or finish as it gets used and no more combustible substance would be present to help the fire to expand.

Therefore, using extinguisher, or water, or calling the instructor are not the better ways to extinguish a small contained fire.

Hence, Option D among the options is the correct answer to the question.

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Explanation:

You're required to put a glowing splinter of wood(red hot charcoal) into a test tube of unknown gas and if the wood starts burning again or rekindles. That gas is said to be oxygen. Although another gas that does that is dinitrogen(I)oxide but to differ them from each other, dinitrogen(I) oxide has a pleasant smell while oxygen is odourless.

Answer: 5 -There are 5 significant figures in 48.050. Count the number of significant figures. Non-zero digits, zeros found between two significant digits, and zeros following a significant digit in a decimal are significant.

Explanation:

It is true that kettle sours can be produced by adding food-grade lactic acid in the kettle

Lactic acid is a naturally occurring organic acid that is produced during fermentation by bacteria such as Lactobacillus. It is commonly used in food and beverage production as a flavor enhancer, preservative, and pH control agent.

Lactic acid is known for its tart, sour taste and is commonly found in fermented dairy products like yogurt and sour cream, as well as in sour beers and pickled vegetables.

Kettle sours are a type of sour beer that are made by adding food-grade lactic acid to the wort (unfermented beer) while it is still in the kettle. This allows the beer to sour without the need for a long aging process, which is required for traditional sour beer styles such as lambics or Berliner Weisse.

By controlling the amount of lactic acid added and the time it is added, brewers can produce a range of sour beers with different levels of sourness, from mild to tart. The use of food-grade lactic acid in kettle sours is considered a safe and widely used brewing practice.

Therefore, It is true that kettle sours can be produced by adding food-grade lactic acid in the kettle

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Fermentation does not require oxygen as it is an anaerobic process. If oxygen is present, pyruvate will be completely oxidized to water and carbon dioxide molecules by some yeast species spiration. On the other hand, yeast species will produce ethanol only in an anaerobic environment by a process called Pasteur Effect.

Fermentation  is a process of energy production in cells with a state anaerobic (without oxygen) that produces changes in organic biochemistry through the action of enzymes. Fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration in general, but there is a more precise definition that defines fermentation as respiration in an anaerobic environment without the presence of an external electron acceptor. Examples of fermentation can be found in bread making, wine (beer) and cheese making.

Sugar is a common ingredient in fermentation. Some examples of fermented products are ethanol, lactic acid and hydrogen. However, several other components can also be produced from fermentation, such as butyric acid and acetone. Yeast is a common fermenting agent used to produce ethanol in beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages. Anaerobic respiration (without external electron acceptor) in mammalian muscles during hard work can be classified as a form of fermentation which produces lactic acid as a by-product. This accumulation of lactic acid can cause muscle fatigue.

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Answer:

Tap Water. Yes, Tap water

Answer:

1. Polyethylene (PE)
2. Polypropylene (PP)
3. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
4. Polystyrene (PS)
5. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), also known as Teflon.

A is a diastereomer of C and B, and C and B are enantiomers of A. B is a stereoisomer of D. Diastereomers are molecules having the same chemical structure and bonding arrangement.

Components, but they can't be combined. In every other way, enantiomers are identical chemically. When two enantiomers are dissolved molecules in a solution, we can distinguish between them based on which way polarized light rotates. Stereochemistry is the study of how molecules with the same chemical formula and atom-bonding order (constitution) can differ in terms of the three-dimensional spatial orientations of their atoms. This phenomenon is known as stereoisomerism, also referred to as spatial isomerism.

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The substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants.

They are the substances that are present at the start of the reaction and are transformed into different substances, known as products, during the reaction. The reactants are written on the left side of a chemical equation and the products are written on the right side.

In a chemical reaction,

Example:

In the reaction between hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2) to form water (H2O), the reactants are H2 and O2, and the product is H2O. This reaction can be represented by the equation: H2 + O2 -> H2O

In this equation, the reactants H2 and O2 are listed on the left side of the arrow and the product H2O is listed on the right side.

It is important to note that the number of atoms of each element on the reactants side and products side must be equal. This principle is called the law of conservation of mass.

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In a molecule of water, oxygen atoms have a higher value of electronegativity than the hydrogen atoms present in the said H2O molecule.

Electronegativity is a chemical property of elements or molecules  that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group ( molecule, for example) to attract electrons toward itself. The electronegativity value of an atom is affected by both its atomic number (denoted by Z) and the distance that its valence shell electrons reside from the charged nuclei. Electronegativity serves as a way to quantitatively estimate the bond energy of a bond, and the sign and magnitude of a bond's chemical polarity, that characterizes a bond along the continuous scale from covalent to ionic bonding.

In a water molecule, oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen as oxygen is a smaller molecule with a higher number of protons. Oxygen pulls bonded electrons towards itself and thus in return gets a slightly negative charge while both hydrogen atoms get a slightly positive charge.

The electronegativity value of oxygen is 3.5 while that of hydrogen is 2.1.

Thus, the answer to the question is Oxygen.

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If this occurs, just redissolve the solute with more solvent because the chemical that crystallized out of solution owing to evaporation is unlikely to be pure. the solvent evaporates recrystallization .

while you are cooling your recrystallization.  Recrystallization is a physical process for purifying compounds depending on their solubility. The procedure is finished by heating the material to dissolve the chemical with impurities in a solvent combination. Recrystallization is a method used in chemistry to purify compounds. When a compound and impurities combination is dissolved in a suitable solvent, either the desired compound or the impurities can be extracted from the solution, leaving the other behind. It gets its name from the crystals that form when the chemical precipitates. Recrystallization can also refer to the natural formation of bigger ice crystals at the cost of smaller ones.

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Answer:

B and C

Explanation:

Sulphuric acid reacts with lithium hydroxide to produce lithium sulphate and water

H2SO4 + 2LiOH ---› Li2SO4 + 2H2O

The elements is most likely to form a covalent bond with the oxygen is hydrogen, H.

The covalent bond is bond formed between the atoms by the sharing of the valence electrons. Covalent bond is formed by the mutual sharing of the electrons. The covalent bond formed between the atoms of the same element. The covalent bond formed between the atoms of the different elements.

The covalent bond is formed between the oxygen and the hydrogen by the sharing of the electrons. The example of the covalent bond between the hydrogen and oxygen is H₂O. The two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atoms combine and form the covalent bond.

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The chloroplast was not in need of glucose as itself manufactures and stores glucose during the process of photosynthesis.

It is defined as a process by which plants and other photosynthetic organisms convert the light energy in to chemical energy  through the process of cellular respiration.

Some of the energy which is converted  is stored in molecules of carbohydrates like sugar and starches  which are made up of from carbon dioxide and water . Photosynthetic organisms which can perform photosynthesis  are algae and cyanobacteria. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the content of oxygen in earth's atmosphere.

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