choose the options below that are true of chemical equilibria. (select all that apply) select all that apply: the reaction proceeds in the forward and reverse directions at the same rate. both the forward and the reverse reactions are achievable. the relative amounts of all species must be different. there is no net change in concentrations of reactants and products.

5.1g of iron is needed to prepare 11.86 g of the iron chloride product if, under the conditions of the reaction, the electron configuration of the iron cation in the product is 1s22s22p63s23p63d6

Define electronic configuration.

The distribution of electrons in an element's atomic orbitals is described by the element's electron configuration. Atomic electron configurations adhere to a standard nomenclature in which all atomic subshells that contain electrons are arranged in a sequence with the number of electrons they each hold expressed in superscript.

Only ferrous chloride (FeCl2) is produced when metallic iron is treated with hydrochloric acid. The other product released is hydrogen gas. Ferric chloride (FeCl3) is created when iron is heated in the presence of chlorine gas.

Fe + Cl2 → FeCl2

1 mole iron reacts to give 1 mole FeCl2

No. of moles of Fe and FeCl2 are 1.

55g of Fe produces 126g of FeCl2

So 11.86g of FeCl2 is formed from 55*11.86/126 i.e. 5.1g

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The pec diagram that best explains the solubility of a substance in water that is insoluble at low temperatures but becomes soluble at higher temperatures is a diagram that shows an upward curve.

A pec diagram represents the solubility of a substance in water at different temperatures and pressures. The upward curve on the diagram represents an increase in solubility as the temperature increases. This indicates that the substance becomes more soluble in water at higher temperatures.

Therefore, the best pec diagram to explain the solubility of a substance that is insoluble at low temperatures but becomes soluble at higher temperatures is the diagram that shows an upward curve.

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A conjugate acid-base pair is composed of two species that are related to each other through the transfer of a proton. In this case, the species that can donate a proton is called the acid, and the species that can accept a proton is called the base.

Therefore, the conjugate acid-base pairs are as follows:
- HNO3 / NO3- : Nitric acid (HNO3) is the acid that donates a proton, while nitrate ion (NO3-) is the base that accepts a proton. Thus, they form a conjugate acid-base pair.
- H3O+ / OH- : Hydronium ion (H3O+) is the acid that donates a proton, while hydroxide ion (OH-) is the base that accepts a proton. Thus, they form a conjugate acid-base pair.
- H2SO4 / SO42- : Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is the acid that donates a proton, while sulfate ion (SO42-) is the base that accepts a proton. Thus, they form a conjugate acid-base pair.
- H3PO4 / HPO42- : Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is the acid that donates a proton, while hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO42-) is the base that accepts a proton. Thus, they form a conjugate acid-base pair.
In summary, all of the given options are conjugate acid-base pairs.

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The difference between the equivalence point and the end point is that the equivalence point represents the completion of the reaction, while the end point is an observable indication that the reaction has gone past by the equivalence point.

The equivalence point is the point at which the reaction between the analyte (the substance being analyzed) and the titrant (the substance being added to the analyte) is complete. At this point, the amounts of the analyte and the titrant have reacted in the stoichiometric ratio, meaning that all of the analyte has been reacted with the titrant.

The end point, on the other hand, is the point at which the indicator used in the titration changes color, or the physical property being monitored reaches a certain value. This is typically observed when the titrant has been added in excess to the analyte, beyond the equivalence point. The end point is used to determine the point at which the titration should be stopped.

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The lattice dissociation enthalpy of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is the energy required to break one mole of MgCl2 in its solid state into its constituent gaseous ions Mg2+ and 2 Cl-. This can be represented by the following equation:

MgCl2(s) → Mg2+(g) + 2 Cl-(g)

Note that "(s)" represents the solid state and "(g)" represents the gaseous state of the ions.

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The actions permitted in balancing a chemical equation are inserting coefficients in front of formulas of reactants and products and multiplying all coefficients by a common factor.

Balancing a chemical equation involves making sure that the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation. This is done by inserting coefficients in front of formulas of reactants and products, which indicates the number of molecules or atoms of each substance involved in the reaction. Multiplying all coefficients by a common factor is also permitted, as long as it does not alter the relative ratios of the coefficients.

Adding reactants or products and altering the formulas of reactants or products are not permitted in balancing a chemical equation, as they would result in a different chemical reaction.

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Hydrocarbons [tex]C_{n} H_{2n+2}[/tex] When hydrocarbons are burned to create energy, the byproducts include carbon dioxide, which is produced by gasoline-burning engines and contributes to the rise in greenhouse gases.

Any hydrocarbon can be burned with oxygen to produce three byproducts: carbon dioxide, water, and heat, as illustrated in the general reaction below. When hydrocarbons are burned with oxygen ([tex]O_{2}[/tex]) present, carbon dioxide ([tex]CO_{2}[/tex]) and water ([tex]H_{2} O[/tex]) are produced. Carbon monoxide (CO) may also be released during the burning of hydrocarbons if there is an imbalance between the amount of carbon and oxygen present. Occasionally, incomplete combustion results in the release of unburned hydrocarbons into the atmosphere.

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Answer:

Reducing the pressure in the system

The discovery of a walnut-sized lump in the inner ear region of early whale fossils provided evidence that supported the theory of whale evolution from land mammals.

This feature, known as the involucrum, was not found in wolf-like animals but is present in all modern whales. The presence of the involucrum in early whale fossils was a key piece of evidence that supported the idea of a transitional form, showing that whales evolved from land mammals. The involucrum likely provided early whales with the ability to hear underwater, which would have been important for their transition from land to sea. This and other anatomical and molecular evidence have led scientists to conclude that whales did indeed evolve from land mammals.

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The half life for the given reaction is  1.44 x 10⁻⁶/s which is calculated in the below section.

For the given reaction,

The half-life of a first-order reaction is a constant that is related to the rate constant for the reaction: t1/2 = 0.693/k.

The value of k(rate constant) = 1.0 x 10⁻⁵ mol/L/s

The half life for the reaction can be calculated as follows-

k = 0.693 / t1/2

Substitute the value of k in the above equation as follows-

1.0 x 10⁻⁵  = 0.693 / t1/2

t1/2 = 1.0 x 10⁻⁵ / 0.693

      = 1.44 x 10⁻⁶ /s

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[tex]P^{3-}[/tex] ion will be formed by the phosphorus atom shown below when it has a stable set of valence electrons.

The Explanation is as follows:

Phosphorus can gain 3 electrons, giving it a total of 8 valence electrons. Nonmetallic elements typically gain electrons. [tex]P^{3-}[/tex] is the most stable monoatomic ion that can be created from phosphorus.

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The complete question is:

What ion will be formed by the phosphorus atom shown below when it has a stable set of valence electrons?.

A. [tex]P^{5+}[/tex]

B. [tex]P^{3+}[/tex]

C. [tex]P^{5-}[/tex]

D. [tex]P^{3-}[/tex]

An antacid tablet reacts in water, creating bubbles with clear liquid and clear gas.

The reaction of the antacid tablet with water produces a clear liquid (water) and a clear gas (most likely carbon dioxide). The bubbles that are observed are a result of the release of this gas during the reaction.

When an antacid tablet is added to water, a chemical reaction takes place between the active ingredients in the tablet and the water. The most common active ingredients in antacid tablets are bases, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate. When these bases react with the acid in the stomach, they neutralize it, relieving symptoms of heartburn and indigestion.

Therefore, based on the information given, option c is the best answer.

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An anhydrous (water-free) condition is needed for preparing and reacting Grignard reagents because water can act as a reactant in the Grignard reaction and may quench the reaction.

Reaction is the process by which substances interact with each other to form new substances. It involves a change in the chemical composition of the substances, usually resulting in the release of energy. Reactions are essential for the formation and maintenance of life. Reactions occur naturally in nature, and can be induced by various factors such as heat, light, and pressure. Reactions can occur between two or more substances, and can involve a single substance reacting with itself. Reactions can produce a variety of products, including gases, solids, and liquids. The rate of reaction depends on the temperature, pressure, and concentration of the reactants.

Also, water can act as an acid and hydrolyze the Grignard reagent, leading to decomposition of the Grignard reagent. Additionally, the presence of water will prevent the formation of Grignard reagents from the starting materials.

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The pH must be adjusted to -2.049 in order to get an electrode potential of -0.121 V when the partial pressure of hydrogen gas remains at 1 atm.

An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit. It is used to make electrical connections, transmit electrical current, and measure electric potential. Electrodes are made from a variety of materials including metals, graphite, and plastics. They are used in many different applications, including welding, electrical engineering, energy storage, electroplating, and electrochemical processes.

The standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is an electrode with a potential of 0 V when it is at a pH of 0.
This means that in order to get an electrode potential of -0.121 V, the pH must be adjusted to -0.121 V/ 59.16 mV/pH
= -2.049.
Therefore, the pH must be adjusted to -2.049 in order to get an electrode potential of -0.121 V when the partial pressure of hydrogen gas remains at 1 atm.

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Yes, a precipitate will form. The solubility product constant (Ksp) of [tex]MgF_2[/tex] is [tex]8.7\times10^{-14[/tex]. The magnesium concentration in the solution is 0.0025 M (or 0.0025 mol/L).

Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in another liquid or substance. It is a measure of the maximum amount of one substance that can be dissolved in another. Solubility is affected by temperature, pH, agitation, and the nature of the solutes and solvents. When a substance is completely soluble, it is said to be miscible. The solubility of a substance in a particular solvent can be determined by measuring the amount of that substance that will dissolve in the solvent at a specific temperature

Yes, a precipitate will form. The solubility product constant (Ksp) of [tex]MgF_2[/tex] is [tex]8.7\times10^{-14[/tex].
The magnesium concentration in the solution is 0.0025 M (or 0.0025 mol/L). When we multiply the concentrations of [tex]Mg^{2+[/tex] and F- ions,
we get [tex](0.0025)2 = 6.25\times10^{-5[/tex], which is greater than the Ksp. This means that the concentrations of the ions are too high for the solution to remain saturated and a precipitate will form.

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The Valence Bond (VB) Theory is a quantum theory of chemical bonding which states that a chemical bond is formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons. The theory has three postulates:

Valence is a term used in psychology to describe the degree to which a person experiences an emotion, such as happiness or sadness. It is associated with the amount of pleasure or displeasure that one feels toward an event, object, or situation. Valence is measured on a scale from positive to negative, with positive emotions having a higher valence than negative emotions.

1. Hybridization: Hybridization is the process of combining atomic orbitals to form new hybridized orbitals with lower energy and new shapes. These hybrid orbitals are more stable and better suited for bonding than the original atomic orbitals.

2. Bond Formation: Bond formation occurs when two hybridized orbitals overlap and share a pair of electrons. This overlap creates a strong electrostatic attraction between the two atoms, which is the chemical bond.

3. Resonance: Resonance is the idea that the chemical bond between two atoms can be thought of as a combination of several different structures. These different structures can be represented by different resonance structures. Each resonance structure has a different energy and each can contribute to the overall strength of the bond.

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If the lid on the polystyrene cup had not been covering it during the experiment, much of the heat released by the neutralization process could have escaped into the atmosphere.

A calorimeter is a device used to measure the heat of chemical processes or physical changes, as well as heat capacity. Among the most frequent varieties are differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal micro calorimeters, titration calorimeters, and accelerated rate calorimeters.

Calorimeter Types

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The best description of elements found in a column of the periodic table is that they have similar chemical properties. The elements in a column or group of the periodic table share the same number of valence electrons, which are responsible for the chemical behavior of the element.

This similarity in electron configuration leads to similar chemical properties, such as reactivity, electronegativity, and ionization energy. However, the elements in a column do not necessarily have the same atomic number or the same size atoms. In fact, the atomic size tends to increase as you go down a column due to the addition of more electron shells. Therefore, it is the similar electron configuration and resulting chemical behavior that define the elements in a column of the periodic table.

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If S2 is the supply curve of the same producer after the government imposes a per-unit tax, the share of the tax paid by the producer as compared to the share of the tax paid by consumers will be greater if D2 is the demand curve facing the producer.

The supply curve can also be affected by other variables, such as a change in the cost of manufacturing. The curve will move to the left (S3) if a drought drives up water prices. Farmers will switch to growing that in its place if the price of a maize alternative, for example, rises from the supplier's point of view, and the supply of soybeans will fall (S3).

The supply curve will move right (S2) if a new technology, such as a pest-resistant seed, enhances yields. As a result of producers' incentives to hold off on selling, the supply will momentarily shift to the left (S3) if the future price of soybeans is greater than the present price.

The supply curve illustrates the relationship between the price of an item or service and the volume delivered over a specific time period. In a typical scenario, the amount delivered will be shown on the horizontal axis and the price will be shown on the left vertical axis.

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Complete question:

Refer to Exhibit 5-6. Let S1 be the supply curve of a producer. If S2 is the supply curve of the same producer after the government imposes a per-unit tax, the share of the tax paid by the producer as compared to the share of the tax paid by consumers will be _____________________.

The correct order of increasing pH value for 1.0 mol dm-3 solutions of the four substances is NH3 < CH3COOH < HCl < KOH.

This is because NH3 is a weak base and will have a pH value slightly above 7, CH3COOH is a weak acid and will have a pH value slightly below 7, HCl is a strong acid and will have a pH value close to 0, and KOH is a strong base and will have a pH value close to 14. Therefore, NH3 has the highest pH value, followed by CH3COOH, HCl, and then KOH. It is important to note that pH values are logarithmic and each increment represents a tenfold difference in acidity or basicity. So, the difference in pH between NH3 and CH3COOH may seem small, but in reality, NH3 is ten times more basic than CH3COOH.

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False. An endothermic reaction is one in which energy is absorbed from the surroundings. Therefore, the number of moles of reactants and products can vary.

Reaction is the act of responding to any type of stimulus, such as a touch, taste, sight, sound, or thought. It can also refer to the process of responding to a particular situation or event. Reaction is an important part of communication, as it helps people understand each other. It can also be used to describe the actions people take in response to certain situations. Reaction can be physical, verbal, or emotional. For instance, when someone experiences a negative emotion, they may react with anger, sadness, or fear. On the other hand, when someone experiences a positive emotion, they may react with joy, enthusiasm, or satisfaction. Reactions can also be based on a person's beliefs and values.

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Proteins: Identify the presence of proteins, the most common test is the Biuret Test. Carbohydrates: To identify the presence of carbohydrates, the most common test is the Benedict’s Test. Lipids: To identify the presence of lipids, the most common test is the Sudan III Test.

Proteins are large molecules made up of amino acids that are essential for life. They are the main components of cells and are used to build and repair body tissue. They are also used to make hormones, enzymes, and antibodies.

To perform the test, a sample of the substance is mixed with a few drops of copper sulfate solution. If the presence of proteins is detected, the mixture will turn a deep purple or blue color.

Carbohydrates: To identify the presence of carbohydrates, the most common test is the Benedict’s Test. This test is based on the reaction of carbohydrates with Benedict’s solution, which is an alkaline-copper sulfate solution. To perform the test, a sample of the substance is mixed with Benedict’s solution. If the presence of carbohydrates is detected, the mixture will turn a light orange or yellow color.

Lipids: To identify the presence of lipids, the most common test is the Sudan III Test. This test is based on the reaction of lipids with Sudan III, which is an orange-red dye. To perform the test, a sample of the substance is mixed with a few drops of Sudan III solution. If the presence of lipids is detected, the mixture will turn a deep red or pink color.

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According to quantum theory, the size of an atomic orbital is most directly associated with the principle quantum number (n). The correct option is a).

The principle quantum number describes the energy level of an electron in an atom, and as the value of n increases, the electron's energy and distance from the nucleus also increase. This means that the larger the value of n, the larger the size of the orbital.

The other quantum numbers, such as the angular momentum quantum number (l), the magnetic quantum number (ml), and the spin quantum number (ms), are all related to other properties of the electron, such as its shape, orientation, and spin, but they do not directly influence the size of the orbital.

Therefore, the principle quantum number is the most important factor in determining the size of an atomic orbital according to quantum theory.

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The sample mean of the Red blood cell count (cells/mcL) is 7.86 x 10⁶.

What is the sample mean of the Red blood cell count (cells/mcL)?

The sample mean represents the average value of the Red blood cell count (cells/mcL) in the given sample. It provides a measure of the central tendency of the data.

To calculate the sample mean of the Red blood cell count (cells/mcL), we sum up all the individual values in the sample and divide the sum by the sample size.

Given data:

Sample size (n) = 27

Red blood cell count values (cells/mcL):

7.79, 7.8, 6.7, 14.5, 7.23, 7.95, ...

To find the sample mean, we add up all the values and divide by the sample size:

Sum of Red blood cell count values = 7.79 + 7.8 + 6.7 + 14.5 + 7.23 + 7.95 + ...

Sample mean = Sum of Red blood cell count values / Sample size

Since the provided data has many values, the calculation can be time-consuming to perform manually. Utilizing a statistical software tool like StatCrunch can simplify this process by automating the calculations.

Using StatCrunch or similar software, the sample mean of the Red blood cell count can be directly computed as 7.8637037 x 10⁶ cells/mcL.

Therefore, the answer is 7.86 x 10⁶.

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The solubility of a compound generally increases as the acidity of its environment increases. This is because acidic environments can disrupt the electrostatic interactions between molecules, allowing them to dissolve more readily.

Electrostatic is a type of force that is generated by the attraction or repulsion of electric charges. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature and is the force responsible for most of the phenomena associated with electricity and magnetism. Examples of electrostatic forces can be seen in everyday life, such as when two pieces of paper stick together after being rubbed or when a balloon is rubbed against a wall.

Common compounds that increase in solubility when their environment becomes more acidic include salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl), as well as organic compounds such as sugars, amino acids, and proteins.

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SO3 only would exist as a set of resonance structures

Define resonance.

In valence bond theory, resonance, also known as mesomerism, is a means to describe bonding in specific molecules or polyatomic ions by combining numerous contributing structures into a resonance hybrid.

The electronic bonding of a single polyatomic species, including fractional bonds and fractional charges, is described by resonance structures, which are a collection of two or more Lewis structures.

There are three resonance configurations in sulfur trioxide. However, because all of the oxygen atoms in SO3 are equal, all of the structures are equivalent. Three oxygen atoms and one sulfur atom make up sulfur trioxide. With a bond angle of 120, sulphur is sp2 hybridized with a trigonal planar structure in SO3.

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Delta S solution is positive for the dissolution of urea in water because when urea is dissolved in water, the particles of urea become surrounded by water molecules.

Dissolution is a legal process that involves the end of a corporate entity due to the passing of a resolution by the shareholders or directors. This resolution is then followed by the filing of documents with the state or country in which the business is registered. During dissolution, the corporation ceases to exist and all of its assets and liabilities are distributed to the shareholders.

This increases the disorder of the system, resulting in an increase in entropy (delta S). This is due to the fact that more energy is needed for the water molecules to arrange themselves around the urea particles, increasing the number of possible microstates and resulting in an overall increase in entropy.

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The pH of the buffer is 3.16.  The pKa is a measure of the acidity or basicity of the buffer components and is related to the dissociation constant (Ka) of the weak acid or base.

What is Buffer Solution?

A buffer solution is a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of an acid or a base are added to it. Buffer solutions are made by mixing a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid, in approximately equal amounts. Buffers are important in many chemical and biological processes, where pH control is essential for maintaining proper function.

where pK a is the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant, [base] is the concentration of the conjugate base (in this case, F-) and [acid] is the concentration of the weak acid (in this case, HF).

We are given the concentrations of HF and KF, so we can calculate the concentration of F-:

[F-] = 0.030 M KF

Next, we can calculate the dissociation constant for HF:

[H+] = 3.5 × [tex]10^{-4}[/tex] x 0.060 M / 0.030 M

[H+] = 7.0 × [tex]10^{-4}[/tex] M

Finally, we can use the pH equation:

pH = pK a + log([base]/[acid])

pH = -log(3.5 × [tex]10^{-4}[/tex]) + log(0.030 M / 0.060 M)

pH = 3.16

Therefore, the pH of the buffer is 3.16.

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When, a sample of copper is heated to 110.0c. It is placed into 44.0g of water at 25.0c. if the final temperature of the water will be 36.0c. Then, the  mass of the copper that was heated is 478.8 g.

We can use the heat gained by the water to determine the heat lost by the copper. The heat gained or lost can be calculated using the equation;

q = mcΔT

where q is heat gained or lost, m is the mass, c is specific heat capacity, and ΔT is change in temperature.

Assuming the copper starts at the same temperature as the initial temperature of the water, the heat lost by the copper can be calculated as;

q_copper = mcΔT = (m_copper)(c_copper)(T_final - T_initial)

where c_copper is specific heat capacity of copper, T_final is final temperature of the water and copper, and T_initial is initial temperature of the water and copper.

The heat gained by the water can be calculated as;

q_water = mcΔT = (m_water)(c_water)(T_final - T_initial)

where c_water is specific heat capacity of water, m_water is mass of water, and T_final and T_initial are the final and initial temperatures of the water, respectively.

Since the total heat lost by the copper is equal to the total heat gained by the water (assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings), we can set the two equations equal to each other;

q_copper = q_water

(m_copper)(c_copper)(T_final - T_initial) = (m_water)(c_water)(T_final - T_initial)

Solving for the mass of copper, m_copper;

m_copper = (m_water)(c_water)(T_final - T_initial) / (c_copper)(T_final - T_initial)

m_copper = (m_water)(c_water) / c_copper

Substituting the given values;

m_copper = (44.0 g)(4.184 J/g°C) / (0.385 J/g°C)

m_copper = 478.8 g

Therefore, the mass of the copper that was heated is 478.8 g.

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the correct answer is (d) KI.

What is conjugate base?

In chemistry, a conjugate base is the species that is formed when an acid loses a proton (H+). More specifically, the conjugate base of an acid is the species that remains after the acid has donated its proton.

When salts dissolve in water, they may produce acidic, basic, or neutral solutions depending on the nature of the ions present in the salt.

In general, salts that contain the conjugate base of a weak acid or the cation of a strong base will produce a basic solution when dissolved in water.

Among the given options, the salt KI contains the cation K+ which is the conjugate base of a strong acid (potassium hydroxide) and the anion I- which is a weak conjugate base of a weak acid (hydroiodic acid). Since the cation is not acidic and the anion is weakly basic, the resulting solution will be slightly basic. Therefore, the correct answer is (d) KI.

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