The four main categories of biological macromolecules are: (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)
Each performs a variety of tasks and is a crucial part of the cell. These molecules help compensate most of a cell's mass when they are all combined. Organic molecules, which include carbon, are what make up biological macromolecules. They could also include minor quantities of hydrogen, oxygen, ammonia, phosphorus, sulfur, and other elements.
A. Protein
7. Amino acids are the name for its monomers.
B. Nucleic acid
1. RNA
3. Nucleotides are the name for its monomers.
5. These make up genes
4. DNA
C. Lipid
2. kept in adipose tissue
6. Its primary quality is that it repels water.
D. Carbohydrate
8. Polysaccharides are the name of its polymers.
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Which of these is NOT true of the Kingdom Aveolata?a. Some members of this kingdom are decomposers, showing ecological convergence with the fungi.b. Some member of this kingdom a free-living and covered with cilia.c. Some members of this kingdom cause human diseases that require an insect vector.d. Some members of this kingdom are an important component of the phytoplankton.
The statement that is NOT true of the Kingdom Aveolata is option C. Some members of this kingdom cause human diseases that require an insect vector.
Unicellular organisms such as ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans are members of the Aveolata Kingdom. These organisms play an important role in aquatic ecosystems, and many of them can photosynthesis. Some members of this kingdom are free-living and covered in cilia, while others are important decomposers, demonstrating ecological convergence with fungi. However, none of them cause human diseases that necessitate the use of an insect vector.
The Kingdom Aveolata is a diverse group of protists that includes ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans as well as unicellular and multicellular organisms. They are distinguished by the presence of small cavities beneath their cell membranes known as alveoli.
Option A is correct because some members of this kingdom are decomposers that play important roles in nutrient cycling. Option B is also correct, because some members of this kingdom are free-living and have cilia on their bodies that they use for movement and feeding. Option D is also correct, as some members of this kingdom, such as dinoflagellates, are a component of phytoplankton and play an important role in aquatic food webs.
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What does the morphological species concept State?
The morphological species concept states that individuals belong to the same species if they share similar physical characteristics or morphology.
This concept is based on the idea that members of the same species share a common ancestry and have evolved similar physical characteristics as a result. It is one of several different species concepts used in biology to define and categorize different types of organisms. However, the morphological species concept can be limited because some species can have a lot of variation in physical traits within a population, while others can be very similar to other species in terms of physical appearance.
As a result, scientists often use multiple species concepts in combination to get a more complete picture of how different organisms are related to one another. Other species concepts include the biological species concept, which defines species based on their ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring, and the phylogenetic species concept, which defines species based on their evolutionary history and genetic relationships.
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What is one similarity between diffusion and osmosis?
One similarity between diffusion and osmosis is that both are passive transport mechanisms, which means they do not require energy input from the cell to move substances across a membrane.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, which results in the equalization of concentration throughout a medium. Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion in which water molecules move across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration, also known as from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution.
In both cases, the movement of molecules or water occurs spontaneously without the input of energy from the cell. Diffusion and osmosis are fundamental concepts in biology and play important roles in various cellular processes such as nutrient uptake and waste removal.
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The figure shows four stages of a telomere shortening. What is the correct sequence of stages from youngest to oldest?
A.1, 3, 2, 4
B.3, 2, 1, 4
C.3, 4, 1, 2
D.2, 1, 4, 3
Correct sequence of stages from youngest to oldest is 1, 3, 2, 4, there are mainly 5 stages of live in human life cycle period.
The product life cycle is the progression of a product through 5 distinct stages—development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline.
When we talk about the concept of life stages, three distinct phases come to mind: childhood, adulthood, and old age.
Childhood is divided into 3 stages of life which include early childhood, middle childhood, and late childhood (preadolescence). Early childhood typically ranges from infancy to the age of 6 years old.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an adult is a person older than 19 years of age unless national law delimits an earlier age, and an adolescent someone aged 10 to 19 years.
With age, your skin thins and becomes less elastic and more fragile, and fatty tissue just below the skin decreases. You might notice that you bruise more easily. Decreased production of natural oils might make your skin drier. Wrinkles, age spots and small growths called skin tags are more common.
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Arteries always carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. (T/F)
False. Atherosclerotic arteries always carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Red blood cells, often known as arteries, carry nutrients and oxygen from the heart to the tissues of the body. The oxygen-poor blood is returned to the heart through the veins (blue). The primary artery that exits the heart, the aorta, is just where arteries are created. They transport oxygen-rich blood from the heart to all of the body's tissues. The circulatory system transports nutrients like oxygen and hormones to cells and removes wastes such as carbon dioxide. The roads only go through one direction, to keep things going in the right direction.
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Which of the following reads the nucleotide sequence of a gene and synthesizes the corresponding primary transcript? a. DNA polymerase b. Ribosome
The elements required for eukaryotic transcription include DNA polymerase, universal transcription factors, DNA, and RNA nucleotides.
The process by which RNA is created from genetic information encoded in DNA is called transcription. This process is carried out in eukaryotes by RNA polymerase and a number of common eukaryotic transcription factors. Using RNA nucleotides, RNA polymerase reads the DNA template and creates a complementary RNA molecule. Ribosomes use the RNA molecule created during transcription as a template for protein synthesis. It's crucial to remember that neither transcription nor the production of RNA use DNA nucleotides or ribosomes. DNA polymerase, common transcription factors, DNA, and RNA nucleotides make up the ideal combination of elements required for eukaryotic transcription.
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how does the pollination of most trees and grasses differ from the pollination of flowers?
Wind is frequently used to pollinate trees and grass, whereas insects are frequently used to pollinate flowers.
How do the two pollination techniques differ from one another?Self-pollination happens when pollen from the anther is dropped on the stigma of the same bloom or another blossom on the same plant. Pollen from one flower's anther is transferred to another flower's stigma on a different member of the same species in a process known as cross-pollination.Abiotic (pollination without the assistance of organisms) and abiotic (pollination mediated by animals) techniques of pollination have both evolved in flowering plants (biotic). Animals pollinate plants in a total amount of about 80%. 98% of the species that are pollinated by wind and 2% by water make up the remaining 20% of abiotic species.For more information on pollination kindly visit to
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What are spirochetes in humans?
Answer:
Spirochaetes are long and tightly coiled bacteria that cause diseases in humans. Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi are among the best‐known spirochaetes, responsible for syphilis and Lyme disease, respectively.
Explanation:
Does protein expression begin with transcription or translation? a. translation. b. transcription
The process of protein expression begins with the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA, followed by the translation of RNA into a protein. So option b is correct.
Transcription is the first step in protein expression, during which the genetic information encoded in a DNA sequence is transcribed into RNA. This process is carried out by RNA polymerase enzymes, which bind to the DNA template strand and synthesize a complementary RNA molecule that carries the genetic information for the protein being expressed. The RNA molecule produced during transcription is known as messenger RNA (mRNA), and it serves as a template for the next step in protein expression, which is translation.
Translation is the process by which the genetic information contained in mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. This process occurs on ribosomes, which read the codons on the mRNA and use this information to select the appropriate amino acids and link them together to form a protein chain.
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refer to the flowchart. which phrase best fills in the missing information in the flowchart? chemical energy stored in electron transport proteins chemical energy stored in oxygen chemical energy stored in a proton concentration gradient chemical energy stored in atp synthase
The flowchart's missing information refers to the manner in which chemical energy is stored after the electron transport chain. The term "chemical energy stored in a proton concentration gradient" best fills in the blanks in the flowchart.
The electron transport chain (ETC) is the final stage of cellular respiration, which is a metabolic process that transforms glucose and other organic molecules into ATP energy (adenosine triphosphate). During the ETC, electrons are transported via a sequence of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane, eventually generating a proton gradient across the membrane.
Because electrons given to the ETC are utilised to push protons (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembranous space, a larger concentration of protons is produced in the intermembranous space than in the matrix. The protons then return to the matrix through an ATP synthase enzyme, which uses the energy produced by the flow to fuel the synthesis of ATP from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate.
As a result, chemical energy is stored in the ETC in the form of a proton concentration gradient, which is formed by pumping protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase then uses this stored energy to power the creation of ATP, the fundamental energy currency of cells.
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a forensic scientist is gathering materials to conduct a reinsch test. what is one material they will need? microscope oxygenated water copper strip rubber
A forensic scientist is gathering materials to conduct a reinsch test. copper strip is one material they will need option c)
The Reinsch test is an initial indicator for the presence of one or more of the heavy metals listed below in a biological sample, and it is frequently employed by toxicologists when poisoning by such metals is suspected. Hugo Reinsch discovered the method, which is sensitive to antimony, arsenic, bismuth, selenium, thallium, and mercury, in 1841.
This approach is intended to detect arsenic in blood, urine, or tissue samples. Arsenic collects on a copper wire inserted in the sample after the specimens are heated in the presence of strong acid. A dull deposit on the wire suggests a successful outcome.
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Full Question: A forensic scientist is gathering materials to conduct a reinsch test. What is one material they will need? A. Microscope B. oxygenated water c. copper strip D .rubber
agricultural practices put in place to conserve resources for future generationsA. DomesticationB. SustainabilityC. HerbicideD. Pesticide
Sustainability agriculture aims to boost output while minimising negative environmental effects and preserving natural resources for future generations.
Utilizing renewable resources, such as water, soil, and energy, as well as adopting techniques like agroecology, integrated pest management, cover crops, and no-till farming, are all part of this process.
The preservation of biodiversity, the use of organic fertilisers, and non-toxic pest management techniques are all components of sustainable agriculture.
Environmental protection and guaranteeing future generations' access to food depend on sustainable agriculture. It contributes to soil conservation, water pollution reduction, and a decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
Additionally, it aids in agricultural output growth, input cost reduction, and a decrease in the use of chemical pesticides and fertilisers. It is critical to provide a favourable policy environment and encourage the adoption of such techniques among farmers in order to successfully implement sustainable agriculture methods.
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when a phenotype seemingly has a advatnage for an organism, what might happen to the frequency of the allele
If a phenotype seemingly has an advantage for an organism, it is likely that the frequency of the corresponding allele will increase over time.
This is because organisms with the advantageous phenotype are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing the advantageous allele to their offspring. Over many generations, this process of natural selection can lead to the increase in frequency of the advantageous allele in the population, as individuals with the allele have a greater likelihood of passing it on to their offspring.
This can eventually result in the fixation of the advantageous allele, meaning that it becomes the only allele present at the corresponding gene locus in the population.
However, the rate and extent of the increase in the frequency of the advantageous allele will depend on various factors, such as the degree of advantage conferred by the allele, the population size, the mutation rate, the genetic drift, and the degree of gene flow between populations. These factors can influence the speed and direction of evolutionary change in a population, shaping the genetic diversity and adaptation of organisms over time.
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The Nereus is a(n) _______.
a.
new class of submarine
b.
species of fish
c.
unmanned deep-sea robot
d.
ocean mapping program
C) unmanned deep-sea robot
What is nereus?One of the deepest diving underwater vehicles in the world, HROV Nereus, could be set up to function as an autonomous underwater vehicle or as a remotely controlled vehicle (ROV) attached to a surface ship (AUV).Nereus can dive to great depths and is extremely manoeuvrable thanks to a lightweight, thin, fiber-optic tether that its operators aboard a surface ship use to control it remotely.Every 661 days, Nereus completes one orbit around the sun (1.81 Earth-years). Up until 2060, when Nereus will pass at only three lunar distances, Saturday's close flyby of around 10 lunar distances will be its closest. The eye won't be able to see it.
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Answer:
it's c
Explanation:
Which layer of the epidermis has the largest quantities of keratin?
The highest concentrations of keratin are found in the stratum corneum, the epidermis' outermost layer.
What is keratin?The major structural element of hair, nails, feathers, hooves, and other hard and protective biological materials is keratin, a fibrous protein. It is a very resilient protein that can withstand abrasion, chemical deterioration, and other forms of wear and tear. Animal tissues like the skin and other tissues contain specialised cells called keratinocytes that create keratin. These cells are in charge of assembling the keratin proteins into strong, fibrous structures that shield and support the body. A complex network of genes and signalling pathways that manage the differentiation and maturation of keratinocytes controls the production of keratin.
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what is the correct order of the stages in the scientific method for investigating whether tomatoes produce more fruit in coller or warmer temperatures.
The correct order of the stages in the scientific method for investigating whether tomatoes produce more fruit in a cooler or warmer temperatures. is :
Your hypthesis is that tomatoes will produce more fruit during the cooler season of spring.One group of tomato plants are grown in the greenhouse with constant temperature of 22 degrees celsius while the other group is grown in a greenhouse with a constant temperature of 30 degrees celsius.the tomatoes grown at 22 degrees celsius produce more fruit in the spring which temperatures are mild compared to tomatoes grown in the summer.The hypothesis is supported.Tomato fruit settings are very important to keep the temperature in the ideal range.The optimum temperature is 60-75°F (night) and 60-90°F (day). Studies have shown that exposing plants to temperatures above 40°C for 3 hours on 2 consecutive days may result in fruit set failure.
Cooling stunts leaf growth and can cause wilting, pitting, leaf surface necrosis, and increased disease susceptibility. Low soil temperatures also stunt plant growth and hinder root development. Temperatures below 10°C during flowering can affect pollination and set fruit. Contrary to popular belief, tomatoes don't like heat. They prefer him 75-95 degrees. Many vegetables, including tomatoes and peppers, lose their flowers if the daytime temperature is too high (above 85°C) or nighttime temperature is too high (above 70°C).
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Complete question:
What is the correct order of the stages in the scientific method for investigating whether tomatoes produce more fruit in a cooler or warmer temperatures.
1. One group of tomato plants are grown in the greenhouse with constant temperature of 22 degrees celsius while the other group is grown in a greenhouse with a constant temperature of 30 degrees celsius.
2. The hypothesis is supported.
3. the tomatoes grown at 22 degrees celsius produce more fruit in the spring which temperatures are mild compared to tomatoes grown in the summer.
4. Your hypthesis is that tomatoes will produce more fruit during the cooler season of spring
Which amino acid is most likely to participate in hydrogen bonding with water?
A. Asparagine
B. Leucine
C. Valine
D. Alanine
E. phenyilanine
The amino acid asparagine is most likely to form a hydrogen bond with water.
In contrast to other amino acids, polar or hydrophilic amino acids—those having hydroxyl groups, like serine, threonine, and tyrosine, or amide groups, like asparagine or glutamine—are readily able to establish hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
The amino acid has a total hydrogen bonding capacity of 13, including 8 from the amino group and 2 from the carboxyl group, and 5 from the side chain.
Since the amide group may absorb two and contribute two hydrogen bonds, asparagine has a high potential to form hydrogen bonds.
The side chains of the amino acids glutamine and asparagine both have amide groups, which are typically hydrogen-bonded anytime they are found inside a protein. The sidechain of asparagine is a versatile hydrogen bond donor and acceptor. An oxygen atom that can serve as a hydrogen bond acceptor and a nitrogen atom that can serve as a hydrogen bond donor can both be found on the sidechain of asparagine.
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an increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in total peripheral resistance. T/F
True. Total peripheral resistance will rise with a rise in blood viscosity.
Given a steady systolic blood pressure, an increase in blood viscosity will inevitably result in an increase in total peripheral resistance (TPR), which will reduce blood flow. On the other hand, blood flow & perfusion will increase when viscosity falls. A higher risk of morbidity and mortality from a number of deadly conditions, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, is linked to a higher whole blood viscosity. Increased viscosity worsens organ perfusion by increasing blood flow resistance, taxing the heart's pumping capacity. Some anaemic people have low hematocrits, which results in lower blood viscosities. Temperature is a significant component that affects blood viscosity.
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describe the short-term regulation of blood pressure. include sensor, control center, effectors and the actions of effectors to return blood pressure to homeostasis
Baroreceptors are sensors found in blood vessels that alert the brain when blood pressure is too high or low.
The heart, blood vessels, and kidneys are then informed by the hypothalamus, acting as effectors in the control of blood pressure. Thus, in the regulation of blood pressure, homeostasis tends to stabilize the blood pressure, keeping it at a constant resting condition. For instance, a person's heart rate will rise during exercise, raising blood pressure. The brain's temperature regulation center serves as the stimulus, while nerve cells with ends in the epidermis and brain serve as the sensors, controls, and effectors. The stimulus occurs when the body temperature rises above 37 degrees Celsius.
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what enzyme forms covalent bonds between restriction fragments?what enzyme forms covalent bonds between restriction fragments?dna primasedna helicasesingle-strand binding proteindna polymerasedna ligase
DNA ligase is an enzyme that helps covalent connections between phosphate and the sugar of one nucleotide form. Ester bond is the name of it.
DNA ligase is an enzyme that helps covalent connections between phosphate and the sugar of one nucleotide form. Ester bond is the name of it. DNA ligase is an enzyme that helps covalent connections between phosphate and the sugar of one nucleotide form. Ester bond is the name of it. The complementary pairing of bases from the first and second strands creates hydrogen bonds between the two strands. Even though each of these hydrogen bonds is weak individually, taken together, they are tremendously strong. a guide for DNA replication.To catalyse a chemical process, enzymes engage in a variety of interactions with their substrates. In covalent catalysis, the R groups on the side chains of the amino acids in the enzyme's active site establish covalent connections with the substrate molecule.
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1) Roots in plants absorb air needed for respiration through --------.
2) the respiration which takes without oxygen is called --------- respiration.
3) the tiny pores on the leaves of a plant through which gaseous exchange occurs are called ------.
4) the microscopic organism like yeast and bacteria obtain energy from aerobic respiration called -------.
Answer:
1.) soil
2.) anaerobic respiration
3.) stoma
4.) Fermentation (I hope)
I’m really good at biology so If you need help just message me maybe.
what a molecular process found only in retroviruses?
Only simple retroviruses, not complex retroviruses, have been found to transmit cellular genes. It is unclear why these two viruses differ, but it may have something to do with how retroviruses acquire cellular sequences or how the viral genome is organised, which must be tolerant of foreign insertion.
Retroviruses carry changed cellular genes that give the virus a high level of tumorigenicity. The growth-regulatory genes in these viral or v-onc genes are typically altered. Protooncogenes or c-onc genes are the names given to their cellular progenitors (Bishop 1983, Varmus 1984, Cooper 1990). Gain of function of a positive growth signal is caused by over expression or incorrect expression, which is frequently paired with mutation of an oncogene that has integrated into a viral genome.
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how dna controls the workings of the cell?
DNA controls the workings of the cell by providing instructions for the synthesis of proteins and enzymes, which in turn control all of the biochemical processes that occur within the cell.
For example, DNA is responsible for encoding the instructions that tell the cell how to build specific proteins and enzymes, which will then help the cell to carry out its specific functions. Additionally, DNA helps to regulate gene expression, which is the process by which certain genes are turned on or off in response to certain environmental or internal cues. As such, DNA plays a critical role in controlling the workings of the cell.
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What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
Transform sunlight into sugar
Transform carbon dioxide into sugar
Transform sugar into usable energy
O Transform sugar into oxygen
in hhs, laboratory results are similar to those in dka ,but with three major exceptions. what do you expect to see in hhs? a. lower serum glucose, lower osmolality, and greater ketosis b. lower serum glucose, lower osmolality, and minimal ketosis c. higher serum glucose, higher osmolality, and greater ketosis d. higher serum glucose, higher osmolality, and minimal ketosis
Alterations in consciousness, ranging from confusion or disorientation to coma, are the main sign of a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. These conditions are typically brought on by severe dehydration, hyperglycemia, and hyperosmolality.
The following list of signs and symptoms may indicate hyperosmolar hyperglycemia status (HHS):
at least 600 mg/dL of plasma glucoseat least 320 mOsm/kg of effective serum osmolalitydehydration that is severe, up to an average of 9 LMore than 7.30 for serum pHMore than 15 mEq/L of bicarbonate are present in the solution.Ketonemia nonexistent to low with little ketonuriasome consciousness-related changewith or without prerenal azotemia. Contrary to diabetic ketoacidosis, temporary hemiplegia, widespread or focalized seizures, and seizures may ensue.Learn more about hyperglycemia here:
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Scientific Method in Action 1 The Strange Case of Beriberi In 1887 a strange nerve disease attacked the people in the Dutch East Indies. The disease was beriberi Symptoms of the disease included weakness and loss or are Watims offen died of heart failure. Scientists with beribers. The injected chickens became sick. However, so did a group of chickens that were more information with bacteria grain rice, but during the experiment, the chickens were fed polished rice. Dr. Eijkman researched this One of the scientists, Dr. Eijkman, noticed something before the experiment, all the chickens had eaten whole interesting case and found that polished rice lacked thiamine, a vitamin necessary for good health 1. State the Problem 2. What was the hypothesis? Strange nerve disease attached People in Dutch East Indies The disease beriberi might be caused by bacteria They injected chickens with bacteria from the blood or patients 3. How was the hypothesis tested?
The hypothesis was tested by injecting chickens with bacteria from the blood of patients with beriberi, as well as feeding them polished rice lacking thiamine.
What is thiamine?A necessary nutrient that is important for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats is thiamine, usually referred to as vitamin B1. It is a water-soluble vitamin that the body cannot produce on its own; therefore, it must be received through food or supplements. Thiamine has a role in the synthesis of energy from food and is necessary for the healthy operation of the neurological system, heart, and muscles. Thiamine deficiency can result in a number of medical conditions, including beriberi, a condition marked by weakness, loss of appetite, and nerve damage. Whole grains, legumes, nuts, and meat are among the foods high in thiamine.
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Which of the following mRNA modifications is common in human cells? a. 5' cap addition b. intron removal and exon joining c. 3' poly-A tail addition
Option D is correct. In human cells, each of the above said mRNA changes occurs frequently. Option 3' methacrylate tail added splicing, exon joining, and intron removal.
There are numerous billions of cells in a human body. They merely serve as the body's structural support, absorb nutrients from food, transform those into energy, and perform specific tasks. Cells contain the genetic material for the organism and are able to reproduce themselves.
There are 100 quadrillion trillion cells in a typical human body. A 200 or more distinct types of cells from each of the 80 known organs will be categorized, visualized, and their energetic genes will be identified in a giant new science project.
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Complete Question-
Which of the following mRNA modifications is common in human cells?
a. 5' cap addition
b. intron removal and exon joining
c. 3' poly-A tail addition
d. All of the above are common mRNA modifications in human cells.
organisms living in marine and freshwater environments generally have solute concentrations (or ion concentrations) that are quite different from the water around them. which of the following statements is true? organisms living in marine and freshwater environments generally have solute concentrations (or ion concentrations) that are quite different from the water around them. which of the following statements is true? fish living in salt water are naturally in balance with their surrounding environment, so no special adaptations are needed. fish that live in estuaries must possess special behavioral or physiological adaptations to survive daily changes in salinity. freshwater bony fish excrete very small amounts of concentrated urine. saltwater bony fish excrete copious amounts of dilute urine. fish living in fresh water are naturally in balance with their surrounding environment, so no special adaptations are needed.
To withstand daily fluctuations in salinity, fish that reside in estuaries must have particular behavioural or physiological adaptations. This claim is accurate.
Freshwater fish are more likely to swell and burst because the biogenic salt concentration in their bodies is higher than that of the surrounding water. Here, the fish must draw out as much salt as it can from the water and store it within itself, excreting as much water as it can in the pee in the process. In seawater, estuarine fish excrete salts and retain water, and when the water grows fresher, they excrete water and retain salts. These fish have evolved to employ both methods. These species can take advantage of both marine and freshwater (or semi-freshwater) settings thanks to their amazing physiological adaptation.
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What is the role of lipopolysaccharide in bacteria?
LPS is a polysaccharide that is found in the outer membranes of most Gram-negative bacteria. It is essential to the survival and virulence of these bacteria.
The majority of Gram-negative bacteria have an essential substance called lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their outer membrane. It is made up of a lipid, commonly known as lipid A, and a polysaccharide chain that is joined to lipid A.
LPS serves as a structural element of the outer membrane, acting as a barrier against the outside world. By modifying the host immune response, LPS also has a significant impact on the pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria.
For instance, LPS can activate the complement cascade, causing the generation of inflammatory mediators, as well as trigger the creation of proinflammatory cytokines like tumour necrosis factor-.
LPS can also attach to Toll-like receptors on immune cells, activating the innate immune system and causing the release of inflammatory mediators. LPS is therefore essential for the persistence and pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria.
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6. Which is true of the DNA sequence of the MCR1 gene in Africa?
a. The sequence is NOT very diverse in Africa
b. The sequence has lots of variation in Africa
Answer:
Explanation:
b. The sequence has lots of variation in Africa
Answer:
b. The sequence has lots of variation in Africa
Explanation:
DNA sequence diversity is often higher in populations with large effective population sizes and a long history of genetic exchange, such as in Africa. This can result in a greater variety of genetic variations, including in the MCR1 gene.
ALLEN
