Proteins, DNA, RNA, and other macromolecules were isolated and purified from the heat-killed S strain bacteria by Avery and his team. The genetic material, DNA, was found to be responsible for the transformation of the R strain bacterium alone.
The transformative principle was created by Griffith. A non-pathogenic strain of bacteria could be changed into a harmful one using the principle. One trait of the hereditary material is that the phenotype can change. The transforming principle was how Griffith referred to the element that altered the phenotypic. With research on the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, the concept of a nonheritable exchange of genetic information was first demonstrated in 1928. (Griffith, 1928). Griffith demonstrated how virulence elements from a dead pathogenic strain might "convert" an initially nonvirulent strain into a virulent one.
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Which of the following pollutants are responsible for the cause of SMOG?
(a) From incinerators
(b) Emissions from vehicles
(c) Both incinerators and emissions from vehicles
(d) None of the above
Both incinerators and emissions from vehicles are responsible for the cause of SMOG. Other sources such as burning of fossil fuels, industrial processes, and natural sources can also contribute to the formation of SMOG.So the correct option is c.
SMOG is an abbreviation for ‘smoke and fog’, and refers to a type of air pollution caused by chemical reactions that occur when certain pollutants are released into the atmosphere. The main contributors to SMOG are emissions from vehicles and incinerators.
Vehicles are a major source of SMOG pollution because they release harmful gases and chemicals into the air. The most common pollutants emitted from vehicles are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. These pollutants are released into the atmosphere and react with sunlight, moisture, and other chemicals in the air to form smog.
Incinerators are also a significant source of SMOG. They are used to burn and dispose of waste, but in the process, they release pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter into the air. These pollutants react with sunlight, moisture, and other chemicals in the air to create smog.
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what do you think happens to the rate of insulin secretion when blood glucose levels fall? what kind of feedback pathway is taking place?
when blood glucose levels fall the rate of insulin secretion decreases. This is negative feedback.
When blood sugar enters cells, blood sugar levels fall, which tells insulin to do the same. In order to ensure that energy is constantly available, even if you haven't eaten in a while, lower insulin levels signal the liver to release stored blood sugar.
When blood sugar levels fall too low, the amount of insulin reduces and other pancreatic cells release glucagon, which prompts the liver to release glucose back into circulation after converting stored glycogen. As a result, blood sugar levels return to normal.
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there are some sections of dna that are not shaded with any colors. these represent non-protein-coding sections of dna. if these sections of dna do not code for a protein, what do you think these segments of dna are used for? are these sections of dna even necessary? explain.
Non-coding The regions of an organism's genetic code which do not correspond for amino acid residues, which are the components of proteins, correspond to DNA.
The directions for constructing proteins, which are other big molecules. These instructions are dispersed throughout 46 lengthy structures called chromosomes that are found inside each of your cells.
Describe DNA ?The genetic material in ourselves but almost all other species is called deoxyribonucleic acid. In almost all of a person's cells, this is true.
How do chromosomes work?A component that can be found in a cell's nucleus. Proteins and DNA are arranged into genes on a chromosome. There are typically 23 copies of chromosomes in every cell.
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what mechanisms have evolved in animals with (a) external fertilization and (b) internal fertilization that help offspring survive to adulthood?
Fertilization is the process through which animals and other living things reproduce and create zygotes. Based upon how the male and female gamete merge, they can be divided into internal and exterior fertilisation.
As a means of survival, animals that display external fertilisation frequently produce a lot of eggs. A lot of eggs can aid in boosting the reproduction rate because they can be damaged during external fertilisation.Fertilization is the process through which animals and other living things reproduce and create zygotes. Based upon how the male and female gamete merge, they can be divided into internal and exterior fertilisation.In internal fertilisation, the eggs are either grown in a secure reproductive canal or are protected when laid by a shell, a defence mechanism exhibited by animals like mammal, reptiles, and birds.
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where is the oxygen we breathe in produced from? from water in respiration reactions from water used in the photolysis reaction from the krebs cycle in mitochondria from chlorophyll
The reactions that occur when water is used in photolysis to create oxygen, which humans breathe, occur.
In photosynthesis, what function does photolysis serve?Chlorophyll, a particular type of photosynthetic pigment, absorbs light during this phase of photosynthesis and transforms it into chemical energy in the granum of either a chloroplast. Oxygen & hydrogen molecules are broken apart by this reaction with water (H2O).
The term "photolysis of water" means what?Proton, electron, & oxygen are produced when water molecules split in the presence of light. Thylakoid sac lumen is where it is found. After reducing NADP with protons, photosystem II receives electrons.
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a fruit fly with short artistae (aa) and dumpy wings (dd) us crossed with a fruit fly that is cis-heterozygous for both traits. with crossing over, what percentage of the offspring are expected to have the wild type phenotype?
50% will be Long winged, Long Aristae / 50% will be dumpy winged, long aristae in Fruit fly.
Due to the fact that they only have four pairs of chromosomes (2n = 8), fruit flies are simple to research. The largest larva, the third instar larva, contains enormous "polytene" chromosomes that are simple to stain and study. There are four homologous pairs of chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster, including two pairs of big autosomes, one of which is somewhat smaller than the other pair, one pair of extremely small autosomes, and a pair of sex chromosomes. They have 2 sets of autosomes and 1 or 2X chromosomes. The fly is male if a diploid cell (1X:2A) contains just one X chromosome. A diploid cell with two X chromosomes (2X:2A) indicates that the fly is female.
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could both the food competition hypothesis and the sexual competition hypothesis explain why giraffes have long necks? why or why not?
Yes, the food competition hypothesis and the sexual competition hypothesis can explain the reason for giraffes having long necks. Long necks could be advantageous for more than one reason.
Males battle for female mate opportunities by hitting one another with their skulls. Giraffes with longer necks strike their opponents harder than males with shorter necks.
The mainstream hypothesis, which is an elaboration of Darwin's reasoning from 1872, is that food rivalry promoted the development of extended longer necks.
Hypotheses can be evaluated by observation, measurement, and experimentation.
According to one theory, giraffes evolved long necks to allow them to forage upward in tree canopies (Wilkinson & Ruxton, 2012). Another theory proposes a 'necks-for-sex' origin, based on sexual selection in battling male giraffes (Simmons & Altwegg, 2010)
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cells produced from mitosis because they have two complete sets of chromosomes called___
Cells produced from mitosis because they have two complete sets of chromosomes called Mitosis
Mitosis is an essential part of the life cycle of all organisms, from single-celled organisms to multicellular organisms. In single-celled organisms, mitosis is used for reproduction and growth. In multicellular organisms, mitosis is used to replace damaged cells, replace worn-out cells, and generate new cells during development. In addition, mitosis plays a key role in the development of tissues, organs, and other structures.
Diploid cells are the result of mitosis and are essential for the proper functioning of the body. They are used to replace worn-out or damaged cells, as well as generate new cells during development. When a cell divides, the two daughter cells produced have the same genetic information as the original cell, which is essential for proper functioning of the body.
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acetyl groups to be used for fatty acid biosynthesis are transferred across the mitochondrial membrane in what form? group of answer choices oxaloacetate acetyl-coa citrate malate
Acetyl groups to be used for fatty acid biosynthesis are transferred across the mitochondrial membrane in the citrate form.
What are acetyl groups?A tiny molecule called an acetyl group is composed of two carbon, three hydrogen, and one oxygen atoms. Other compounds can have acetyl groups added or subtracted, which may change how those molecules behave inside the body.
Acetyl is a functional group in organic chemistry with the chemical formula COCH3 and the structural formula CCH3. The letter Ac is sometimes used to denote it. This name is rarely used and acetyl is referred to as ethanoyl in IUPAC nomenclature. Methyl group is single-bonded to carbonyl in the acetyl group.
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Conifer leaves are generally thin and needle-like, while seeds are contained in cones.a. Trueb. False
True, conifer leaves are generally thin and needle-like, and seeds are contained in cones.
Knowing which conifer species belongs to which family can be challenging because there are hundreds of different conifer species.
Conifers are trees that are evergreen and have scales or needles for leaves. There are numerous conifer species spread across various families. In temperate areas, conifer trees can be found everywhere.
All conifers, with the notable exception of the severely deadly Yew family, are more or less edible and useful. Some other species may be questionably poisonous or otherwise not suitable for consumption, but not to the same extent as yew.
There are a variety of trees found in coniferous plants, including pine, maple, elm, fir, juniper, cedar, spruce, and many more. Despite having no vascular tissues, these plants produce cones that contain seeds.
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What two landforms can be found at fault lines?
Answer:
Mountains & valleys.
Explanation:
The movement of tectonic plates can cause one side of the fault line to be pushed up, forming mountains, while the other side can be pulled down, forming valleys.
what features of meiosis allow for independent assortment of chromosomes? multiple choice separation of sister chromatids reduction of chromosome number from diploid to haploid random alignment of homologous sister chromatids on the metaphase plate both the separation of sister chromatids and the reduction of chromosome number from diploid to haploid
The features of meiosis that allow for independent assortment of chromosomes are the random alignment of homologous sister chromatids on the metaphase plate. So the correct option is C.
What is meiosis?Meiosis is a type of cellular reproduction that occurs in the gonads in order to produce gametes (eggs and sperm). In this process, the diploid cell (containing two pairs of chromosomes) undergoes two consecutive divisions, which will produce four haploid cells.
What happens then in metaphase I is that the homologous pairs are going to separate where the random separation occurs, which helps the independent assortment of chromosomes. For this they are going to align in the equator of the cell, to later be dragged by the spindle fibers in the next phase.
Therefore, we can confirm that the correct option is C. random alignment of homologous sister chromatids on the metaphase plate.
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What features of meiosis allow for independent assortment of chromosomes? multiple choice
A. separation of sister chromatids
B. reduction of chromosome number from diploid to haploid
C. random alignment of homologous sister chromatids on the metaphase plate
D. both the separation of sister chromatids and the reduction of chromosome number from diploid to haploid
In cats, the bones in the legs involved in walking are very similar to the bones of whales' flippers that are involved in swimming. These are examples of _______.
Homologous structures. Analogous organs perform similarly to homologous structures; both share a common embryonic origin.
These two structures are not comparable. Although they are not identical, a butterfly's wings and a bird's wings are similar. Serial homologous refers to a circumstance where two or more parts or components are substantially the same in terms of construction but have been altered to serve distinct purposes. Bat wings and whale flippers are two examples of this. This commonality is crucial because it indicates that humans and bats have a recent common ancestor during evolution. For instance, the bones in a human arm are similar to those in a whale's front flipper.
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if you have a pet that isnt getting nourishment from the food it eats, which organ might have a problem?
They become more vulnerable to infections, skin problems, and hair loss without a healthy diet.
What transpires when animals don't consume enough food?They become more vulnerable to infections, skin problems, and hair loss without a healthy diet. insufficient energy Lack of energy is another obvious indicator of malnutrition, particularly when it comes to carbs.Any condition that makes a dog feel unwell, including renal illness, pancreatitis, intestinal parasites, liver disease, cancer, infection, intestinal blockage, etc., can make a dog refuse food and drink. Dogs cannot go without water for more than a few days, much like people, thus this should be taken seriously.The most typical nutritional shortfall that affects grazing animals' performance is an energy shortage. Feed may not be sufficient because of overgrazing, dryness, low quality, difficulty in digesting, or cost.To learn more about healthy diet refer to:
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If Patricia and Les have another child, what is the probability that they will have a daughter that is affected with galactosemia? Express your answer as a fraction
Answer:
Galactosemia is an inherited genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of the sugar galactose
Explanation:
A lack of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase is what causes the condition (GALT). The long arm of chromosome 9 contains the gene that causes this condition, and it is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.
In order for a child to be affected with galactosemia, the child must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent. If Patricia and Les are both carriers of the mutated gene, each of their children will have a 25% chance of inheriting two copies of the gene and being affected with galactosemia. If Patricia and Les have another child, the probability that they will have a daughter that is affected with galactosemia is 1/4 or 0.25
It's vital to understand that this likelihood depends on Patricia and Les both having the mutant gene; if one of them didn't, the likelihood would vary. For them to learn more about their risk and the potential for their kid to be affected, genetic counseling before and after conception may be a useful alternative.
the use of cyclic amp to mobilize fatty acids from adipose tissue is analogous to cyclic amps role in mobilization of sugars from glycogen in the liver. group of answer choices true false
True , Fatty acids are released from adipose tissue via triacylglycerol hydrolysis. The hydrolytic enzyme, hormone sensitive lipase, is activated to start the process (HSL). HSL is a phospho-dephospho enzyme that works in the phosphorylation process. -
When the body demands energy during times of stress, fatty acids are released from adipose cells and mobilized. The process starts when glucagon and adrenaline levels in the blood rise and bind to particular receptors on the surface of fat cells.
The glycerol and free fatty acids are subsequently released into the bloodstream. The circulating hormones insulin, glucagon, norepinephrine, and epinephrine modulate the activity of hormone sensitive lipase.
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(SCIENCE) You arrive in science class 45 seconds after leaving math class which is 45 meters away. How fast did you walk?
Explanation:
You walked 1m/s because you walked 1m every second
the anthrax toxin was found to interfere with adenylate cyclase. at which point in the cell signaling pathway would this toxin interrupt normal cell signaling? (1 point)
The point in which the cell signaling pathway would this toxin interrupts normal cell signaling is : the second messenger action.
What is anthrax toxin?The bacteria Bacillus anthracis, which is the primary cause of anthrax, secretes the three-protein anthrax toxin. Harry Smith made the initial discovery of the toxin in 1954.
The capacity of cells to react to outside stimuli is known as cell signaling. Examples include changes in gene expression during various phases of development, the healing of wounds following an injury, and immune system activation in response to pathogens. There are four main categories for receptor-ligand interactions and signaling pathway activation: autocrine, endocrine, paracrine, and juxtacrine.
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you discover a transmembrane protein alpha that, like most transmembrane proteins, exhibits a transmembrane domain composed of alpha helices. upi discovered that alpha serves as a channel, what is a likely amino acid sequence
Amino acid sequence provides essential biochemical information. For example, sequence of amino acids in a given protein can offer insights into 3-D structure of the protein, its function and evolution.
What is amino acids sequence?Amino acids sequence is the arrangement of amino acids in a protein. Proteins can be made from 20 different kinds of amino acids, and structure and function of each protein are determined by the kinds of amino acids used to make it and arrangement.
Order that acids get linked together to from protein is determined by order of DNA bases in the gene that encodes formation of protein.
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Which of the following describes a lipid?
A. hydrophobic
C. hydrophilic
B. soluble
D. very small molecules
Answer:
A. hydrophobic
Explanation:
A wide range of naturally occurring compounds known as lipids are hydrophobic (insoluble in water) yet soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of fats, oils, waxes, and similar substances, and they have a range of functions in living things, such as hormone production, energy storage, and cell membrane construction.
Because lipids are nonpolar, they do not interact well with polar molecules like water, which is why they are hydrophobic.
They are not water-soluble and are not hydrophilic, which means they mix poorly with water, but they are soluble in non-polar solvents.
Lipids are not very tiny molecules; they are huge molecules.
Which of the following describes a relationship in which one organism depends on another for its needs?A rabbit burrowing in the groundA hawk catching and eating a mouseA frog cooling off in a pondAn oak tree absorbing sunlight for food
Answer:
A hawk catching and eating a mouse best describes a relationship in which one organism depends on another for its needs.
in reality, this high carrying capacity cannot be sustained for longer than a few weeks. when the bamboo fruits and rice run out, the carrying capacity reverts to the level observed before the bamboo began to fruit (i.e., about 100 rats). what would you predict for population growth of rats when the bamboo fruit and rice runs out?
In reality, this high carrying capacity cannot be sustained for longer than a few weeks. when the bamboo fruits and rice run out, the carrying capacity reverts to the level observed before the bamboo began to fruit. When the bamboo fruit and rice runs out then there will be food scarcity which may lead to death of rats.
In contrast to Dicots and Conifers, which have a cylindrical cambium layer between the bark (phloem) and the wood (xylum), bamboo's vascular bundles are dispersed throughout the walls of the culm. This is similar to other grasses in that bamboo typically has hollow internodal regions of the stem. Additionally missing is the dicotyledonous woody xylem. Monocots like palms and enormous bamboos have columnar stems rather than tapering ones because they lack secondary growth wood.
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the nitrate reduction test is used to determine the ability of an organism to reduce nitrate. the enterobacteriaceae group can reduce nitrate. based on this test, what is the end product for which nitrate is reduced?
The end products produced by bacterial reduction of nitrate include nitrite, ammonia, nitrogen gas, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and hydroxylamine.
An organism's capacity to reduce nitrate is assessed using the image result of the nitrate reduction test. Nitrate can be reduced by the enterobacteriaceae family.It is used to test whether an organism is capable of using the enzyme nitratase to convert nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-) or other nitrogenous chemicals (also called nitrate reductase). The identification of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species depends on this test.
The end products produced by bacterial reduction of nitrate include nitrite, ammonia, nitrogen gas, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and hydroxylamine. The type of bacteria present and the surrounding factors influence the final outcome that is seen.A large number of enteric bacteria can also catalyze the conversion of nitrate to N2 gas (denitrification) when anaerobic conditions are present, or they can convert nitrate to ammonia via two-step assimilatory or dissimilatory pathways.
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In order to meet the conditions for independence and large counts for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test, which of the following represents all possible sizes of the monthly samples
To meet the conditions of independence and large numbers for the chi-square good-of-fit test, then the representative of all possible monthly sample sizes is n ≤ 60.
The chi-square fit test is appropriate when the following conditions are met: The sampling method is simple random sampling. The variables studied are categorical. The expected value of the number of observation samples at each variable level is at least 5.
In question:
Since the expected frequency for each category should be at least 5.
therefore n*0.11 ≥ 5
n ≥ 46
also, n/N ≤ 45/5 = 0.10
The boating group has 600 members:
n ≤0.1*600
n ≤ 60
So, the possible monthly sample size is n ≤ 60.
Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was:
A private lake sells boating memberships and currently has 600 members. During the application process, the potential members are asked which recreational activity they do the most. Their choices are fishing, skiing, boarding, swimming, or tubing. The lake manager chooses clients according to their interests to maximize the use of all areas of the lake. Every month, the lake rangers randomly sample the boats on the lake and categorize them according to the activity they are doing. The lake manager performs a chi-square goodness-of-fit test using the following null hypothesis to see whether their samples differ significantly from what the original applications claim.
H₀: p-[tex]_{fishing}[/tex]=0.26, p-[tex]_{skiing}[/tex] =0.21, p-[tex]_{boarding}[/tex]=0.30, p-[tex]_{swimming}[/tex]=0.12, p-[tex]_{tubeing}[/tex]=0.11
In order to meet the conditions for independence and large counts for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test, which of the following represents all possible sizes of the monthly samples?
A. n ≥ 30B. 30 ≤ n ≤ 50C. 46 ≤ n ≤ 60D. n ≥ 46E. n ≤ 60The correct answer is C.
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Hypothesize how some people have red hair through viable errors. Explain your answer in 1-2 sentences.
Some people have red hair through the viable errors. These variable errors are called as mutations.
What are Mutations?A mutation is an alteration in the genetic material of the cell such as the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or the extra-chromosomal DNA which is present in the mitochondria and chloroplast of the cell. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA as the genetic material.
A viable error in the genetic material is a mutation which remains for the rest of life, so we can say that some people have red hair which is a rare trait due to viable errors or the mutations in the genetic code. Red hair is a recessive gene in the DNA, which means red hair only occurs when a person has two copies of the same gene.
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organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy are called
Organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy are called heterotrophic organism.
Heterotrophic organisms are organisms that cannot produce their own food and must obtain energy by consuming other organisms or organic matter. This includes animals, most fungi, and some protists and bacteria. They obtain energy by breaking down complex molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins found in the organisms or organic matter they consume. This process is known as cellular respiration and it is how heterotrophic organisms obtain the energy they need to survive and carry out their life processes.
These organisms are basically consumers that gain their energy just by eating autotrophs that fix environmental energy.
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in evolutionary terms, an organism's darwinian fitness is measured by its __________.
In evolutionary terms, an organism's Darwinian fitness is measured by its ability to reproduce and generate viable offspring.
What is Darwinian fitness?Reproductive success is more important to Darwinian fitness. How well an organism has been able to pass on its genes is determined by Darwinian fitness. As a result, it might be a relative indicator of how well an organism reproduces in terms of passing on its genes to the following generation. It refers to a population's or an individual's relative capacity for surviving, procreating, and spreading genes within a given environment. Therefore, when anything is said to be biologically fit, it refers to how well-suited and adapted it is to its environment based on its population size and relative reproductive success.
Offspring:The young creation of living things is termed as an offspring, that can be created by a single organism or, in the event of sexual reproduction, by two organisms. A group of offspring is fewtimes termed as a brood or progeny in a more generic sense.
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expert that helps you learn core concepts.See AnswerBelow are 6 histology slides of endocrine glands.Place the appropriate hormones in the glands they are secreted from.
Exocrine glands discharge substances onto the surfaces of your body through holes. The exocrine glands produce milk, saliva, tears, sweat, and digestive fluids.
Describe hormones.The chemical messengers that communicate with the body's tissues and blood are hormones. Hormones have a long-lasting, gradual effect on a variety of bodily functions, including mood, sexual function, reproduction, or metabolism, which is how your body converts food into energy.
What bodily tissues produce hormones?The majority of the hormones produced and released by your body's endocrine system come from specialized glands. An organ known as a gland produces one or more compounds, including hormones, digestive fluids, sweat, and tears. Your bloodstream receives hormones straight from endocrine glands. Feb
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15. sarah finds herself in the middle of the amazon rainforest with different ecosystems. what type of ecological unit is she in? a. biosphere b. biome c. south america d. abiogenesis
She is a particular species within a biome. Sarah discovers herself in a diverse ecosystem in the midst of the Amazon rainforest.
What are the principal 5 ecologies?There are five main types of biomes: water, grassland, woodland, desert, and tundra. Several of these biomes can also be subdivided into more precise categories, including such freshwater, marine, savannah, tropical rainforest, moderate rainforest, and taiga.
Which big ecosystems are there?The seven major ecosystems are the freshwater ecosystem, marine ecosystem, tundra ecosystem, and forest ecosystem. Forest ecosystems are made up of biotic and abiotic environmental factors that cohabit with plants, animals, and microorganisms.
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if a sperm nucleus is injected into an oocyte, what steps of gametogenesis and conception are bypassed?
Sperm head development and activation, oocyte development, and formation of polar bodies
Gametogenesis includes spermatogenesis & oogenesis. It includes three phases - Multiplication Phase - In this phase, the diploid germ cell divides by mitosis to form diploid oogonia in oogenesis & spermatogonia in spermatogenesis.
Growth Phase - This phase involves only growth in size. It is the longest phase. It results in the formation of the primary oocyte in oogenesis and primary spermatocyte in spermatogenesis.
Maturation Phase - This phase involves meiotic division and it is divided into two phases -
Maturation - I - The diploid primary oocyte/ spermatocyte divides by meiosis-I to form two haploid secondary spermatocytes in spermatogenesis and in oogenesis one secondary oocyte & one polar body is formed.
Maturation - II - In spermatogenesis, the two secondary spermatocytes divide by meiosis-II to form four haploid spermatids which finally convert into four haploid sperms. In oogenesis, the secondary oocyte divides by meiosis-II to form one haploid ootid and one haploid polar body-II.
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