Cows can derive nutrients from cellulose because - c. their digestive tract contains microorganisms that can hydrolyze the bonds of cellulose.
Why are cow able to digest cellulose?A particular class of molecules known as cellulose has hundreds or perhaps thousands of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The type of primary component that makes up the walls of plant cells is called cellulose. Plants benefit by being rigid and erect.
Due to the presence of ruminococcus, a cellulose-digesting bacterium, in the rumen, cattle can digest cellulose. Cellulase, an enzyme that these bacteria make, may convert cellulose to glucose.
Hay and grasses have a lot of cellulose, yet humans cannot digest any of them (although humans can digest starch). Even while termites and herbivores like cows, koalas, and horses all digest cellulose, none of these species really possess the enzyme needed to do so.
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Many prokaryotes that are easily cultured in the lab are human or animal pathogens. why would these species be more readily cultured than non-pathogenic prokaryotes?
a. Pathogenic prokaryotes are hardier than non-pathogenic prokaryotes.
b. Non-pathogenic prokaryotes require more supplements in their growth media.
c. Most of the necessary culture conditions could be inferred for pathogenic prokaryotes.
d. Pathogenic bacteria can grow as free bacteria, but non-pathogenic bacteria only grow as parts of large colonies.
a. Pathogenic prokaryotes are hardier than non-pathogenic prokaryotes.
In the 1880s, the word "pathogen" first became in use. The term "pathogen" is typically used to refer to an infectious microbe or agent, such as a virus, bacterium, protozoan, prion, viroid, or fungal organism. Insects and helminths are examples of small animals that can carry or spread disease. Instead of being called pathogens, these creatures are more commonly referred to as parasites. Microbiology is the scientific study of microscopic organisms, especially microscopic harmful organisms, while parasitology is the study of parasites and the hosts of parasites.
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in the united states, approximately one child in 10,000 is born with pku (phenylketonuria), a syndrome that affects individuals homozygous for the recessive allele (aa). calculate the frequency of this allele (a) in the population.
The prevalence of this allele in the community is around 2% of the U.S. population.
Using Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,
q2 = 1 ÷ 10,000 = 0.0001
q = √0.0001 = 0.01
p = 1 − q = 1 − 0.01 = 0.99
The carriers are heterozygous. Therefore, 2pq = 2 (0.99 × 0.01) = 0.0198 = 1.98%
According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, genetic diversity in a population will remain constant throughout time in the absence of disruptive factors.
By adding appropriate the alleles & dividing them by the number of alleles analyzed, we may get the values of p & q in a reasonable sample of people from a community.
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1. List three examples of qualitative data observations that could be obtained from the photograph of the
jackals.
The three examples of qualitative data observations that could be obtained from the photograph of the jackals include:
Jackals have small faces,They have bushy tails, The have long ears that stand straight up.What is qualitative data?The goal of qualitative research is to collect and examine non-numerical data in order to comprehend people's attitudes, beliefs, and motivations in relation to their social reality.
Qualitative information describes traits or qualities. It is gathered through observation, interviews, or questionnaires and frequently takes the form of stories. For instance, it might be responses to an open-ended survey or notes from a focus group on the caliber of the food at Cafe Mac.
While qualitative data is ephemeral and dynamic, quantitative data is static and "universal." For instance, the fact that something weighs 20 kilograms can be regarded as an objective fact. The information given bare based on the diagram of the jackals.
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An organism with nonfunctioning telomerase
A. would be unaffected
B. cannot replicate DNA and RNA
C. would have shorten chromosomes earlier than normal cells
D. would be unable to synthesize proteins
E. would be unable to go through mitosis
c) would have shorten chromosomes earlier than normal cells.
Telomerase is an enzyme that adds telomere/cap cells to the ed of chromosome, they help in maintaining the length of telomere.
They help in replication of DNA.
Telomerase is active only in germ cells.
They make DNA using RNA template, the role of telomerase is to extend the overhanging strand of telomere DNA using the RNA.
After that similar DNA is made by replication machinery, produces double stranded DNA.
when the telomerase is nonfunctional, it leads to shortening of chromosome upon division
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. enhancers can influence the transcription of genes far away on the same chromosome. how are the effects of enhancers restricted so that they do not exert inappropriate transcriptional activation of non-target genes?
The creation of chromosome loops, which limit the engagement of the enhancers to just the genes inside the same loop, prevents enhancers from unintentionally triggering the transcription of surrounding genes since they act distantly from their target gene.
How are transcription promoters regulated?Enhancers are bound by sequence-specific transcription factors, which in turn make it easier for chromatin remodeling enzymes, histone modifying enzymes, and other co-factors to bind cooperatively, leading to the binding of the RNA polymerase II complex (RNA pol II). RNA pol II transcription of the target genes and enhancers
What rules apply to enhancers?Enhancers are compact regulatory DNA regions that increase the transcription of target genes to build the transcriptional program of cells.
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Superficial muscles that move the scapula
The superficial muscles that move the scapula are the trapezius, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator scapulae, serratus anterior, and pectoralis minor.
The trapezius is a large, triangular superficial muscle that runs from the base of the head to the lower thoracic vertebrae and then down to the scapula. It is responsible for the elevation, depression, and rotation of the scapula. This muscle is used to shrug the shoulders, rotate the scapula, and pull the shoulder back.
The levator scapulae is a smaller muscle that runs from the cervical vertebrae to the scapula. It is responsible for the elevation of the scapula. This muscle is used when lifting the shoulder, such as when reaching for an object on a high shelf.
The rhomboid is a broad muscle that runs from the spine to the scapula and is responsible for the adduction and medial rotation of the scapula. This muscle is used to bring the shoulder blade closer to the spine and rotate the shoulder blade inwards.
The serratus anterior is a thin muscle that runs from the ribs to the scapula and is responsible for the protraction and upward rotation of the scapula. This muscle is used to move the shoulder blade forward and to rotate the shoulder blade up.
The pectoralis minor is a small muscle that runs from the ribs to the scapula and is responsible for the protraction and downward rotation of the scapula. This muscle is used to draw the shoulder blade forward and to rotate the shoulder blade down.
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you are doing a biochemical analysis of molecules from cells from patients with a certain disease compared to cells from control patients who do not have the disease. you find that patients with the disease have unusually high levels of cytosine molecules with ch3 groups attached to their cells. which modification has taken place in the cells from the disease patients?
Epigenetic patterns may be altered by a number of lifestyle factors, including diet, obesity, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, exposure to environmental toxins, stress, and working night shifts.
Epigenetics is the study of how changes to your environment and behavior can have an impact on how your genes function. Contrary to genetic changes, epigenetic changes are reversible and do not alter your DNA sequence, but they can alter how your body interprets a DNA sequence.
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How does energy from the sun get passed through an ecosystem
Answer:
by eco
Explanation:
Answer:
when producers carry out photosynthesis
Explanation:
Energy enters an ecosystem when producers carry out photosynthesis, capturing energy from the sun and storing it as chemical potential energy.
Distinguish among the following terms: acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate
Acoelomate
An acoelomate is an organism that does not contain a fluid-filled cavity in their bodies. It only classified as invertebrates, and example of it, is platyhelminthes.Pseudocoelomate
An invertebrate with a fluid-filled body cavity between the endoderm and the mesoderm.Possess a body cavity called pseudocoelom.The body cavity of pseudocoelomates is between endoderm and mesoderm.Example of pseudocoelomate are, nematoda, entoprocta, rotifera, acenthocephala, and gastrotrica.Coelomate
An organism with a body cavity between the body wall and the digestive tract.Coelomates possess a body cavity called coelom.The body cavity of coelomates is inside the mesoderm.Example of coelomate are, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinordermata, hemichordata, and chordate.What is coelom define the terms acoelomates pseudocoelomates and coelomates with suitable examples?Coelom is a fluid-filled cavity between the body wall and gut wall. It is lined by mesoderm. On the basis of the presence or absence of coelom, animals are classified into three groups, namely coelomates and pseudocoelomates and acoelomates. Coelomate animals possess coelom between the body wall and digestive tract.
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in guinea pigs, having black fur is a dominant trait. a student has a pet guinea pig with white fur. what can be concluded about the guinea pig?
Guinea pig with white fur is concluded to have recessive alleles.
The population of guinea pigs =400
The population of Black individuals =384
The population of white indivisuals=400-384=16
Frequency of recessive allele (q) =√(16/400) = √0.04 = 0.2
p = 1-0.2= 0.8
True breeding of dominant trait = p^(2) = 0.8^(2) *100= 64%
True breeding of recessive trait=q^(2)=0.2^(2)*100=4%
Percentage of animals expected to be true breeding =64+4=68
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50 points
Materials needed for “how does the color of light affect plant growth” experiment
Answer:
it affects the plants because plants need regular light not colored light
Explanation:
what would be the consequence of a mutation in a bacterial cell that produces a defective aminacyl-trna sythetase that attaches a lysine instead of the normal phenylalanine to trnas
Lysine will be used as an amino acid in place of phenylalanine in the cell's proteins.
At amino acid sites determined by the codon AAA, lysine rather than phenylalanine will be present in proteins inside the cell. By adding phenylalanine to tRNAs with lysine-specific anticodons, the cell will fix the flaw. The body is unable to produce essential amino acids. They must therefore originate from food. Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine are the nine essential amino acids. Being an essential amino acid, phenylalanine cannot be produced by the body and must be consumed through diet. Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid that can be created in the liver by hydroxylating phenylalanine when consumed.
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HELP pls will mark you the brainliest
Answer:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Explanation:
Here's a shortcut to remember: PMAT
the region surrounded by guard cells is indicated by the letter _____.
The region surrounded by guard cells is indicated by the stomata pores.
Guard cells are cells surrounding every stoma. They assist to modify the price of transpiration through beginning and final the stomata.
Light is the principle cause for the outlet or final. Each defend mobileular has a rather thick cuticle at the pore-aspect and a skinny one contrary. Guard cells are some other kind of plant cell fashions to observe early sign transduction and strain tolerance mechanisms in plants.
Guard cells are surrounded through stomatal pores and are placed in leaf epidermis. Guard cells manage inflow and efflux of CO2 and water from leaves, respectively.Guard cells are cells surrounding every stoma. They assist to modify the price of transpiration through beginning and final the stomata. Light is the principle cause for the outlet or final.
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which measure of biodiversity takes into account the number of species present and the relative abundance of the species present?
The species evenness measure of biodiversity takes into account the number of species present and the relative abundance of the species present.
The measure of biodiversity that takes into account the number of species present and the relative abundance of the species present is called Species Richness.
Step 1: Species richness is a measure of biodiversity that takes into account the number of species present in a given area.
Step 2: Species richness is calculated by counting the number of species present in a given area. This number is then compared to other areas, to assess the relative biodiversity of each area.
Step 3: Species richness also takes into account the relative abundance of the species present. This means that the relative abundance of a species is taken into consideration when calculating species richness.
Step 4: The relative abundance of a species is determined by counting the number of individuals of a particular species present in a given area. This number is then compared to other areas, to assess the relative abundance of the species in each area.
Step 5: The total species richness of an area is then determined by combining the number of species present with the relative abundance of the species present. This allows for a more accurate assessment of biodiversity in a given area.
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Complete the table included
Answer:
GnRH GnRH stands for Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone. The source of GnRH is hypothalamus.Effects;
GnRH acts on the pituitary gland and causes it to release two hormones, (FSH) and (LH).FSHFSH stands for Follicle-stimulating Hormone.The source of FSH is pituitary gland.Effects;
FSH helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries.LHLH stands for Luteinizing Hormone.The source of LH is pituitary gland.Effects;
It triggers the creation of steroid hormones from the ovaries.EstrogenThe source of Estrogen is ovaries (adrenal glands too but in little amount).Effects;
Regulating the menstrual cycle also affects the reproductive tract, the urinary tract, the heart and blood vessels, breasts, pelvic muscles, and the brain.ProgesteroneThe source of the adrenal cortex as well as gonads.Effects;
Progesterone prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation.Glycerophospholipids are all EXCEPT: members of the phospholipids made up of 1,2-diacylglycerol and phosphate group. also called sphingolipids essential components of cell membranes all other choices are true
All glycerophospholipids are also known as sphingolipids. Sphingolipids are a subclass of lipids with sphingoid bases as their backbone, a group of aliphatic amino alcohols that also includes sphingosine.
What kind of sphingolipid is a good example of?They include ceramide, sphingomyelin, glucosylceramide (GlcCer), lactosylceramide (LacCer), and ganglioside GM3. While gangliosides specifically contain one or more N-acetylneuraminic acids, simple glycosphingolipids like GlcCer and LacCer are frequently referred to as "cerebrosides" (sialic acids).
Which two main sphingolipid kinds are there?Complex sphingolipids have ceramide backbones as their fundamental building blocks, and position 1 frequently has a polar head group. The two main classes of sphingolipids—phosphosphingolipids (PSLs) and glycosphingolipids (GSLs)—are typically distinguished based on their head group, however these classifications are not mutually exclusive.
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the ability of bacteria to produce substances that inactivate or destroy the antibiotic is known as which of the following?
The term "antibacterial resistance" or "antibiotic resistance" refers specifically to bacteria's capacity to fend against antibiotic actions.
Penicillin is made from what kind of organism?The antibiotic penicillin is made by the penicillium mold naturally. 2. Researchers discovered a way to cultivate Penicillium mold in deep fermentation tanks by incorporating a specific type of sugar and other components. Penicillium grew more rapidly as a result of this procedure.
Does penicillin work well to fight bacteria?The peptidoglycans' connecting protein struts are blocked by penicillins. The bacterium is unable to patch up the breaches in its cell walls as a result. Water rushes through the openings in the cell and causes the bacterium to burst because the outside fluid's water concentration is higher than that found inside the bacterium.
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humans have evolved a preference for salt, which was ancestrally a rare compound to find. the overconsumption of salt in us diets is likely an example of what kind of evolutionary medicine problem? group of answer choices trade-off constraints in the evolution of human bodies a mutation-selection balance antagonistic pleiotropy a mismatch between the modern and ancestral environments an evolving disease agent
A mismatch between the modern and ancestral environments is the evolutionary medicine problem.
Salt, also referred to as table salt or by its chemical formula NaCl (sodium chloride), is an ionic compound made of sodium and chloride ions. All life depends on its chemical properties to survive. It has been used by humans for thousands of years, from food preservation to seasoning. The Historical Role of Salt in Ancient Egypt. Salt played an important role in the history of Egypt, which began over 5000 years ago. It was responsible for much of the wealth of the ancient Egyptians and central to many of their most important religious customs.Evolutionary medicine (EM), also known as Darwinian medicine.
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what is the definition of an oncofetal tumor antigen? a.an antigen found in a nonviable pregnancy. b.all of the answers are correct. c.an antigen derived from a reactivated fetal gene. d.an antigen which is not immunogenic. e.an oncogene fused to a fetal gene.
Definition - While fetal tissues and cancers both produce oncofetal antigens, adult tissues only produce them in very small amounts. An examination is done of the recognized oncofetal antigens.
Oncofetal antigens are chemicals that are produced by tumors as well as by fetal cells, however they are produced by adult tissues at much lower levels.
The oncofetal antigen alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is helpful in keeping track of individuals with nonseminomatous testicular cancer and specific kinds of ovarian cancer.
stage 4 - commonly referred to as "secondary" or "metastatic" cancer, is when the disease has progressed to at least one additional body organ from the initial site.
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which of the following is an example of an externality?A. cigarette smoke that permeates an entire restaurantB. a flu shot that prevents a student from transmitting the virus to her roommateC. a beautiful flower garden outside of the local post officeD. All of the above
cigarette smoke filling an entire eatery, a flu vaccination that stops a student from spreading the illness to her roommates, a lovely flower garden in front of the neighborhood post office, etc.
Light pollution is indeed an illustration of an externality since people who utilize street lights have an impact on those who are passing by that is not offset by them. A benefit or expense that impacts a person who is neither directly involved in the creation or consumption of an item or service is known as an externality. Examples of a social cost include pollution, whereas a positive externality would be something like a technological spillover. Natural environmental externalities, such those related to public health illness or natural resources, are the norm. A firm that generates pollution that lowers the property values and health of locals is an example of a negative externality.
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biologically, do you think you can distinguish between neandertals and humans? what led you to this conclusion? what other information would you need in order to confirm your argument?
Our braincase and pelvic morphology may reliably distinguish us from Neanderthals, whose bones show a longer, lower skull and a broader pelvis.
With careful measurement, the three small bones of our middle ear, which are essential for hearing, may be easily identified from those of Neanderthals.
When you reach a conclusion, you conclude that something is true after giving it significant thought and considering all relevant data.
Evidence provides support for the arguments given and helps persuade audiences to accept ideas. Evidence comes in various forms, and it varies from one academic field or subject of debate to the next.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
The production of lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates, as well as the metabolism of foreign compounds like medications or poisons, are its primary functions.
What role does a smooth endoplasmic reticulum play in the body?Without ribosomes, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum aids in the concentration and synthesis of several chemicals required by the organism.
The production of necessary lipids like cholesterol and phospholipids is carried out by smooth ER. Steroid hormone synthesis and secretion are also carried out by smooth ER. It is also in charge of glucose metabolism.
The production of proteins in cells is carried out by ribosomes, which are found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The cell's smooth ER produces fats or lipids that are necessary for the cell to operate.
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when a fetus reaches about day 270 in the womb it is designated __________.
When a fetus reaches about day 270 in the womb it is designated Full term or Fetal Development.
The first day of your last period truly marks the beginning of pregnancy. The gestational age or menstruation age is this. It occurs roughly two weeks before conception really takes place. Although it might seem unusual, the day of your last period will be a crucial date in figuring out when you're due. This date will be brought up by your doctor, who will use it to determine how far along you are in your pregnancy.
Pregnancy's final few weeks are broken down into the following categories:
Early term lasts from 37 0/7 to 38 6/7 weeks.
Full term lasts from 39 0/7 to 40/6/7 weeks.
Late term: from 41 0/7 to 41 6/7 weeks.
42 0/7 weeks and on after the term.
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what is the complementary dna sequence for the dna strand shown in the figure below?
The complementary DNA sequence for the DNA strand shown in the figure below is 5-''TAACGTCATGG-3''.
Nucleotide: DNA nucleotides are deoxyribose sugars with phosphate groups and one of four nitrogen bases.
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
Complementary Sequence: Because DNA consists of two strands, each DNA sequence also possesses a counterpart sequence that runs in parallel. In the complementary sequence, the nucleotides Adenine (A) and Thymine (T) are always coupled together, while Cytosine (C) is often paired with Guanine (G).
As the given strand is 3''ATTGCAGTACC3'" the complementary strand will be 5-''TAACGTCATGG-3''.
The missing figure is attached.
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Which of the following is a limitation of the autoclave?A. It requires an excessively long time to achieve sterilization.B. It cannot inactivate viruses.C. It cannot kill endospores.D. It cannot be used with heat-labile materials.E. It cannot be used with glassware.
The following which is a limitation of the autoclave is D. It cannot be used with non-heat resistant materials.
What is an autoclave?An autoclave is a steam machine used to sterilize laboratory equipment. This steam machine, of course, uses steam to carry out sterilization so that viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other organisms can die.
Some of the other functions of the autoclave are:
Autoclaves are used to sterilize containers and laboratory objects used for researchAutoclaves are used to turn off hazardous materials in medical waste before disposalAutoclaves can also be used to sterilize medical equipment used in the medical field.Learn more about viruses here :
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1.) Classify each description as applying to either autotrophs or heterotrophs
-rely on other organism for energy
-use inorganic materials to produce energy
-make their own food
-producers
-cannot make their own food
-consumers
-many use photosynthesis to produce organic compounds
-unable to produce organic compounds from inorganic materials
2.) Classify the organisms according to the metabolic process they perform, either cellular respiration, photosynthesis, or both
-dandelions
-seaweed
-frogs
-mold
-tigers
Autotrophs are organism that make there own food whereas heterotrophs are dependent on others for energy requirement.
1) Autotrophs: use inorganic materials to produce energy, make their own food, producers, many use photosynthesis to produce organic compounds
Heterotrophs: rely on other organism for energy, cannot make their own food, consumers, unable to produce organic compounds from inorganic materials
2) Photosynthesis: dandelions, seaweed
Respiration: frogs, mold, tiger
Thus those organisms that produce there own food using photosynthesis include plants and trees, whereas animals that are heterotrophs derive energy from autotrophs using respiration.
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APC Question: Researchers determined the average amount of time that a particular type of eukaryotic cell spends in each phase of the cell cycle. The data collected by the researchers are represented in Figure 1. The average amount of time spent by a particular type of eukaryotic cell in each phase of the cell cycle. Based on Figure 1, what percent of the time required to complete a full cycle do the cells typically spend in interphase?
A.) 5%
B.) 35%
C.) 50%
D.) 95%
Cell spends about 95% of its time in interphase.
The G1, S, and G2 phases are all considered to be interphase, which is the part of the cell cycle that is not accompanied by changes that can be seen under a microscope. The cell expands (G1), copies its DNA (S), and gets ready for mitosis during interphase (G2). A cell going through interphase is not just dormant. Since a cell in interphase is actively synthesising proteins, transcribing DNA into RNA, absorbing external material, processing signals, to name just a few tasks, the term quiescent (i.e. dormant) would be deceptive. Only in terms of cell division is the cell dormant (i.e. the cell is out of the cell cycle, G0).
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Please help I will give brainliest
The correct option to the punnet square illustrated in the image is 100% green (option C).
What is a punnet square?A punnet square in genetics is a graphical representation used to determine the probability of an offspring expressing a particular genotype.
A punnet square makes use of the alleles of gametes to deduce the genotype of the offsprings that will be produced from a cross.
According to this question, a homozygous green pea plant is mixed with a homozygous yellow pea plant. The punnet square is shown in the attached image.
The allele for the green pea is G while the allele for the yellow pea is g. G is said to be dominant over g (recessive), which means that in a heterozygous condition i.e. Gg, the green trait will be observed phenotypically.
If GG and gg genotypes are crossed, all of the offsprings will possess a Gg genotype, hence, 100% of the offsprings will be green.
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a bomb calorimeter can provide a close approximation for the amount of energy that will be produced by the body through the process of metabolism. State True or False your answer:
a. True
b. False
The quantity of energy that the body will create during the course of metabolism may be roughly estimated using a bomb calorimeter. It is accurate to say this.
Is a fast metabolism healthy?A high metabolism provides advantages since it causes a person to burn calories more quickly than someone with a thyroid imbalance. However, a quick metabolism might make it difficult to put on weight or keep up a balanced diet.
Why does the metabolism move slowly?A slow metabolism is caused by a variety of factors, including decreased activity, muscle loss, and internal organ aging. Fortunately, there are several strategies available to prevent aging from affecting your metabolism.
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