Chromosomes condense and cross over occur initially in meiosis I, followed by the alignment of paired homologues at the equator, the pulling of chromosomes to opposing poles, the clustering of separated homologues at each pole, and the re-formation of the nuclear envelope surrounding each daughter nucleus.
In meiosis, a parent cell divides into four daughter cells, each of which has half of the genetic material.
There are two types of meiosis: meiosis I and meiosis II.
During prophase I (meiosis I),
Chromosomes condenseBegins the formation of the spindle apparatus from cytoskeleton present in the cytoplasmThe homo-logous chromosomes pair and crossing over occurs. Crossing over refers to the interchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids.During metaphase I,
The homo-logous chromosomes align at the equator plate of the cellThe microtubules attach to the kinetochores of sister chromatidsDuring anaphase I,
The microtubules shortenThe chiasmata, which link homo-logous chromosomes together until anaphase I, are brokenThe homo-logous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles, thereby, one chromosome of each pair randomly moves to one pole of the cell and the homologous chromosome to the other.During telophase I,
The separated homologous chromosomes cluster at each pole of the new cellsThe nuclear envelope is formed around each cell nucleus.Learn more about meiosis to visit this link
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Full Question : Construct the correct sequence of events for meiosis I, starting at the top.
1. Separated homologues cluster at each pole.
2. Paired homologues align at the equator, microtubules attach to kinetochores of sister chromatids.
3. Microtubules shorten, chiasmata are broken, homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles.
4. Nuclear envelope re-forms around each daughter nucleus.
5. Chromosomes condense, forming of spindle apparatus begins, homologous chromosomes pair and crossing over occurs.
Match the characteristics to their correct type of muscle fiber. [Note that a third type of fiber, the fast oxidative (FO), also exists and their characteristics are intermediate to the two fibers shown below] Reset slow removal of calcium back to the SR low levels myoglobin fatigue resistant slow speed of tension development pale color high levels myoglobin dark red color larger diameter smaller diameter fast speed of tension development fatigue prone fast removal of calcium back to the SR many mitochondria few mitochondria Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibers Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers
The characteristics of the types of muscle fiber of muscle fibers are given below:
slow removal of calcium back to the SR- Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers
low levels of myoglobin - Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibers
fatigue resistant - Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers
slow speed of tension development - Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers
pale color - Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibers
high levels myoglobin - Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers
dark red color - Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers
larger diameter - Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibers
smaller diameter - Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers
fast speed of tension development - Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibers
fatigue prone - Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibers
fast removal of calcium back to the SR - Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibers
many mitochondria - Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers
few mitochondria - Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibers
What are the various types of muscle fibers?
Muscle fibers refer to groups of muscle cells that act together as a single unit.
There are three types of muscle fibers.
The three types of muscle fibers are given below as follows:
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what does "Parents can choose to screen embryos created via in vitro fertilization (IVF) for sex or diseases, a process known as pre-implantation genetic diagnosis” (Ghose)" mean?
Answer:
parents can check if the embryo has a disease
if it does, they can terminate the pregnancy
some of these are caused by a change in a single gene known as a single gene disorder
if one or both parents are carriers of a genetic disorder, they have a chance of passing it to their children even if they themselves are healthy.
Explanation:
pre-implantation genetic diagnosis aka PGD
checks for diseases in embryos like
Cystic fibrosis.
Tay-Sachs disease.
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)
Hemophilia.
Sickle cell disease.
Duchennes muscular dystrophy.
Thalassemia
Down syndrome
some of these are caused a change in a single gene known as a single gene disorder
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plants undergo photosynthesis in order to provide oxygen into the air, which is vital for the human body to stay alive: 6 co2 6 h2o light equation c6h12o6 6 o2 if there were 2.38 x 102 g of h2o and 18.6 moles of co2, how much c6h12o6 can be produced?
To calculate how much c6h12o6 can be produced, you will need to use the balanced equation above.
There are 6 moles of CO2 for every 1 mole of C6H12O6, so 18.6 moles of CO2 would produce 3.1 moles of C6H12O6.
There are also 6 moles of H2O for every 1 mole of C6H12O6, so 2.38 x 102 g of H2O would produce 0.4 moles of C6H12O6.
Therefore, the total amount of C6H12O6 that can be produced is 3.5 moles.
What do you mean by Photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae and some bacteria use the energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This process allows plants to use the energy from sunlight to create the food they need to survive. The oxygen produced during photosynthesis is released into the atmosphere, providing a valuable source of oxygen on which other organisms depend.
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How do muscles exert a kinetic force?
Due to the presence and motion of dispersed tissue mass, muscles have internal kinetic energy during dynamic contractions.
Explain about the Muscular force?The process through which skeletal muscle, in response to brain cues, transforms metabolic energy into an active force that pulls on the bones through intermediary connective tissue is known as muscle force generation.
Muscular force is any force that is produced when our muscles, such as our arms or legs, are used to generate it. Muscular force is a sort of contact force (any force which acts after touch). For instance, if you carry a brick off the ground, your muscles have to work to do so; hence, muscular force is being exerted here by the arms. Since muscular force is created by the mechanical contraction of muscles, it is a sort of mechanical force.
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Muscles have internal kinetic energy.
Briefing:During dynamic contractions, muscles exert their internal kinetic force which is their muscular force because of the existence and motion of dispersed tissue mass.
Describe the muscular force.The process through which skeletal muscle, in response to brain signals, converts metabolic energy into an active force that pulls on the bones through intermediary connective tissue is known as muscular force generation.
What is kinetic energy?The energy an object because of its motion is called kinetic energy.
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resource partitioning among different species question 26 options: develops mutualism. creates a predator-prey relationship. allows sharing of similar, scarce resources. undermines commensalism. fights parasitism.
In order to prevent rivalry between species and promote coexistence, resource partitioning or niche differentiation (a natural selection process that compels rivals to use resources in different ways) is a strategy.
Resource partitioning due to mutualism is possible.We utilize ecological modeling to show that a shared mutualist can temporarily partition resource niches by limiting growth rates, even if yield is determined by a resource outside of a mutualism.
What kind of resource partitioning is an example of?A notable illustration of resource partitioning is the anole lizard, which is found on Puerto Rico's island. Natural selection has resulted in the evolution of many species within this group that utilize various resources.
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Crustaceans larvae is developed into an adult by..
According to the research, the correct answer is metamorphosis. Crustaceans larvae are developed into an adult by metamorphosis process.
What is Crustaceans larvae?
It is when the Crustacean is just a fraction of what the lobster or shrimp will be and is characterized by presenting only three pairs of appendages that function as swimming appendages.
In this sense, they are decapods but like other groups of arthropods, during their life cycle they change their appearance and require a process of metamorphosis through various molts or ecdysis processes that give rise to other forms or larvae to reach the adult state.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the majority of Crustaceans larvae present indirect development, whereby larvae emerge from the eggs developed into an adult by metamorphosis process.
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How does sweat help you cool?
The body cools off when the perspiration evaporates, which is its principal function. The autonomic, or sympathetic, nerve systems control sweating.
This is so that your body can cool itself via sweating, which is based on the physics concept of "heat of vaporization." The energy required for perspiration to evaporate from your skin is heat. You start to cool down when the extra heat from your body is utilised to turn sweat droplets into vapor. Your hypothalamus boosts blood flow to the skin in response to rises in core cools body temperature, which also tells the body to start sweating.
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What is the primary reason we sweat?
Its primary job is to regulate body temperature. The skin's surface cools when the water in the perspiration evaporates. Sweat also assists in gripping by moistening the hands just a little bit.
Glands in the dermis, the skin's deeper layer, are responsible for producing sweat. Although sweat glands are found throughout the body, they are most prevalent on the forehead, armpits, palms, and soles of the feet. While salts do appear in sweat, water makes up the majority of it. Its primary job is to regulate body temperature. The skin's surface cools when the water in the perspiration evaporates. Sweat also assists in gripping by moistening the hands just a little bit. The term for excessive perspiration is hyperhidrosis.
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14. A dieback, or population crash, often occurs after a species ________ its environmental carrying capacity. A. meetsB.overshootsC. undershootsD. oscillates aroundE. decreases
A dieback, or population crash, often occurs after a species overshoots its environmental carrying capacity.
What is a population crash?
Human depopulation (also called underpopulation, depopulation, or population collapse) is the reduction in the size of the human population. In the long term, from prehistoric times to the present, the total population of the planet continues to grow. However, current projections suggest that this long-term trend of steady population growth may come to an end.
The world's population grew very slowly until the industrial revolution began. After about 1800, growth peaked at 2.09% per annum in 1967-1969, but then declined to 1.05% by 2020 due to the global collapse in the total fertility rate. Absolute global growth accelerated after peaking at 92.9 million in 1988, but will drop to 81.3 million in 2020 and reach zero in the 21st century. Examples of this emerging trend include Japan, whose population is currently (2015-2020) declining at an annual rate of 0.2%, and China, whose population may begin to decline in 2027 or earlier. By 2050, Europe's population is expected to decline by 0.3% each year.
Therefore, A dieback, or population crash, often occurs after a species overshoots its environmental carrying capacity.
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Which type of animal tissue is shown in the image?
polypeptides in the er are usually larger than polypeptides synthesized from the same mrna that have not entered the er. (True or False)
True because the size of polypeptides inside the ER is typically less than that of polypeptides made from the same mRNA. On the rough ER, proteins for plasma membrane transmembranes are synthesized.
How do polypeptides behave in the ER?As a result, these polypeptides fold into their three-dimensional conformations within the ER with the aid of the molecular chaperones that aid in polypeptide chain folding. For instance, BiP, a chaperone from the Hsp70 family, is one of the main proteins in the ER lumen.
How is a polypeptide sequence selected to enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?The interaction of the signal peptide sequence, which is a sequence of at least eight hydrophobic amino acids at the amino-terminal end of the polypeptide, results in targeting the endoplasmic reticulum. A "signal recognition particle" joins with the emerging signal sequence (SRP).
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in comparison with the renal cortex, fluid in the proximal tubule is hyperosmotic.
The proximal tubule fluid is more hyperosmotic than the renal cortex, but this does not influence what is causing the acid-base disruption.
How does hyperosmotic work?In the extracellular space, the first drop in temperature results in the formation of crystals, which creates a hyperosmotic environment that draws water out of the cells and causes them to contract. Organelles & biological membranes are damaged as a result of inner crystal formation as the temperature drops.
What transpires inside a hyperosmotic environment to a cell?A cell submerged in a 10% dextrose hyperosmotic , osmotic pressure solution would initially lose area as water departs and then start gaining proportion as glucose is delivered through into cell as moisture follow by osmosis. This is because water crosses cell surfaces more quickly than solutes do.
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plasma cells group of answer choices produce and secrete antibodies. are derived from t-lymphocytes. function in blood clotting. function in cell-mediated immunity. all of the choices are correct.
Differentiated t lymphocytes can differentiate into plasma cells, which have a number of uses. The right response is thus all of these selections are appropriate.
Plasma cells, which are differentiated t-lymphocyte white blood cells (WBCs), have the capacity to release immunoglobulin or antibodies. The primary cells in charge of humoral immunity, these cells are essential to the adaptive immune response. Without them, a person is deemed to have agammaglobulinemia and is particularly susceptible to recurrent illness. Here, the haematological lineage, structure, and function of plasma cells are investigated together with the clinical symptoms caused by unsuitable plasma cell growth and development. Factors produced by plasma cells are crucial for blood coagulation.
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which molecule, found in gram-negative bacterial cell walls, is an excellent stimulator of the alternative complement cascade?
Lipopolysaccharide molecule, found in gram-negative bacterial cell walls, is an excellent stimulator of the alternative complement cascade.
Large molecules called lipidopolysaccharides (LPS), which are bacterial toxins, are made up of a lipid and a polysaccharide. They may be found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and are made up of an O-antigen, an outer core, and an inner core that are all connected by a covalent link. However, there are some endotoxins (in the original sense of toxins that are inside the bacterial cell and are released when the cell disintegrates) that are not related to LPS, such as the so-called delta endotoxin proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis. Today, the term endotoxin is frequently used synonymously with LPS.
Lipopolysaccharides interact largely with the immune system to significantly affect human health. LPS is a powerful immune system stimulator and pyrogen.
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Type of water pollution which comes from a one source.answer choicesO Point-source pollutionO Nonpoint source pollutionO both of them
A point source is a single, identifiable source of pollution, such as a pipe or a drain.
What is point and non point source of pollution ?Point-source pollution is defined as contamination that comes from a single, distinguishable source, such as a manufacturing discharge pipe or sewage treatment facility. Nonpoint-source pollution is contamination that is the result of several sources, or points.
Point sources or scattered sources are both responsible for water pollution. A pipe or channel, such as one used for sewage discharge from a city sewer system or an industrial site, is referred to as a point source. Various contaminants can come from a very large, unconstrained area known as a scattered (or nonpoint) source.
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Which of the following is a cause of a DNA mutation?
O Changes in DNA
O Changes in chromosomes
O Changes in gene
O All of the above
The cause of DNA mutation is changes in DNA (option A).
What is mutation?Mutation is any heritable change of the base-pair sequence of genetic material.
Mutation can also be referred to as a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection.
There are a variety of types of mutations, however, the two major categories of mutations are as follows:
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Who is credited with first observing cells?
Robert Hooke in 1665 was credited with first observing cells.
What is a cell?
Cells are the structural, functional, and biological units of all living things. They are the smallest, most fundamental unit of life that is responsible for all of life's operations.
What are the functions of a cell?
They give the body structure, absorb nutrients from meals, turn those nutrients into energy, and perform certain tasks. Cells also contain the genetic material of the organism and are capable of self-replication.
What are the types of cells and their functions?
The Four Primary Cell Types are:
Cellular epithelium. These cells, which are nerve cells, are closely bound to one another. These cells—Muscle Cells—are designed specifically for communication. Connective Tissue Cells are cells that have been specifically designed for contraction.
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_____consists of the the brain and spinal cord, which occupy the dorsal body cavity and act as the integrating and command center of the nervous center. The primary interprets incoming sensory information and issue instructions based on past experience and current conditions.
The peripheral nervous system is made up of everything else, whereas the central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
What is the name of the brain's spinal cord and associated nerves?The peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system make up the nervous system.
Which of the following is located in the midbrain's dorsal region, which regulates reflexes related to vision and hearing?The tectum (roof) or dorsal portion of the midbrain contains the rostral and caudal colliculi, which are connected to the cerebellum and involved with the visual and auditory reflexes, respectively. Sensory nerves transmit information to the brain and spinal cord such as touch, temperature, and pain.
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drag the stages of food processing to the correct locations in the figure. then drag the descriptions of what occurs during each stage.
The four fundamental functions of the digestive system are motility, digestion, absorption, and secretion. The digestive system transforms the food we eat into energy that our bodies can use.
Have a look for Complete question?
your body must fully break down food so that your cells can use its component molecules for energy and for building materials. drag the stages of food processing to the correct locations in the figure. then drag the descriptions of what occurs during each stage?
The primary functions of the digestive system include the following:
Digestion
All of these substances are transformed into molecules that are small enough to cross the gut lining and enter the blood, including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water. The digestive system breaks down our food so that the body can use it for energy, growth, and cell repair.
What is the ideal method for processing food?Ingestion, digesting, absorption, and evacuation are the three primary steps in food processing.
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Classify each description as applying to either heterochromatin or euchromatin. Please explain how you get your answer! Thank you!
Answer:
"Heterochromatin is densely packed, highly condensed chromatin that is usually inactive in terms of gene expression." - This description applies to heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is characterized by its dense, condensed structure and its inactivity in terms of gene expression."Euchromatin is less densely packed and more open, allowing for transcription and gene expression." - This description applies to euchromatin. Euchromatin is characterized by its less condensed, more open structure, which allows for transcription and gene expression."Heterochromatin is found in the centromere and telomeres of chromosomes." - This description also applies to heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is often found in the centromere and telomeres of chromosomes, which are regions that play important roles in chromosome segregation during cell division."Euchromatin is found in the intercalary region of chromosomes, which is the region between the centromere and telomeres." - This description applies to euchromatin. Euchromatin is often found in the intercalary region of chromosomes, which is the region between the centromere and telomeres. This region is usually more active in terms of gene expression compared to the centromere and telomeres, which are typically more tightly packed and inactive.Let me know if you have any further questions.
mind mapping allows people to write and even draw pictures of ideas in a nonlinear format.
In a nonlinear structure, mind mapping enables people to write and even draw visuals of thoughts. The procedures used to define and regulate the work that is or is not included in a project fall under the category of project scope management.
What is stakeholders?
It makes ensuring that the project team and stakeholders agree on the products the project will create and the methods the team will employ to produce them. Instead of writing down activities in a list or trying to quickly establish a structure for tasks, people can write and even draw representations of ideas using the mind mapping approach, which uses branches radiating from a core idea to arrange thoughts and ideas. An examination of the project's outcomes is provided by the project work breakdown structure.
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How many chromosomes are visible at the beginning of mitosis? How many are in each daughter cell at the end of mitosis? The little orange T shaped things on the cell are: What happens to the centrioles during mitosis? 3. Identify the stages of these cells: 4. Draw a cell in each of the following phases. Be sure to represent the major events of each phase and label structures. Prophase Prometaphase
For most people there are 46 chromosomes visible at the beginning of mitosis. T shaped things on the cell are centrioles ,increases in size , copies its DNA , prepares to divide , and divides.
Do you have 46 or 23 chromosomes?The average human has 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs of chromosomes.All of the genes in the human body are found on lengthy strands of DNA called chromosomes.
Describe chromosomes in plain English.?a component that can be found in a cell's nucleus.Proteins and DNA are arranged into genes on a chromosome.There are typically 23 pair of chromosomes in each cell.
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Which of the following cannot be patented?
The following cannot be patented is New species of plants as according to the patent Act, the ethical, political, and medical bases can not be patented .
Additional information: Biopatent is an professional proper from the authorities which offers the only monopoly to apply a selected cloth for business exploitation of microorganisms strains, mobileular lines, GMO flowers, and animals, a protein encoded DNA sequence, product, and its applications.
Biopiracy is the patenting and exploitation of bioresources with out right authorization. Biopiracy done via way of means of many agencies and multinational companies. Bioresources are the ones organisms that offer business benefits. Every us of a has its bioresources.
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The complete question is Which of the following cannot be patented?
(a) GM plants
(b) New substance of utility
(c) New species of plants
(d) All the above
Of the following chromosomal abnormalities, which type is most likely to be viable in humans? View Available Hint(s) Trisomy O Haploidy O Monosomy O Triploidy
The type of chromosomal abnormalities most likely to live in humans is trisomy.
Trisomy is a chromosomal disorder, where there is 1 extra chromosome which causes the number of chromosomes in humans to be 47, which should be 46.
In contrast to trisomy, in which only certain chromosomes are extra in a cell, for example, an excess of chromosome 21 which can cause Down syndrome, a triploidy condition will make all chromosomes that normally have 46 or 23 pairs to a total of 69 chromosomes. The often-lethal ploidy syndrome.
Monosomy syndrome has occurred because a normal ovum with an X chromosome is fertilized by nondisjunction spermatozoa that do not contain sex chromosomes (O), so only 45 chromosomes are formed, with the symbol 22 AA + X.
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cytochromes are critical participants in the electron transport chains used in photosynthesis and cellular respiration. how do cytochromes donate and accept electrons?
A heme group made of iron is present in every cytochrome, and it receives electrons before giving them to something more electronegative.
How do electrons enter cytochrome c?The iron metal core of cytochrome C is necessary for the pigment's functionality. This iron interconverts between the Fe3+ and Fe2+ oxidation states throughout the electron transport process, enabling electron donation and acceptance.
What are cytochromes, and how do they contribute to respiration and photosynthesis?In the process of photosynthesis, an important role for the cytochrome complex is played in the electron transport involving the membranes of the thylakoids. Through plastoquinone, it receives electrons from Photosystem II and helps in proton transport across the membrane.
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a mother has red-green colorblindness, so both of her x chromosomes carry the x-linked disorder. her husband does not have red-green colorblindness. if the couple has a son, what are the chances that he is colorblind? set up a punnet square to answer the question. 0% 50% 100% 25%
The likelihood that daughters will carry the gene and be able to pass it on to the following generation is 50%. A daughter has a 50% probability of not having the gene and so not being able to pass it on. Option (2)
Sons who are healthy and lack the gene have a 50% chance of doing so. On the other hand, there is a 50% probability that a boy will have the gene and manifest the characteristic or condition. Inheritance of a trait or condition is said to be X-linked if the gene responsible for it is found on the X chromosome. Men have one X and one Y chromosome, while women have two X chromosomes. Genes on the X chromosome can be dominant or recessive.
Their expression differs in males and females. Only when the gene is present in two copies in females do X-linked recessive genes express themselves (one on each X chromosome). However, for an X-linked recessive trait or condition to manifest in males, just one copy of the gene is required. For instance, a mother may unintentionally possess a recessive gene on one of her X chromosomes and convey it to her son.
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Correct Question:
A mother has red-green colorblindness, so both of her x chromosomes carry the x-linked disorder. her husband does not have red-green colorblindness. if the couple has a son, what are the chances that he is colorblind? set up a punnet square to answer the question.
1. 0%
2. 50%
3. 100%
4. 25%
What is the distinction between the accuracy of the system that shows the processes and cells involved in this growth and development and the actual process of cellular division in the human changes?
Here is the photo of the system
The distinction between the accuracy of the system that shows the processes and cells involved in this growth and development and the actual process of cellular division in the human changes is its more comprehensive and detailed.
What is a Cell?This is referred to as the simplest unit of life and undergoes aggregation to form tissue and organs which are important in the daily functioning of the body.
The system that shows the processes and cells involved in this growth and development are always in a clearer and brief form when compared to the actual process of cellular division in the human changes.
The clearer form makes it to be more comprehensive and detailed to the subject involved which is therefore the reson why it was chosen as the correct choice.
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what is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis is a sort of simple diffusion in which water molecules move from regions of high water concentration to regions of lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
What membrane has selective permeation?Protein and fat are found in extremely small quantities in the cell membrane.A partially permeable membrane is one that only permits specific chemicals to pass through it.
What sort of membrane uses selective permeability?A phospholipid bilayer innermost layer which envelops each cell in our body is the most typical illustration.Its interior membranes of the an egg are another illustration of a membrane that permeates selectively.A phospholipid bilayer covers every cell in our body.
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what was the effect on the amount of hoxd13 mrna when just segment c was deleted?
The quantity of Hoxd13 mRNA generated was unaffected by the ablation of segment C. Hoxd13 mRNA was only generated at a rate of around 60% of the control level.
The homeobox-containing gene HOXD13, which is situated at the most 5′ end of the HOXD cluster, is crucial for the development of the limbs. It has been established that human HOXD13 mutations can result in limb deformities, with varying degrees of expressivity and a broad range of clinical symptoms.
The first of multiple HOXD genes found in a group on chromosome 2 is HOXD13. Severe limb and genital deformities have been linked to deletions that eliminate the whole HOXD gene cluster or the 5' end of this cluster.
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in photosynthetic cells, which reactions is (are) responsible for the synthesis of atp by chemiosmosis?
Energy is released as the electrons travel along the inner mitochondrial membrane's electron transport chain, and this energy is used to push protons against their concentration gradient out of the mitochondrial matrix and into the intermembranous space.
A membrane, a gradient of protons across the membrane, the membrane-localized molecular enzyme ATP synthase, ADP, and inorganic phosphate are all that are required for a cell to make ATP. The proton gradient across the membrane provides the energy needed to drive ATP synthesis.
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