Define viral plaque forming unit .

Answer:

Explanation:

Schistosoma life cycle:

1. Human excretes schistosomes eggs through feces and/or urine. These eggs eventually reach the water.

2. Once in the water, schistosomes eggs hatch and release immature larvae named miracides.  

3. Miracides swim and penetrate a freshwater snail, which is an intermediary host.  

4–5. Once inside the snail, miracides turn into sporocites and then into cercariae. Cercariae characterize by having a bifurcated tail. Snails release the cercariae in water, and they swim until they get in touch with a mammal. Once they reach the mammal, they penetrate the skin and get into the body. This is the stage in which the parasite becomes infectious to humans. Just a few cercariae are enough to infect a person.  

6. When cercariae penetrate their host body, they lose their tails and turn into schistosomules. These new forms travel to the liver, where they end their maturation process.  

7. Males and females mate in the liver and migrate to veins of the intestine or bladder. Once there, the females lay the eggs, which are then excreted by the host. And the cycle begins again.

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Excavata are asymmetrical protists. The group receives its name because of the appearance of the feeding groove. Excavata is composed of many protists. One of them is Parabasalid.

Parabasalids are parasitic protists, and one of them is Trichomonas vaginalis, which is transmitted sexually.

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Sporangium. This is the reproductive structure of the mushroom and the one that is usually eaten. Spores develop inside the sporangium. Its surface is covered by a protector cuticle. It can be eaten when it is closed or when it is already open. However, when open is tastier.

Answer:

A, B and C are all correct.

Explanation:

There are three main muscle types:

Answer:

Explanation:

The large number of alveoli in lungs improve gas exchange by . increasing the surface area for diffusion

Answer:

it should be an true statement

Answer:

The options of this question are wrong, you can find the correct options by navigating on the web. The options of this question are as follow:

1) The sister species will continue to diverge from each other.

2) None of the sister species will interbreed with each other.

3) The Atlantic and Pacific shrimp will continue to live in their respective oceans and not enter the new canal.

4) Shallow-water species from the two oceans that are sister species would be more likely to interbreed with each other than would be deep-water species.

Answer:

4) Shallow-water species from the two oceans that are sister species would be more likely to interbreed with each other than would be deep-water species

Explanation:

In evolutionary biology, sister species are defined as descendant species formed when one species splits during the course of evolution. Moreover, adaptation refers to the evolutionary process of adjustment of organisms to the environment, which is usually due to natural selection. During the course of evolution, organisms under different environments must change to adapt to their environments. In this case, it is expected that sister species that live in similar environmental conditions (i.e., shallow-water species) exhibit fewer phenotypic differences, being therefore more likely to interbreed with each other.

Answer:B.) collagen

C.) glycosaminoglycan

Explanation:

Answer:

Different Measures of Disease

Question              Measure of Disease

a.                           I = incidence rate

b.                           P = prevalence

c.                           L = lifetime prevalence

d.                           L = lifetime prevalence

e.                           M = crude mortality rate

Explanation:

a) Measures of disease:

I = incidence rate (p. 126): measures the frequency of disease occurrence in a population over time. It is measured as new episodes of illness in a period divided by the population.

P = prevalence (p. 113): ratio or proportion of persons in a population with a disease at a time or over time.  It is based on a sample.

L = lifetime prevalence (p. 114):  the proportion or ratio of a population who had a disease at some point in their life.

M = crude mortality rate (crude death rate) (p. 112): the ratio of deaths in a period among a geographical population.

R = sex ratio (counts) (p. 109): ratio of male and female population.

Answer:

Yes, I would guess that the dice are faulty or rigged.

Explanation:

Yes, I would guess that the dice are faulty or rigged.

This is because the chi-square analysis indicates that there is a less than 5% probability that the difference between the expected and observed results were due to pure chance.

is important to the transmission of nerve impulses.

a) Zinc

b) Calcium

c) Sodium

d) Iron

[tex] \bold \pink{sodium}[/tex]

Answer:

B)Calcium

Explanation:

Have a nice day

Answer:

The stomach and the teeth both perform mechanical digestion, which is physically (as opposed to chemically) breaking the food into smaller components. This exposes a larger surface area for chemical digestion and release of nutrients. The teeth are vital to mastication, which breaks large bites of food down into smaller pieces that are easily swallowed. The stomach’s muscle contractions churn the food to expose all particles to the acid and digestive enzymes..

Answer:

Lipids

Explanation:

Answer:

a) f(M) = p = 0.55

   f(N) = q = 0.45

b) X² = 12.12

c)  P₀.₀₅ = 5.991

d) P₀.₀₅ < X²

e) Reject the null hypothesis of HW equilibrium

Explanation:

Due to technical problems, you will find the complete explanation in the attached files

Answer:

Humans

Birds

Bears

Chameleons

Cicadas

Explanation:

A Behavioral Adaptation is something an animal does - how it acts - usually in response to some type of external stimulus.

Examples of some Behavioral Adaptions:

Migration, Hibernation, Dormancy, Camouflage.

Answer:

Behavioral adaptations are the actions that organisms take in order to stay alive. Behavioral adaptations include things like bird cries and migration. Evolution produces adaptations. Evolution is a long-term change in a species.

OAmalOHopeO:

Answer:

The CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system can be used to edit genes and correct mutations associated with inherited diseases. However, this technology also has the potential to edit genes in germline cells in order to irreversibly modify the human species and the natural evolution of life

Explanation:

The CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9) system is a natural prokaryotic defense system used by bacteria to defend against invading DNA. In the laboratory, the CRISPR-Cas9 system has been repurposed to create a versatile genome-editing tool that allows us to modify the genome of mammalian cells in a targeted fashion. The CRISPR-Cas9 is a simple gene-editing tool that consists of a single guide RNA (sgRNA) that guides the Cas9 enzyme to the exact genomic location where Cas9 needs to make a cut, which is then repaired by different DNA repair mechanisms. During DNA repair, nucleotides can be replaced and/or deleted, thereby producing desired genomic modifications. The CRISPR-Cas9 has an enormous potential to repair mutations in genes associated with inherited genetic disorders and cancer (i.e., oncogenes might be reversed in vivo by using this technology). However, the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system is also a subject of concern due to its dual use. For example, this technology can be used to modify the genome of germline cells by inducing mutations that can be passed across generations, thereby irreversibly modifying human DNA and altering the normal course of evolution.

In mammals, hypoxia may cause defects during fetal development. In this case, it would be expected to observe an abnormal development of the caudal (tail) vertebrae

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https://brainly.com/question/13047135?referrer=searchResults

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Answer:

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate, or ATP, is the most abundant energy carrier molecule in cells

ATP is an energy-containing molecule that is readily used around the cell to power its processes. Thus, the correct option is B.

ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphate. ATP may be defined as an organic compound that is utilized as the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.

It is the molecule that is present in the cells of all living entities to carry out specific metabolic activities. It apprehends chemical energy aquire from the breakdown of food and liberation it to fuel other cellular processes.

Therefore, ATP is an energy-containing molecule that is readily used around the cell to power its processes. Thus, the correct option is B.

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Answer:

This question is incomplete, the question is asking to match each activity with the sphere to which it adds carbon or CO2.

ANSWERS:

Geosphere = burying organisms

hydrosphere = respiration of marine life

biosphere = photosynthesis atmosphere = burning things

Explanation:

This question describes the types of spheres we have. The respective activities that occur in each sphere that adds CO2 or carbon are as follows:

- Geosphere: This refers to the solid part of the Earth. Dead organisms are buried in the geosphere (soil) where their carbon remains can be deposited.

- Hydrosphere: This constitutes all of the water bodies (sea, river, stream, ocean) on the Earth. When marine organisms respire in water, carbon dioxide (CO2) is released.

- Biosphere: A sphere consisting of all living things (plant, animal, microbes etc.) on Earth. Plants as a living organisms photosynthesize and make use of carbon dioxide to produce glucose, which stores in the plant.

Atmosphere: The gaseous component of the Earth. Burning substances release carbon based gases into the atmosphere.

Answer:

Reducing the intensity of runoff.

Explanation:

Terrace farming prevent landslides and erosion to occur by reducing the intensity of runoff. This farming also reduce the risk of drought due to raising the moisture content in the soil and allowing water to slowly infiltrate into the soil. Due to terrace farming, the runoff water moves very slowly which causes less erosion of the soil as well as reduces the intensity of water flow which causes more infiltration.

Answer:

Citral is a typical essential oil used in the food, cosmetic, and drug industries and has shown antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. Citral is unstable and hydrophobic under normal storage conditions, so it can easily lose its bactericide activity. Nanoemulsion technology is an excellent way to hydrophilize, microencapsulate, and protect this compound. In our studies, we used a mixed surfactant to form citral-in-water nanoemulsions, and attempted to optimize the formula for preparing nanoemulsions. Citral-in-water nanoemulsions formed at So 0.4 to 0.6 and ultrasonic power of 18 W for 120 seconds resulted in a droplet size of < 100 nm for nanoemulsions. The observed antimicrobial activities were significantly affected by the formulation of the nanoemulsions. The observed relationship between the formulation and activity can lead to the rational design of nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for essential oils, based on the desired function of antimicrobials in the food, cosmetics, and agrochemical industries.

Answer:

Population

Explanation:

population- all the members of one species in a particular area.

Answer:

Temperature, moisture, topography, elevation, soils, hydrology and disturbance.

Explanation:

Temperature, moisture, topography, elevation, soils, hydrology and disturbance are the factors that impact North Carolina ecosystems. Pollution, urbanization and invasive species inversely affected the ecosystem of North Carolina. Industries produces harmful gases that causes pollution as well as make the rainfall acidic which adversely affected the infrastructure as well as plants and animals. The introduction of invasive species also has a negative impact on the plants and animals of that ecosystem.

Answer:

(biology) An arrangement or organization of parts to form an organ, system, or living thing. (2) (ecology) A network or a hierarchy of interrelated parts of a system. ... (4) The formation or mode of construction of a body or system from distinct units.

Answer:

Hypothesis. A Hypothesis is an estimation of what might happen and the student's observation before moving on to investigate.

Answer:

Explanation:

Answer:

always active  

Explanation:

Phosphorylation is a posttranslational modification that consists of the addition of phosphate groups to specific amino acids on the protein. Phosphorylation acts as a molecular switch for proteins that are phosphorylated (i.e., in some situations phosphorylation acts to activate protein function, whereas in other situations phosphorylation can inactivate protein function). Phosphorylation modifies the three-dimensional structure of the protein, thereby affecting, for example, the accessibility of the active site of a phosphorylated enzyme to its substrate. Phosphorylation can occur only at the side chains of three amino acids: Serine, Threonine and Tyrosine. In this case, the enzyme is inactivated by phosphorylation on the Threonine residue, so it is expected that the mutant enzyme cannot be phosphorylated, remaining in an active state.

Answer: A. low levels of glycogen storage, even when blood glucose is high.

C. low lactate production, even at high activity.

Explanation:

Cardiomyocytes are also known as the myocardiocytes. They are the cells which makes up make up the muscle if the heart. They're responsible for the generation of the contractile force in the heart which helps in the pumping if blood.

From the options given, the statements that are likely to be true of cardiomyocytes, but not of skeletal myocytes include:

• low levels of glycogen storage, even when blood glucose is high.

• low lactate production, even at high activity.

Answer:

The answer is A and C

Explanation:

Since cardiomyocytes are dependent on fatty acids, they rely on oxidative phosphorylation to generate energy, and consume very little glucose. Due to this, they have very low need for fermentation of pyruvate. In fact, they can absorb lactate generated by skeletal myocytes and erythrocytes and oxidize it for additional energy. Another consequence of this metabolism is that cardiomyocytes store little or no glucose as glycogen.

Skeletal myocytes and cardiomyocytes both have high energy needs and thus have more mitochondria than other cells. Cardiomyocytes have an even greater density of mitochondria than skeletal myocytes because they depend almost entirely on oxidative phosphorylation for their energy needs. This dependence on oxidative phosphorylation also explains the extraordinary sensitivity of cardiac muscle to hypoxic (low-oxygen) events. Without oxygen, cardiomyocytes rapidly run out of energy and can quickly die.

Answer:

In three stages of production to which are hold by the law of diminishing marginal returns the second stage is considered to as the rational stage of production as compared to the first and third stage this is due to the fact that this stage it comes out with the best assumptions for efficient and sustainable production, thereby the stage it simultaneously shows the positivity of the average products and marginal product hence, in the increase of labour the total production or outputs increased likewise with the same quantity of fixed factor, therefore this stage it gives direction to the producer on how the higher units of output can be produced.

Unlike the first stage to which it shows each additional variable could enhance more production and such this it signifies an increasing of marginal return but for this case it do not give out the direction in permanent production since labours are needed fewer and in the decrease in number of labour can brings about underproduction.

Also the third stage marginal return is frankly negative because in adding more variable inputs will further led into adding more number of labour hence the increase of labour will contributes to under production as it may be due to labour capacity and efficiency concern.

Answer: The statement that is FALSE is D (The death-promoting members of the Bcl2 family include Bcl2 itself.)

Explanation:

Apoptosis is a process found in multicellular organisms whereby cells follows a order of events which eventually leads to their death without releasing harmful substances into the surrounding area of the cells. Through this process, old cells, unnecessary cells, and unhealthy cells are eliminated from the body.

The process of apoptosis can be regulated by cell regulator proteins such as Bcl-2 family.

Bcl-2 stands for B-cell lymphoma 2 which are encoded in human cells by BCL2 gene. The Bcl-2 family are capable of regulating apoptosis by either inducing it or inhibiting it.

Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, PREVENT apoptosis by preventing the release of mitochondrial apoptogenic factors such as cytochrome c and AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor) into the cytoplasm

Part of the Bcl-2 family is the Bax and Bak and they are the core regulators of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. They PROMOTE apoptosis by inducing the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol. Therefore, the death-promoting members of the Bcl2 family does not include Bcl2 itself.