Answer:
With the Breakthrough of Technology, the rate at which things are done are becoming much more easy. but without basic science, innovation towards technology cannot occur, so the both work hand in hand in the world of technology today.
Explanation:
Technological innovation and Basic science research plays a major role in the world of science and technology today, while we all want technology innovation the more, without basic science, innovation cannot come in place,
Just as we are going further in technology, breakthroughs and growth are been made which helps on the long run in science research which in turn has made things to be done much better and easily.
Design a decimal arithmetic unit with two selection variables, V1, and Vo, and two BCD digits, A and B. The unit should have four arithmetic operations which depend on the values of the selection variables as shown below. V1=0011, V0=0101 and output functions are as follows;
1- A+9's complement of B
2- A+B
3- A+10's complement of B
4- A+1 (add 1 to A)
(You can see question number 3 in the attached file)
Initially when 1000.00 mL of water at 10oC are poured into a glass cylinder, the height of the water column is 1000.00 mm. The water and its container are heated to 70oC. Assuming no evaporation, what then will be the depth of the water column if the coefficient of thermal expansion for the glass is 3.8*10-6 mm/mm peroC ?
Answer:
[tex]\mathbf{h_2 =1021.9 \ mm}[/tex]
Explanation:
Given that :
The initial volume of water [tex]V_1[/tex] = 1000.00 mL = 1000000 mm³
The initial temperature of the water [tex]T_1[/tex] = 10° C
The height of the water column h = 1000.00 mm
The final temperature of the water [tex]T_2[/tex] = 70° C
The coefficient of thermal expansion for the glass is ∝ = [tex]3.8*10^{-6 } mm/mm \ per ^oC[/tex]
The objective is to determine the the depth of the water column
In order to do that we will need to determine the volume of the water.
We obtain the data for physical properties of water at standard sea level atmospheric from pressure tables; So:
At temperature [tex]T_1 = 10 ^ 0C[/tex] the density of the water is [tex]\rho = 999.7 \ kg/m^3[/tex]
At temperature [tex]T_2 = 70^0 C[/tex] the density of the water is [tex]\rho = 977.8 \ kg/m^3[/tex]
The mass of the water is [tex]\rho V = \rho _1 V_1 = \rho _2 V_2[/tex]
Thus; we can say [tex]\rho _1 V_1 = \rho _2 V_2[/tex];
⇒ [tex]999.7 \ kg/m^3*1000 \ mL = 977.8 \ kg/m^3 *V_2[/tex]
[tex]V_2 = \dfrac{999.7 \ kg/m^3*1000 \ mL}{977.8 \ kg/m^3 }[/tex]
[tex]V_2 = 1022.40 \ mL[/tex]
[tex]v_2 = 1022400 \ mm^3[/tex]
Thus, the volume of the water after heating to a required temperature of [tex]70^0C[/tex] is 1022400 mm³
However; taking an integral look at this process; the volume of the water before heating can be deduced by the relation:
[tex]V_1 = A_1 *h_1[/tex]
The area of the water before heating is:
[tex]A_1 = \dfrac{V_1}{h_1}[/tex]
[tex]A_1 = \dfrac{1000000}{1000}[/tex]
[tex]A_1 = 1000 \ mm^2[/tex]
The area of the heated water is :
[tex]A_2 = A_1 (1 + \Delta t \alpha )^2[/tex]
[tex]A_2 = A_1 (1 + (T_2-T_1) \alpha )^2[/tex]
[tex]A_2 = 1000 (1 + (70-10) 3.8*10^{-6} )^2[/tex]
[tex]A_2 = 1000.5 \ mm^2[/tex]
Finally, the depth of the heated hot water is:
[tex]h_2 = \dfrac{V_2}{A_2}[/tex]
[tex]h_2 = \dfrac{1022400}{1000.5}[/tex]
[tex]\mathbf{h_2 =1021.9 \ mm}[/tex]
Hence the depth of the heated hot water is [tex]\mathbf{h_2 =1021.9 \ mm}[/tex]
Talc and graphite are two of the lowest minerals on the hardness scale. They are also described by terms like greasy or soapy. Both have a crystal structure characterized by sheet-structures at the atomic level, yet they don't behave like micas. What accounts for their unusual physical properties
Answer:
The reason for their unusual properties of the greasy feel and low hardness is that the chemical bonds between the sheets is so weak that very low stresses can allow slip between the sheets.
Explanation:
Talc is a monoclinic mineral with a sheet structure similar to the micas and also has perfect cleavage that follows planes between the weakly bonded sheets.
Now, these sheets are held together only by van der Waals bonds and this allows them to slip past each other easily. Thus, this unique characteristic is responsible for talc's extreme softness, its greasy, soapy feel, and its value as a high-temperature lubricant.
While for graphite, it's carbon atoms are linked in a hexagonal network which forms sheets that are one atom thick. It's sheets are poorly connected and easily cleave or slide over one another when subjected to a small amount of force. Thus, gives graphite its very low hardness, its perfect cleavage, and its slippery feel.
So, we can conclude that the reason for their unusual properties is that the chemical bonds between the sheets is so weak that very low stresses can allow slip between the sheets; hence, the greasy feel and low hardness.
Participating in extracurricular activities in high school helps:
Answer:
Develop social skills
Explanation:
Answer:
strengthen your college applications
Explanation:
A spherical tank for storing gas under pressure is 25 m in diameter and is made of steel 15 mm thick. The yield point of the material is 240 MPa. A factor of safety of 2.5 is desired. The maximum permissible internal pressure is most nearly: 90 kPa 230 kPa 430 kPa D. 570 kPa csauteol psotolem here Pcr 8. A structural steel tube with a 203 mm x 203 mm square cross section has an average wall thickness of 6.35 mm. The tube resists a torque of 8 N m. The average shear flow is most nearly
A. 100 N/m
B. 200 N/m
C. 400 N/m
D. 800 N/m
Answer:
1) 2304 kPa
2) B. 200 N/m
Explanation:
The internal pressure of the of the tank can be found from the following relations;
Resisting wall force F = p×(1/4·π·D²)
σ×A = p×(1/4·π·D²)
Where:
σ = Allowable stress of the tank
A = Area of the wall of the tank = π·D·t
t = Thickness of the tank = 15 mm. = 0.015 m
D = Diameter of the tank = 25 m
p = Maximum permissible internal pressure pressure
∴ σ×π·D·t = p×(1/4·π·D²)
p = 4×σ×t/D = 4 × 240 ×0.015/2.5 = 5.76 MPa
With a desired safety factor of 2.5, the permissible internal pressure = 5.76/2.5 = 2.304 MPa
2) The formula for average shear flow is given as follows;
[tex]q = \dfrac{T}{2 \times A_m}[/tex]
Where:
q = Average shear flow
T = Torque = 8 N·m
[tex]A_m[/tex] = Average area enclosed within tube
t = Thickness of tube = 6.35 mm = 0.00635 m
Side length of the square cross sectioned tube, s = 203 mm = 0.203 m
Average area enclosed within tube, [tex]A_m[/tex] = (s - t)² = (0.203 - 0.00635)² = 0.039 m²
[tex]\therefore q = \dfrac{8}{2 \times 0.039} = 206.9 \, N/m[/tex]
Hence the average shear flow is most nearly 200 N/m.
Following are the solution to the given question:
Calculating the allowable stress:
[tex]\to \sigma_{allow} = \frac{\sigma_y}{FS} \\\\[/tex]
[tex]= \frac{240}{2.5} \\\\= 96\\\\[/tex]
Calculating the Thickness:
[tex]\to t =15\ mm = \frac{15\ }{1000}= 0.015\ m\\\\[/tex]
The stress in a spherical tank is defined as
[tex]\to \sigma = \frac{pD}{4t}\\\\\to 96 = \frac{p(25)}{4(0.015)}\\\\\to p = 0.2304\;\;MPa\\\\\to p = 230.4\;\;kPa\\\\\to p \approx 230\;\;kPa\\\\[/tex]
[tex]\bold{\to A= 203^2= 41209\ mm^2} \\\\[/tex]
Calculating the shear flow:
[tex]\to q=\frac{T}{2A}[/tex]
[tex]=\frac{8}{2 \times 41209 \times 10^{-6}}\\\\=\frac{8}{0.082418}\\\\=97.066\\\\[/tex]
[tex]\to q=97 \approx 100 \ \frac{N}{m}\\[/tex]
Therefore, the final answer is "".
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An amplifier which needs a high input resistance and a high output resistance is : Select one: a. A voltage amplifier b. None of these c. A transresistance amplifier d. A current amplifier e. A transconductance amplifier Clear my choice
Answer:
None of these
Explanation:
There are different types of amplifiers, and each has different characteristics.
Voltage amplifier needs high input and low output resistance.Current amplifier needs Low Input and High Output resistance.Trans-conductance amplifier Low Input and High Output resistance.Trans-Resistance amplifier requires High Input and Low output resistance.Therefore, the correct answer is "None of these "
4. In its natural state, a soil weighs 2800 lb/cy, while in the loose and compacted states, it weighs 2500 lb/cy and 3300 lb/cy, respectively. a. Find the load and shrinkage factors for this soil. b. How many trucks loads with a capacity of 5 lcy/truck would be required to haul 750,000 ccy of this soil to a project
Answer:
a. load factor = 0.893
shrinkage factor = 0.848
b. Number of Trucks loads = 113,585 Trucks loads
Explanation:
Here, we start by identifying the factors as given in the question.
γn = 2800 lb/cy
γloose = 2500 lb/cy
and γcompacted = 3300 lb/cy
a. Mathematically,
Load factor = γloose/γn = 2500/2800 = 0.893
Shrinkage factor = γn/γcompacted = 2800/3300 = 0.848
b. To find the number of trucks loads with a capacity of 5 lcy/truck, we use the mathematical formula as follows;
ρlcy = 5
Load factor × Shrinkage factor = ρloose/γn × γn/γcompacted = ρlcy/ρccy
0.893 × 0.848 = 5/ρccy
ρccy =5/(0.893 × 0.848) = 6.603
The number of truck loads = 750,000/6.603 = 113,584.7 which is approximately 113,585 trucks loads
In a hydroelectric power plant, water enters the turbine nozzles at 800 kPa absolute with a low velocity. If the nozzle outlets are exposed to atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa, determine the maximum velocity (m/s) to which water can be accelerated by the nozzles before striking the turbine blades.
Answer:
The answer is VN =37.416 m/s
Explanation:
Recall that:
Pressure (atmospheric) = 100 kPa
So. we solve for the maximum velocity (m/s) to which water can be accelerated by the nozzles
Now,
Pabs =Patm + Pgauge = 800 KN/m²
Thus
PT/9.81 + VT²/2g =PN/9.81 + VN²/2g
Here
Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s
800/9.81 + 0
= 100/9.81 + VN²/19.62
Here,
9.81 * 2= 19.62
Thus,
VN²/19.62 = 700/9.81
So,
VN² =1400
VN =37.416 m/s
Note: (800 - 100) = 700
Answer:
[tex]V2 = 37.417ms^{-1}[/tex]
Explanation:
Given the following data;
Water enters the turbine nozzles (inlet) = 800kPa = 800000pa.
Nozzle outlets = 100kPa = 100000pa.
Density of water = 1000kg/m³.
We would apply, the Bernoulli equation between the inlet and outlet;
[tex]\frac{P_{1} }{d}+\frac{V1^{2} }{2} +gz_{1} = \frac{P_{2} }{d}+\frac{V2^{2} }{2} +gz_{2}[/tex]
Where, V1 is approximately equal to zero(0).
Z[tex]z_{1} = z_{2}[/tex]
Therefore, to find the maximum velocity, V2;
[tex]V2 = \sqrt{2(\frac{P_{1} }{d}-\frac{P_{2} }{d}) }[/tex]
[tex]V2 = \sqrt{2(\frac{800000}{1000}-\frac{100000}{1000}) }[/tex]
[tex]V2 = \sqrt{2(800-100)}[/tex]
[tex]V2 = \sqrt{2(700)}[/tex]
[tex]V2 = \sqrt{1400}[/tex]
[tex]V2 = 37.417ms^{-1}[/tex]
Hence, the maximum velocity, V2 is 37.417m/s
Technician A says that one planetary gear set can provide gear reduction, overdrive, and reverse. Technician B says that most transmissions today use compound (multiple) planetary gear sets. Which technician is correct?
Answer:
Both technician A and technician B are correct
Explanation:
A planetary gearbox consists of a gearbox with the input shaft and the output shaft that is aligned to each other. It is used to transfer the largest torque in the compact form. A planetary gearbox has a compact size and low weight and it has high power density.
One planetary gear set can provide gear reduction, overdrive, and reverse. Also, most transmissions today use compound (multiple) planetary gears set.
So, both technician A and technician B are correct.
Which statements describe how the Fed responds to high inflation? Check all that apply.
It charges banks more interest.
It pays banks less interest.
It sells more securities.
It decreases the money supply.
It increases the money supply.
Answer:
Answer:
• it charges banks more interest
• it sells more securities
• it decreases the money supply
Explanation:
hope this help edge 21
The force of T = 20 N is applied to the cord of negligible mass. Determine the angular velocity of the 20-kg wheel when it has rotated 4 revolutions starting from rest. The wheel has a radius of gyration of kO = 0.3 m.
Image of wheel is missing, so i attached it.
Answer:
ω = 14.95 rad/s
Explanation:
We are given;
Mass of wheel; m = 20kg
T = 20 N
k_o = 0.3 m
Since the wheel starts from rest, T1 = 0.
The mass moment of inertia of the wheel about point O is;
I_o = m(k_o)²
I_o = 20 * (0.3)²
I_o = 1.8 kg.m²
So, T2 = ½•I_o•ω²
T2 = ½ × 1.8 × ω²
T2 = 0.9ω²
Looking at the image of the wheel, it's clear that only T does the work.
Thus, distance is;
s_t = θr
Since 4 revolutions,
s_t = 4(2π) × 0.4
s_t = 3.2π
So, Energy expended = Force x Distance
Wt = T x s_t = 20 × 3.2π = 64π J
Using principle of work-energy, we have;
T1 + W = T2
Plugging in the relevant values, we have;
0 + 64π = 0.9ω²
0.9ω² = 64π
ω² = 64π/0.9
ω = √64π/0.9
ω = 14.95 rad/s
In contouring, it is necessary to measure position and not velocity for feedback.
a. True
b. False
In contouring during 2-axis NC machining, the two axes are moved at the same speed to achieve the desired contour.
a. True
b. False
Job shop is another term for process layout.
a. True
b. False
Airplanes are normally produced using group technology or cellular layout.
a. True
b. False
In manufacturing, value-creating time is greater than takt time.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
(1). False, (2). True, (3). False, (4). False, (5). True.
Explanation:
The term ''contouring'' in this question does not have to do with makeup but it has to deal with the measurement of all surfaces in planes. It is a measurement in which the rough and the contours are being measured. So, let us check each questions again.
(1). In contouring, it is necessary to measure position and not velocity for feedback.
ANSWER : b =>False. IT IS NECESSARY TO MEASURE BOTH FOR FEEDBACK.
(2). In contouring during 2-axis NC machining, the two axes are moved at the same speed to achieve the desired contour.
ANSWER: a=> True.
(3). Job shop is another term for process layout.
ANSWER: b => False
JOB SHOP IS A FLEXIBLE PROCESS THAT IS BEING USED during manufacturing process and are meant for job Production. PROCESS LAYOUT is used in increasing Efficiency.
(4). Airplanes are normally produced using group technology or cellular layout.
ANSWER: b => False.
(5). In manufacturing, value-creating time is greater than takt time.
ANSWER: a => True.
A solid square rod is cantilevered at one end. The rod is 0.6 m long and supports a completely reversing transverse load at the other end of 62 kN. The material is AISI 1080 hot-rolled steel. If the rod must support this load for 104 cycles with a design factor of 1.5, what dimension should the square cross section have
Answer:
The dimension of the square cross section is = 30mm * 30mm
Explanation:
Before proceeding with the calculations convert MPa to Kpsi
Sut ( ultimate strength ) = 770 MPa * 0.145 Kpsi/MPa = 111.65 Kpsi
the fatigue strength factor of Sut at 10^3 cycles for Se = Se' = 0.5 Sut
at 10^6 cycles" for 111.65 Kpsi = f ( fatigue strength factor) = 0.83
To calculate the endurance limit use Se' = 0.5 Sut since Sut < 1400 MPa
Se'( endurance limit ) = 0.5 * 770 = 385 Mpa
The surface condition modification factor
Ka = 57.7 ( Sut )^-0.718
Ka = 57.7 ( 770 ) ^-0.718
Ka = 0.488
Assuming the size modification factor (Kb) = 0.85 and also assuming all modifiers are equal to one
The endurance limit at the critical location of a machine part can be expressed as :
Se = Ka*Kb*Se'
Se = 0.488 * 0.85 * 385 = 160 MPa
Next:
Calculating the constants to find the number of cycles
α = [tex]\frac{(fSut)^2}{Se}[/tex]
α =[tex]\frac{(0.83*770)^2}{160}[/tex] = 2553 MPa
b = [tex]-\frac{1}{3} log(\frac{fSut}{Se} )[/tex]
b = [tex]-\frac{1}{3} log (\frac{0.83*770}{160} )[/tex] = -0.2005
Next :
calculating the fatigue strength using the relation
Sf = αN^b
N = number of cycles
Sf = 2553 ( 10^4) ^ -0.2005
Sf = 403 MPa
Calculate the maximum moment of the beam
M = 2000 * 0.6 = 1200 N-m
calculating the maximum stress in the beam
∝ = ∝max = [tex]\frac{Mc}{I}[/tex]
Where c = b/2 and I = b(b^3) / 12
hence ∝max = [tex]\frac{6M}{b^3}[/tex] = 6(1200) / b^3 = 7200/ b^3 Pa
note: b is in (meters)
The expression for the factor of safety is written as
n = [tex]\frac{Sf}{\alpha max }[/tex]
Sf = 403, n = 1.5 and ∝max = 7200 / b^3
= 1.5 = [tex]\frac{403(10^6 Pa/Mpa)}{7200 / B^3}[/tex] making b subject of the formula in other to get the value of b
b = 0.0299 m * 10^3 mm/m
b = 29.9 mm therefore b ≈ 30 mm
since the size factor assumed is near the calculated size factor using this relation : de = 0.808 ( hb)^1/2
the dimension = 30 mm by 30 mm
An Ideal gas is being heated in a circular duct as while flowing over an electric heater of 130 kW. The diameter of duct is 500 mm. The gas enters the heating section of the duct at 100 kPa and 27 deg C with a volume flow rate of 15 m3/s. If heat is lost from the gas in the duct to the surroundings at a rate of 80 kW, Calculate the exit temperature of the gas in deg C. (Assume constant pressure, ideal gas, negligible change in kinetic and potential energies and constant specific heat; Cp =1000 J/kg K; R = 500 J/kg K)
Answer:
Exit temperature = 32 °C
Explanation:
We are given;
Initial Pressure;P1 = 100 KPa
Cp =1000 J/kg.K = 1 KJ/kg.k
R = 500 J/kg.K = 0.5 Kj/Kg.k
Initial temperature;T1 = 27°C = 273 + 27K = 300 K
volume flow rate;V' = 15 m³/s
W = 130 Kw
Q = 80 Kw
Using ideal gas equation,
PV' = m'RT
Where m' is mass flow rate.
Thus;making m' the subject, we have;
m' = PV'/RT
So at inlet,
m' = P1•V1'/(R•T1)
m' = (100 × 15)/(0.5 × 300)
m' = 10 kg/s
From steady flow energy equation, we know that;
m'•h1 + Q = m'h2 + W
Dividing through by m', we have;
h1 + Q/m' = h2 + W/m'
h = Cp•T
Thus,
Cp•T1 + Q/m' = Cp•T2 + W/m'
Plugging in the relevant values, we have;
(1*300) - (80/10) = (1*T2) - (130/10)
Q and M negative because heat is being lost.
300 - 8 + 13 = T2
T2 = 305 K = 305 - 273 °C = 32 °C
13000 + 300 - 8000 = T2
Describe with an example how corroded structures can lead to environment pollution?
Sometimes, steel studs may not be used on outside walls because they are?
Answer:
We can describe 15×-10 as an expression. we would describe 6×-2< 35 as an...
Explanation:
We can describe 15×-10 as an expression. we would describe 6×-2< 35 as an...
When you do a vehicle check, what do you NOT need to keep an eye on?
A. Proper tire inflation
B. Cleanliness of windows and mirrors
C. Functioning indicator lights and headlights
D. Blindspot locations
Answer:
Blindspot Location
Explanation:
Just took the quiz
When you do a vehicle check, you do NOT need to keep an eye on Blind spot locations. The correct option is D.
What is Blind spot location?A blind spot is the area of the road that can't be seen by looking forward through windscreen, or by rear-view and side-view mirrors.
While doing vehicle check, we need to check tire inflation, cleanliness of windows and mirrors along with the functioning indicator lights and headlights.
Blind spot locations does not need to be checked.
Thus, the correct option is D.
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Caulking is recommended around the edges of partitions between apartments to... Group of answer choices reduce the need for trim. reduce sound transmission. reduce heat loss. increase the fire rating of the partition
Answer:
Reduce sound transmission.
Explanation:
A caulking is a flexible material used to seal joints, cracks or gaps formed between building materials and pipes against leakage.
Caulking is recommended around the edges of partitions between apartments to reduce sound transmission.
Hence, in the event that an individual notices that air or sound is gaining entrance into their apartment, a caulking can be used to mitigate this noise or unwanted sound.
The caulking when applied to the gap or edges of partitions between apartments would create a tight seal and block the flow or entry of air, thereby reducing sound transmission.
The lower half of a 7-m-high cylindrical container is filled with water (rho = 1000 kg/m3) and the upper half with oil that has a specific gravity of 0.85. Determine the pressure difference between the top and the bottom of the cylinder. (Round the final answer to one decimal place.)
Answer:
Pressure difference (ΔP) = 63,519.75 kpa
Explanation:
Given:
ρ = 1,000 kg/m³
Height of cylindrical container used (h) = 7m / 2 = 3.5m
Specific gravity (sg) = 0.85
Find:
Pressure difference (ΔP).
Computation:
⇒ Pressure difference (ΔP) = h g [ ρ(sg) + ρ] ∵ [ g = 9.81]
⇒ Pressure difference (ΔP) = (3.5)(9.81) [ 1,000(0.85) + 1,000]
⇒ Pressure difference (ΔP) = 34.335 [8,50 + 1,000]
⇒ Pressure difference (ΔP) = 34.335 [1,850]
⇒ Pressure difference (ΔP) = 63,519.75 kpa
The guy wires AB and AC are attached to the top of the transmission tower. The tension in cable AB is 8.7 kN. Determine the required tension T in cable AC such that the net effect of the two cables is a downward force at point A. Determine the magnitude R of this downward force.
Answer:
[tex] T_A_C = 6.296 kN [/tex]
[tex] R = 10.06 kN [/tex]
Explanation:
Given:
[tex] T_A_B = 8.7 kN[/tex]
Required:
Find the tension TAC and magnitude R of this downward force.
First calculate [tex] \alpha, \beta, \gamma [/tex]
[tex] \alpha = tan^-^1 =\frac{40}{50} = 38. 36 [/tex]
[tex] \beta = tan^-^1 =\frac{50}{30} = 59.04 [/tex]
[tex] \gamma = 180 - 38.36 - 59.04 = 82.6 [/tex]
To Find tension in AC and magnitude R, use sine rule.
[tex] \frac{sin a}{T_A_C} = \frac{sin b}{T_A_B} = \frac{sin c}{R} [/tex]
Substitute values:
[tex]\frac{sin 38.36}{T_A_C} = \frac{sin 59.04}{8.7} = \frac{82.6}{R}[/tex]
Solve for T_A_C:
[tex] T_A_C = 8.7 * \frac{sin 38.36}{sin 59.04} = [/tex]
[tex] T_A_C = 8.7 * 0.724 = 6.296 kN [/tex]
Solve for R.
[tex] R = 8.7 * \frac{sin 82.6}{sin 59.04} = [/tex]
[tex] R = 8.7 * 1.156 [/tex]
R = 10.06 kN
Tension AC = 6.296kN
Magnitude,R = 10.06 kN
A hot air balloon is used as an air-vehicle to carry passengers. It is assumed that this balloon is sealed and has a spherical shape. Initially, the balloon is filled up with air at the pressure and temperature of 100 kPa and 27°C respectively and the initial diameter (D) of the balloon is 10 m. Then the balloon is heated up to the point that the volume is 1.2 times greater than the original volume (V2 =1.2V1 ). Due to elastic material used in this balloon, the inside pressure ( P ) is proportional to balloonâs diameter, i.e. P = ð¼D, where ð¼ is a constant.
Required:
a. Show that the process is polytropic (i.e. PV" = Constant) and find the exponent n and the constant.
b. Find the temperature at the end of the process by assuming air to be ideal gas.
c. Find the total amount of work that is done by the balloon's boundaries and the fraction of this work that is done on the surrounding atmospheric air at the pressure of 100 kPa.
Answer:
a. [tex]\dfrac{D_{1}}{ D_{2}} = \left (\dfrac{ \left{D_1} }{ {D_2}} \right )^{-3\times n}[/tex] which is constant therefore, n = constant
b. The temperature at the end of the process is 109.6°C
c. The work done by the balloon boundaries = 10.81 MJ
The work done on the surrounding atmospheric air = 10.6 MJ
Explanation:
p₁ = 100 kPa
T₁ = 27°C
D₁ = 10 m
v₂ = 1.2 × v₁
p ∝ α·D
α = Constant
[tex]v_1 = \dfrac{4}{3} \times \pi \times r^3[/tex]
[tex]\therefore v_1 = \dfrac{4}{3} \times \pi \times \left (\dfrac{10}{2} \right )^3 = 523.6 \ m^3[/tex]
v₂ = 1.2 × v₁ = 1.2 × 523.6 = 628.32 m³
Therefore, D₂ = 10.63 m
We check the following relation for a polytropic process;
[tex]\dfrac{p_{1}}{p_{2}} = \left (\dfrac{V_{2}}{V_{1}} \right )^{n} = \left (\dfrac{T_{1}}{T_{2}} \right )^{\dfrac{n}{n-1}}[/tex]
We have;
[tex]\dfrac{\alpha \times D_{1}}{\alpha \times D_{2}} = \left (\dfrac{ \dfrac{4}{3} \times \pi \times \left (\dfrac{D_2}{2} \right )^3}{\dfrac{4}{3} \times \pi \times \left (\dfrac{D_1}{2} \right )^3} \right )^{n} = \left (\dfrac{ \left{D_2} ^3}{ {D_1}^3} \right )^{n}[/tex]
[tex]\dfrac{D_{1}}{ D_{2}} = \left (\dfrac{ \left{D_2} }{ {D_1}} \right )^{3\times n} = \left (\dfrac{ \left{D_1} }{ {D_2}} \right )^{-3\times n}[/tex]
[tex]\dfrac{ D_{1}}{ D_{2}} = \left ( 1.2 \right )^{n} = \left (\dfrac{ \left{D_2} ^3}{ {D_1}^3} \right )^{n}[/tex]
[tex]log \left (\dfrac{D_{1}}{ D_{2}}\right ) = -3\times n \times log\left (\dfrac{ \left{D_1} }{ {D_2}} \right )[/tex]
n = -1/3
Therefore, the relation, pVⁿ = Constant
b. The temperature T₂ is found as follows;
[tex]\left (\dfrac{628.32 }{523.6} \right )^{-\dfrac{1}{3} } = \left (\dfrac{300.15}{T_{2}} \right )^{\dfrac{-\dfrac{1}{3}}{-\dfrac{1}{3}-1}} = \left (\dfrac{300.15}{T_{2}} \right )^{\dfrac{1}{4}}[/tex]
T₂ = 300.15/0.784 = 382.75 K = 109.6°C
c. [tex]W_{pdv} = \dfrac{p_1 \times v_1 -p_2 \times v_2 }{n-1}[/tex]
[tex]p_2 = \dfrac{p_{1}}{ \left (\dfrac{V_{2}}{V_{1}} \right )^{n} } = \dfrac{100\times 10^3}{ \left (1.2) \right ^{-\dfrac{1}{3} } }[/tex]
p₂ = 100000/0.941 = 106.265 kPa
[tex]W_{pdv} = \dfrac{100 \times 10^3 \times 523.6 -106.265 \times 10^3 \times 628.32 }{-\dfrac{1}{3} -1} = 10806697.1433 \ J[/tex]
The work done by the balloon boundaries = 10.81 MJ
Work done against atmospheric pressure, Pₐ, is given by the relation;
Pₐ × (V₂ - V₁) = 1.01×10⁵×(628.32 - 523.6) = 10576695.3 J
The work done on the surrounding atmospheric air = 10.6 MJ
Compressed Air In a piston-cylinder device, 10 gr of air is compressed isentropically. The air is initially at 27 °C and 110 kPa. After being compressed, the air is at 450 °C. Determine
(a) the final pressure in [MPa],
(b) the increase in total internal energy in [kJ], and
(c) the total work required in [kJ].
Note that for air R-287 J/kg.K and c.-716.5 J/kg.K, and ?-
Answer:
(a) 2.39 MPa (b) 3.03 kJ (c) 3.035 kJ
Explanation:
Solution
Recall that:
A 10 gr of air is compressed isentropically
The initial air is at = 27 °C, 110 kPa
After compression air is at = a450 °C
For air, R=287 J/kg.K
cv = 716.5 J/kg.K
y = 1.4
Now,
(a) W efind the pressure on [MPa]
Thus,
T₂/T₁ = (p₂/p₁)^r-1/r
=(450 + 273)/27 + 273) =
=(p₂/110) ^0.4/1.4
p₂ becomes 2390.3 kPa
So, p₂ = 2.39 MPa
(b) For the increase in total internal energy, is given below:
ΔU = mCv (T₂ - T₁)
=(10/100) (716.5) (450 -27)
ΔU =3030 J
ΔU =3.03 kJ
(c) The next step is to find the total work needed in kJ
ΔW = mR ( (T₂ - T₁) / k- 1
(10/100) (287) (450 -27)/1.4 -1
ΔW = 3035 J
Hence, the total work required is = 3.035 kJ
A non-inductive load takes a current of 15 A at 125 V. An inductor is then connected in series in order that the same current shall be supplied from 240 V, 50 Hz mains. Ignore the resistance of the inductor and calculate: i. the inductance of the inductor; ii. the impedance of the circuit; iii. the phase difference between the current and the applied voltage.
Answer:
(i) The inductance of the inductor is = 43.43 mH (ii) the impedance of the circuit is = 16∠58.61° Ω (iii) the phase difference for current and the voltage applied is Q = 58.61°
Explanation:
Solution
Given that:
I= 5 A
V = 125V
Resistance R= Not known yet
Thus
To find the resistance we have the following formula which is shown below:
R = V/I
=125/15
R =8.333Ω
Now,
Voltage = 240
Frequency = 50Hz
Current (I) remain at = 15A
Z= not known (impedance)
so,
To find the impedance we have the formula which is shown below:
Z = V/I =240/15
Z= 16Ω⇒ Z = R + jXL
Z = 8.333 + jXL = 16
Thus
√8.333² + XL² = 16²
8.333² + XL² = 16²
XL² = 186.561
XL = 13.658Ω
Now
We find the inductance of the Inductor and the impedance of the circuit.
(i) In solving for the inductance of the inductor, a formula is applied here, which is shown below:
L = XL/w
=13.658/ 2π * 50
=13.658/314.15 = 0.043 = 43.43 mH
Note: w= 2πf
(ii) For the impedance of the circuit we have the following:
z = 8.333 + j 13.658
z = 16∠58.61° Ω
(iii) The next step is to find the phase difference between the applied voltage and current.
Q = this is the voltage across the inductor in a series of resonant circuit.
Q can also be called the applied voltage
Thus,
Q is described as an Impedance angle
Therefore, Q = 58.81°
Given in the following v(t) signal.
a. Find the first 7 harmonics of the Fourier series function in cosine form.
b. Plot one side spectrum
c. Find the first 7 harmonics of the Fourier series function in exponential form.
d. Plot two side spectrum Given in the following v(t) signal.
Answer:
Check the v(t) signal referred to in the question and the solution to each part in the files attached
Explanation:
The detailed solutions of parts a to d are clearly expressed in the second file attached.
A wall in a house contains a single window. The window consists of a single pane of glass whose area is 0.11 m2 and whose thickness is 4 mm. Treat the wall as a slab of the insulating material Styrofoam whose area and thickness are 11 m2 and 0.20 m, respectively. Heat is lost via conduction through the wall and the window. The temperature difference between the inside and outside is the same for the wall and the window. Of the total heat lost by the wall and the window, what is the percentage lost by the window
Answer:
Explanation:
Given that,
The area of glass [tex]A_g[/tex] = [tex]0.11m^2[/tex]
The thickness of the glass [tex]t_g=4mm=4\times10^-^3m[/tex]
The area of the styrofoam [tex]A_s=11m^2[/tex]
The thickness of the styrofoam [tex]t_s=0.20m[/tex]
The thermal conductivity of the glass [tex]k_g=0.80J(s.m.C^o)[/tex]
The thermal conductivity of the styrofoam [tex]k_s=0.010J(s.m.C^o)[/tex]
Inside and outside temperature difference is ΔT
The heat loss due to conduction in the window is
[tex]Q_g=\frac{k_gA_g\Delta T t}{t_g} \\\\=\frac{(0.8)(0.11)(\Delta T)t}{4.0\times 10^-^3}\\\\=(22\Delta Tt)j[/tex]
The heat loss due to conduction in the wall is
[tex]Q_s=\frac{k_sA_s\Delta T t}{t_g} \\\\=\frac{(0.010)(11)(\Delta T)t}{0.20}\\\\=(0.55\Delta Tt)j[/tex]
The net heat loss of the wall and the window is
[tex]Q=Q_g+Q_s\\\\=\frac{k_gA_g\Delta T t}{t_g}+\frac{k_sA_s\Delta T t}{t_g}\\\\=(22\Delta Tt)j +(0.55\Delta Tt)j \\\\=(22.55\Delta Tt)j[/tex]
The percentage of heat lost by the window is
[tex]=\frac{Q_g}{Q}\times 100\\\\=\frac{22\Delta T t}{22.55\Delta T t}\times 100\\\\=97.6 \%[/tex]
Consider a series RC circuit at the left where C = 6 µ F, R = 2 MΩ, and ε = 20 V. You close the switch at t = 0. Find (a) the time constant for the circuit, (b) the half-life of the circuit, (c) the current at t = 0, (d) the voltage across the capacitor at t = 0, and (e) the voltage across the resistor after a very long time.
Answer:
(a) 12 seconds (b) t = 8.31 seconds (c) 10µ A (d) V = 20 V (e) V =0
Explanation:
Solution
Given that:
C = 6 µ which is = 6 * 10^ ⁻6
R = 2 MΩ, which is = 2 * 10^ 6
ε = 20 V
(a) When it is at the time constant we have the following:
λ = CR
= 6 * 10^ ⁻6 * 2 * 10^ 6
λ =12 seconds
(b) We solve for the half life of the circuit which is given below:
d₀ = d₀ [ 1- e ^ ⁺t/CR
d = decay mode]
d₀/2 = d₀ 1- e ^ ⁺t/12
2^⁻1 = e ^ ⁺t/12
Thus
t/12 ln 2
t = 12 * ln 2
t = 12 * 0.693
t = 8.31 seconds
(c) We find the current at t = 0
So,
I = d₀/dt
I = d₀/dt e ^ ⁺t/CR
= CE/CR e ^ ⁺t/CR
E/R e ^ ⁺t/CR
Thus,
at t = 0
I E/R = 20/ 2 * 10^ 6
= 10µ A
(d) We find the voltage across the capacitor at t = 0 which is shown below:
V = IR
= 10 * 10^ ⁻6 * 2 * 10^ 6
V = 20 V
(e) We solve for he voltage across the resistor.
At t = 0
I = 0
V =0
Find the largest number. The process of finding the maximum value (i.e., the largest of a group of values) is used frequently in computer applications. For example, an app that determines the winner of a sales contest would input the number of units sold by each salesperson. The sales person who sells the most units wins the contest. Write pseudocode, then a C# app that inputs a series of 10 integers, then determines and displays the largest integer. Your app should use at least the following three variables:
Counter: Acounter to count to 10 (i.e., to keep track of how many nimbers have been input and to determine when all 10 numbers have been processed).
Number: The integer most recently input by the user.
Largest: The largest number found so far.
Answer:
See Explanation
Explanation:
Required
- Pseudocode to determine the largest of 10 numbers
- C# program to determine the largest of 10 numbers
The pseudocode and program makes use of a 1 dimensional array to accept input for the 10 numbers;
The largest of the 10 numbers is then saved in variable Largest and printed afterwards.
Pseudocode (Number lines are used for indentation to illustrate the program flow)
1. Start:
2. Declare Number as 1 dimensional array of 10 integers
3. Initialize: counter = 0
4. Do:
4.1 Display “Enter Number ”+(counter + 1)
4.2 Accept input for Number[counter]
4.3 While counter < 10
5. Initialize: Largest = Number[0]
6. Loop: i = 0 to 10
6.1 if Largest < Number[i] Then
6.2 Largest = Number[i]
6.3 End Loop:
7. Display “The largest input is “+Largest
8. Stop
C# Program (Console)
Comments are used for explanatory purpose
using System;
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int[] Number = new int[10]; // Declare array of 10 elements
//Accept Input
int counter = 0;
while(counter<10)
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter Number " + (counter + 1)+": ");
string var = Console.ReadLine();
Number[counter] = Convert.ToInt32(var);
counter++;
}
//Initialize largest to first element of the array
int Largest = Number[0];
//Determine Largest
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{
if(Largest < Number[i])
{
Largest = Number[i];
}
}
//Print Largest
Console.WriteLine("The largest input is "+ Largest);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
A cylinder of metal that is originally 450 mm tall and 50 mm in diameter is to be open-die upset forged to a final height of 100 mm. The strength coefficient is 230 MPa and the work hardening exponent is 0.15 while the coefficient of friction of the metal against the tool is 0.1. If the maximum force that the forging hammer can deliver is 3 MN, can the forging be completed
Answer:
Yes, the forging can be completed
Explanation:
Given h = 100 mm, ε = ㏑(450/100) = 1.504
[tex]Y_f = 230 \times 1.504^{0.15} = 244.52[/tex]
V = π·D²·L/4 = π × 50²×450/4 = 883,572.93 mm³
At h = 100 mm, A = V/h = 883,572.93 /100 = 8835.73 mm²
D = √(4·A/π) = 106.07 mm
[tex]K_f[/tex] = 1 + 0.4 × 0.1 × 106.07/100 = 1.042
F = 1.042 × 244.52 × 8835.73 = 2252199.386 N =2.25 MN
Hence the required force = 2.25 MN is less than the available force = 3 MN therefore, the forging can be completed.
Two blocks of rubber (B) with a modulus of rigidity G = 14 MPa are bonded to rigid supports and to a rigid metal plate A. Knowing that c = 80 mm and P = 46 kN, determine the smallest allowable dimensions a and b of the blocks if the shearing stress in the rubber is not to exceed 1.4 MPa and the deflection of the plate is to be at least 7 mm.
Answer:
a = 0.07m or 70mm
b = 0.205m or 205mm
Explanation:
Given the following data;
Modulus of rigidity, G = 14MPa=14000000Pa.
c = 80mm = 0.08m.
P = 46kN=46000N.
Shearing stress (r) in the rubber shouldn't exceed 1.4MPa=1400000Pa.
Deflection (d) of the plate is to be at least 7mm = 0.007m.
From shearing strain;
[
[tex]Modulus Of Elasticity, E = \frac{d}{a} =\frac{r}{G}[/tex]
Making a the subject formula;
[tex]a = \frac{Gd}{r}[/tex]
Substituting into the above formula;
[tex]a = \frac{14000000*0.007}{1400000}[/tex]
[tex]a = \frac{98000}{1400000}[/tex]
[tex]a = 0.07m or 70mm[/tex]
a = 0.07m or 70mm.
Also, shearing stress;
[tex]r = \frac{P}{2bc}[/tex]
Making b the subject formula;
[tex]b = \frac{P}{2cr}[/tex]
Substituting into the above equation;
[tex]b = \frac{46000}{2*0.08*1400000}[/tex]
[tex]b = \frac{46000}{224000}[/tex]
[tex]b = 0.205m or 205mm[/tex]
b = 0.205m or 205mm
Five bolts are used in the connection between the axial member and the support. The ultimate shear strength of the bolts is 320 MPa, and a factor of safety of 4.2 is required with respect to fracture. Determine the minimum allowable bolt diameter required to support an applied load of P
Answer:
The minimum allowable bolt diameter required to support an applied load of P = 450 kN is 45.7 milimeters.
Explanation:
The complete statement of this question is "Five bolts are used in the connection between the axial member and the support. The ultimate shear strength of the bolts is 320 MPa, and a factor of safety of 4.2 is required with respect to fracture. Determine the minimum allowable bolt diameter required to support an applied load of P = 450 kN"
Each bolt is subjected to shear forces. In this case, safety factor is the ratio of the ultimate shear strength to maximum allowable shear stress. That is to say:
[tex]n = \frac{S_{uts}}{\tau_{max}}[/tex]
Where:
[tex]n[/tex] - Safety factor, dimensionless.
[tex]S_{uts}[/tex] - Ultimate shear strength, measured in pascals.
[tex]\tau_{max}[/tex] - Maximum allowable shear stress, measured in pascals.
The maximum allowable shear stress is consequently cleared and computed: ([tex]n = 4.2[/tex], [tex]S_{uts} = 320\times 10^{6}\,Pa[/tex])
[tex]\tau_{max} = \frac{S_{uts}}{n}[/tex]
[tex]\tau_{max} = \frac{320\times 10^{6}\,Pa}{4.2}[/tex]
[tex]\tau_{max} = 76.190\times 10^{6}\,Pa[/tex]
Since each bolt has a circular cross section area and assuming the shear stress is not distributed uniformly, shear stress is calculated by:
[tex]\tau_{max} = \frac{4}{3} \cdot \frac{V}{A}[/tex]
Where:
[tex]\tau_{max}[/tex] - Maximum allowable shear stress, measured in pascals.
[tex]V[/tex] - Shear force, measured in kilonewtons.
[tex]A[/tex] - Cross section area, measured in square meters.
As connection consist on five bolts, shear force is equal to a fifth of the applied load. That is:
[tex]V = \frac{P}{5}[/tex]
[tex]V = \frac{450\,kN}{5}[/tex]
[tex]V = 90\,kN[/tex]
The minimum allowable cross section area is cleared in the shearing stress equation:
[tex]A = \frac{4}{3}\cdot \frac{V}{\tau_{max}}[/tex]
If [tex]V = 90\,kN[/tex] and [tex]\tau_{max} = 76.190\times 10^{3}\,kPa[/tex], the minimum allowable cross section area is:
[tex]A = \frac{4}{3} \cdot \frac{90\,kN}{76.190\times 10^{3}\,kPa}[/tex]
[tex]A = 1.640\times 10^{-3}\,m^{2}[/tex]
The minimum allowable cross section area can be determined in terms of minimum allowable bolt diameter by means of this expression:
[tex]A = \frac{\pi}{4}\cdot D^{2}[/tex]
The diameter is now cleared and computed:
[tex]D = \sqrt{\frac{4}{\pi}\cdot A}[/tex]
[tex]D =\sqrt{\frac{4}{\pi}\cdot (1.640\times 10^{-3}\,m^{2})[/tex]
[tex]D = 0.0457\,m[/tex]
[tex]D = 45.7\,mm[/tex]
The minimum allowable bolt diameter required to support an applied load of P = 450 kN is 45.7 milimeters.
We have that the minimum allowable bolt diameter is mathematically given as
d = 26.65mmFrom the question we are told
Five bolts are used in the connection between the axial member and the support. The ultimate shear strength of the bolts is 320 MPa, and a factor of safety of 4.2 is required with respect to fracture. Determine the minimum allowable bolt diameter required to support an applied load of Assuming P to be P = 425 kN.DiameterGenerally the equation for the stress is mathematically given as
[tex]\mu= 320/4.2 \\\\\mu= 76.190 N/mm^2[/tex]
Therefore
Force = Stress * area
Force = P/2
F= 425,000 N / 2 = 212,500 N
Hence area of each bolt is given as
212,500 = 76.190*( 5* area of each bolt)
area of each bolt = 557.815
Since
area of each bolt=\pi*d^2/4
\pi*d^2/4 = 557.815
d = 26.65mmFor more information on diameter visit
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