Drosophila fruit flies produce gametes with one of each type of chromosome. Gametes are the terms used to describe these cells (diploid, haploid).
Each (heterologous, homozygous, heterozygous, homologous) chromosome has one copy of each (allele, gene). These cells have chromosomes that are (1/2N, N, 2N, and 4N).
The typical fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is just around 3 mm long and 2 mm wide. Its color is yellow-brown (tan). It features a spherical head, three tiny simple eyes, three larger red compound eyes, and short antennae. The size difference between the sexes is marginal.
As a result, the female fruit fly will produce two different types of gametes due to the placement of the two genes w m and w + m+ on the pair of X-chromosomes.
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p is the principal (starting amount) True or false
Answer:
what would p be the principal of? is there more to the question?
Explanation:
some similarities between homo erectus and homo heidelbergensis include the following except: a) long, low skull b) possession of a mental eminence (a chin) c) large brow ridges (supraorbital tori) d) thick brain case
With the exception of a long, low cranium, homo erectus and homo heidelbergensis share some traits.
What is H. heidelbergensis skull characteristics contrast with H erectus?The brain of H. heidelbergensis was bigger. erectus, smaller than most contemporary humans, and with a rounder cranium than H. erectus. erectus. Generally speaking, the skeleton and teeth are smaller than in H.
What characteristics can be deduced from Homo heidelbergensis?H. Heidelbergensis exhibits archaic characteristics such a big face, a strong post-orbital bar, and small stature. H., however In comparison to early Homo genus members, heidelbergensis also exhibits more derived features, such as a big brain case and teeth.
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As discussed in the chapter opener, select all of the characteristics common to individuals with down syndrome.
Multiple select question.
a. increased risk of cardiac defect
b. upwardly slanted eyes
taller than normal
c. ow muscle tone extreme mental dysfunction
d. mild to moderate intellectual disability
Down syndrome is often referred to as Trisomy 21. The newborn may experience difficulties with their mental and physical development as a result of this additional copy, which alters how their body and brain grow. People with Down syndrome may act and appear alike, yet each one has unique skills.
All races and socioeconomic classes are susceptible to Down syndrome, but older mothers are more likely to give birth to a child with the condition. A woman who is 35 years old has a probability of conceiving a child with Down syndrome of roughly one in 350, and by the time she is 40, her likelihood rises to one in 100.
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these phylogenetic trees represent two interpretations of the origin of hair in humans and dogs in which hair is or is not homologous in humans and dogs. for each interpretation, did the most recent common ancestor of humans and dogs have hair? which tree is correct?
An evolutionary tree - A diagram that groups species according to the relative recency (time) of their common ancestry in order to demonstrate evolutionary links among DNA or protein sequences.
A phylogenetic tree is a visual representation of the evolutionary connections between various creatures. Phylogenetic trees are theories rather than proven truths. A phylogenetic tree's branching pattern illustrates how many species or other groups developed from a number of common predecessors.
Phylogenetic Tree Types
tree with roots. Make a conclusion regarding the tree's leaves or branches' most recent common ancestor.tree with no roots. Make an illustration using the leaves or branches and avoid assuming anything about the most recent shared ancestor.branching tree. The Tree with Many FascesLearn more about Phylogenetic Tree is visit here;
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Part A Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration o electron transport chain citric acid cycle glycolysis acetyl CoA glycolysis acetyl CoA citric acid cycle electron transport chain 0 citric acid cycle electron transport chain glycolysis acetyl CoA glycolysis citric acid cycle acetyl CoA electron transport chain acety CoA citric acid cycle electron transport chain glycolysis Hints My Answers Give Up Review Part s the correct general equation for celular respirat on?
Glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain.
While pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation take place in the mitochondrion, glycolysis happens in the cytosol.
What are the three steps in using glucose for energy?To create ATP, they all metabolize glucose. The Krebs cycle, is also known as citric acid cycle, electron transport, and glycolysis are the three processes that make up cellular respiration.
What exactly is glycolysis in detail?The process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy is known as glycolysis. It also generates 2 pyruvates, ATP, NADH, and water. There is no need for oxygen in the process, which occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell. Both aerobic and anaerobic creatures experience it.
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are there other uses of basagran herbicide other than herbicide
Answer: established bluegrass, fescue, bentgrass, Bermudagrass, bahiagrass, centipedegrass, zoysiagrass, ryegrass
Explanation:
both mitosis and meiosis begin with a parent cell that is diploid. which of the following best describes how mitosis and meiosis result in daughter cells with different numbers of chromosomes? responses in mitosis, the chromosomes consist of a single chromatid, which is passed to two haploid daughter cells. in meiosis, the chromosomes consist of two chromatids during the first round of division and one chromatid during the second round of division, resulting in two haploid daughter cells. in mitosis, the chromosomes consist of a single chromatid, which is passed to two haploid daughter cells. in meiosis, the chromosomes consist of two chromatids during the first round of division and one chromatid during the second round of division, resulting in two haploid daughter cells. in mitosis, synapsis of homologous chromosomes results in four haploid daughter cells after one division. in meiosis, synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs during the second division and results in four diploid daughter cells. in mitosis, synapsis of homologous chromosomes results in four haploid daughter cells after one division. in meiosis, synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs during the second division and results in four diploid daughter cells. mitosis produces one identical daughter cell after one round of division. meiosis has two rounds of division and doubles the number of chromosomes in the second round of division, producing four diploid cells. mitosis produces one identical daughter cell after one round of division. meiosis has two rounds of division and doubles the number of chromosomes in the second round of division, producing four diploid cells. mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells after one round of division. meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells after two rounds of division.
The best way to understand how mitosis and Meiosis result in daughter cells with differing numbers of chromosomes is that mitosis creates two identical diploid daughter cells after one cycle of division.
How can mitosis and meiosis produce daughter cells with various chromosomal counts?Mitosis divides a parent cell into two identical daughter cells, each of which has the same amount of chromosomes. Meiosis, on the other hand, creates four distinct daughter cells, each of which has half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
Are the parent cells in meiosis and mitosis both diploid?Meiosis and mitotic processes are compared. Meiosis generates four haploid (n) gametes, whereas mitosis generates two diploid (2n) somatic cells that are genetically identical to one another and the original parent cell.
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in his work with pneumonia-causing bacteria and mice, Griffith worked with an S strain of the bacteria, which was lethal to the mice and an Rstrain, which was not lethal to the mice. Griffith found that: a. genetic information from Scells was transferred to cells, making them pathogenic b. heat-killed Scells were lethal to mice. c. the polysaccharide cost of the R bacteria was lethal in mice. d. the protein coat from Scells was able to transform nonpathogenic cells.
Griffith found that genetic information from S cells was transferred to cells, making them pathogenic.
What is S cells?The jejunum and duodenum contain S cells, cells that secrete secretin. A drop in pH to 4 or lower in the small intestine's lumen stimulates them. The pancreas will secrete more bicarbonate (HCO3) into the lumen as a result of the secretin being released.
This is primarily achieved by an increase in cyclic AMP, which activates CFTR and causes it to release chloride anions into the lumen. Following this, the luminal Cl is involved in a bicarbonate transporter protein exchange in which the cell reabsorbs the chloride and secretes HCO3 into the lumen. One of the major sources of cyclosamatin production is S cells.
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which of the following combinations constitute a hormone cascade?a) anterior pituitary gland hormone- growth hormone -liverb) anterior pituitary gland hormone-pancreas-insulinc) thyrotropin releasing hormone-thyroid stimulating hormone-thyroid hormoned) anterior pituitary gland hormone-pancreas- glucagon
A hormone cascade is made up of combinations of thyroid hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and thyroid hormone.
What is the short definition of a hormone cascade?The term "cascade" refers to a series of subsequent activation events involving enzymes (enzyme cascade) or hormones (hormone cascade), each of which amplifies the initial stimulus in turn. Each enzyme in the process of blood coagulation, for instance, activates the one before it until the fibrin clot, the end result, is produced.
What does a hormone cascade look like?The "Hormone Cascade" selects many paths and makes various stops along each pathway to manufacture each hormone that is required. For instance, before being secreted by women's ovaries, the main female hormone, estradiol, goes through progesterone, testosterone, and other intermediate processes.
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Which lymphatic structure is impossible to palpate? A. Inguinal nodes B. Axillary nodes C. Popliteal nodes D.
Thymus
Thymus is lymphatic structure is impossible to palpate
Small clusters of lymphoid tissue known as lymph nodules can be found under moist epithelial membranes in the respiratory, urinary, and digestive systems. Unlike other lymphatic organs like the spleen, tonsils, and lymph node, the thymus does not have lymph nodules. Thymocytes, which are tiny lymphocytes, are clustered together in the cortex, and epithelial reticular cells in the medulla might resemble nodules.It is active up until puberty, after which it begins to wither away, leaving just fatty tissue behind when an adult. The thymus plays no significant function after puberty, and its removal has no negative repercussions or adverse impacts on the immune system. The thymus is unique in that, in contrast to most organs, it grows the fastest in young children. The thymus gradually shrinks and is replaced by fat after you reach puberty. The thymus is essentially just fatty tissue at the age of 75. In the chest, between the lungs, is the thymus gland. It produces T lymphocytes, which are white blood cells that are a component of the immune system and aid in battling illness.
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what codes for proteins that your body uses to make eye pigment, hair color, hair texture and etc.?
Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid that code for certain proteins and carry out specific protein functions in one or more types of physiological cells.
Which four distinct gene types are there?
It is made up of millions of little molecules called bases. A, C, T, and G are the four different chemical kinds. A gene is a section of DNA with the amino acid sequences As, Cs, Ts, and Gs.
A gene is the primary structural and functional element of heredity. Genes are made out of DNA. Some genes act as instructions for making proteins. However, many genes do not encode for proteins. A human gene can range in size from a few hundred DNA bases to over 2 million bases.
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which cytokines are believed to contribute to autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis? which cytokines are believed to contribute to autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis? chemokines interferons tumor necrosis factor (tnf) hematopoietic cytokines
It is thought that cytokines called tumor necrosis factor (TNF) play a role in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
A multipurpose cytokine called tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is crucial for many distinct biological processes, including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and death.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) aids the body in fighting off infections in a healthy person. However, elevated blood levels of TNF might result in needless inflammation and unpleasant symptoms in persons with autoimmune illnesses.
TNF is mostly generated by macrophages, but B cells, natural killer cells, endothelium and muscle cells, fibroblasts, and osteoclasts can also secrete a negligible amount of it.
The Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF Alpha) Blood Test (Labcorp) test determines the amount of TNF Alpha in a sample of blood. White blood cells normally create the protein known as a cytokine called tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as part of the body's response to infection.
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the hereditary determinant of a trait or a section of dna that codes for a protein.
Gene the component of DNA that codes for a protein or the genetic factor that determines a characteristic.
What is hereditary ?
The transfer of genetic information from one set of parents to another is known as heredity, also known as inheritance or biological inheritance. This process occurs through either asexual or sexual reproduction, and results in the offspring cells or organisms acquiring the genetic makeup of their parents. Individual differences can compound through genetics, leading to the natural selection-driven evolution of species. Genetics is the study of heredity in biology.
When a male and a female gamete combine their nuclei to create a zygote, this process is known as fertilization, and it is through this process that genetic traits are passed from parents to children. For instance, a baby born to two parents with blue eyes would always have blue eyes.
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If individual II-1 marries a person with the same genotype as individual I-2, what is the chance that their child will be afflicted with hemophilia?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
Answer:
Their chance will be A. 0%
the secretion of aldosterone is brought about by all these factors except one. which factor is incorrect?
The incorrect factor is Renin. Renin leads to secretion.
Renin leads to the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. The incorrect factor is light. Light has no effect on the secretion of aldosterone. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that is secreted by the adrenal glands and plays a key role in regulating blood pressure and maintaining electrolyte balance. The secretion of aldosterone is regulated by the renin-angiotensin system, which is activated by decreased blood pressure, decreased blood volume, and increased potassium levels. It is also regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which is activated by stress and inflammation. Therefore, light does not have any effect on the secretion of aldosterone.
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which change is positively correlated with the changes observed in dendritic spines in the cortex of fear-conditioned mice
behavioral frozen events becoming more frequent . Animals respond to threats in qualitatively various ways, including by freezing and actively engaging in fight-or-flight reactions.
Fight-or-flight responses involve sympathetically driven heart rate acceleration, whereas freezing is a type of behavioral inhibition followed by parasympathetically controlled heart rate deceleration. Although freezing may be useful for stress management in humans, little is known about its phenomenology and neurological foundations in this species. Research on rodents has demonstrated that the brainstem's amygdala projections are necessary for freezing (periaqueductal grey).
Similar brain regions may be implicated in human freezing, according to recent neuroimaging research in humans. Furthermore, effective stress-coping requires the ability to quickly switch between frozen and active protective modes, which depends on fronto-amygdala connections. This review article proposes a model that describes the relevant brain mechanisms.
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which of the following evidence does not support the out-of-africa hypothesis? group of answer choices differences among modern human populations are due to geographic separation for 2 million years. the replacement of other hominin species by homo sapiens expanding beyond africa approximately 60,000 years ago the coalescence time for human mitochondrial dna is between 120,000 and 230,000 years ago, while the coalescence time for non-african mtdna is only about 38,500 years ago. the existence of greater mitochondrial diversity in africa than in the rest of the world combined
The evidence that not support the out of Africa hypothesis is on first sentence. Differences among modern human populations are due to geographic separation for 2 million years.
What evidence supports Out of Africa hypothesis?Now a study of characteristic DNA sequences called "markers" in the Y chromosome adds support to the Out of Africa hypothesis. When scientists sequenced DNA from the mitochondria of a Neandertal 4 years ago, they found that it was very different from that in living humans.The 'Out of Africa' model was the most widely favoured explanation accounting for the origins of modern humans. It suggested that modern humans originated in Africa within the last 200,000 years from a single group of ancestors.Learn about Out of Africa hypothesis here: brainly.com/question/15069281
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what is the clue that this pedigree shows inheritance of a sex-linked trait, not an autosomal one?
Males are affected by the condition at a higher rate than females.
When a female offspring demonstrates a recessive trait and the father is unaffected, as well as when an affected mother has an unaffected son, autosomal traits can also be identified.
What is meant by autosomal traits?
A genetic disorder or trait can be transferred from parent to kid via autosomal dominant inheritance. The genetic disorder can be brought on by one copy of a mutant (changed) gene from one parent. A child has a 50% chance of receiving the mutant gene from a parent who carries it.
A parent's genes should also be examined if a person is diagnosed with an autosomal dominant disease. Marfan syndrome and type 1 neurofibromatosis are two examples of autosomal dominant diseases.
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how is the spinal cord like a two way highway
The spinal cord is comparable to a two-way street. The spinal cord transmits information to the brain about the body's internal and external conditions. The spinal cord delivers instructions from the brain to the body in the opposite direction.
What is the "highway" of the spinal cord?Information is transferred between the brain and the body through the spinal cord. When the spinal cord is damaged, the brain's ability to communicate with the rest of the body is compromised.
Which bodily part serves as a message superhighway?The spinal cord descends from the brain via the back. It consists of nerve fibers that branch off to reach every organ and part of the body. Through this network of nerves, the brain communicates with other parts of the body.
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Thin filaments of muscle (thin myofilaments).
The thin filaments of muscles are actin.
The muscles are made up of thin as well as thick myofibrils.
The thicker filaments are made up of myosin whereas the thinner thinner filaments are made up of actin.
Along with actin, the other proteins that are present in the myofilaments are tropomyosin and troponin.
The myofilaments combine to form myofibrils. These three proteins help in the complex functioning that is done by the muscles.
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t cells are primarily resopnsible for
The immune system's T cells are specialized to target particular foreign substances.rather than attacking all antigens equally.
What functions do the T cells perform?As well as preserving immunological memory and self-tolerance, T cells express a receptor that has the capacity to recognize a variety of antigens from infections, tumors, and the environment.Additionally, a number of inflammatory and autoimmune illnesses are thought to be greatly influenced by T cells.
Do T cells have a role in immunity?Considering as they are the sole cells in the organism capable of recognizing and responding individually to each antigenic epitope, the T and B lymphocytes (T and B Cells) were engaged in the acquired and antigen-specific immune response.
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6. which of the following components of the neuromuscular junction would be directly affected by the toxin produced by bacterium clostridium tetani? a. the axon terminals b. the motor end plate c. the sarcoplasmic reticulum d. the synaptic cleft
Motor end plate of the neuromuscular junction would be directly affected by the toxin produced by bacterium clostridium tetani.
Clostridium tetani is a soil bacterium. It is a major causative agent for tetanus. It enters the body through wounds or necrosis. Bacteria that reside in muscles release neurotoxin called tetanospasmin. It enters the axon of the motor neuron and moves retrogressively and reaches the inhibitory neuron where it enters into the axon bulb and prevents the release of neurotransmitters called gamma amino butyric acid and glycine. Hence the inhibitory neuron cannot pass signals to the motor neuron which causes more muscle contraction since signal from the inhibitory neuron reduces muscle contraction.
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a dna molecule that is 1000 base pairs in length would go in the gel than a molecule that is 200 base pairs in length. question 3 options: a) you cannot tell from the information provided b) not as far c) further d) the same distance
A DNA molecule with 1000 base pairs would further in the gel more than one with 200 base pairs.
The speed at which the molecules move through the pores in the gel is inversely proportional to their lengths. This indicates that a smaller DNA molecule will move through the gel further than a larger DNA molecule.
Gel electrophoresis is a method that researchers use to measure the size of DNA fragments. In this procedure, tiny holes called wells are positioned at the edge of a gel along with unknown samples and a DNA standard. The standard includes base pair-measuring fragments of known sizes.
DNA has 200 bases, so 2003420=340A.
A DNA segment that is 1700 base pairs long therefore contains 500 base pairs or 1000 nucleotides.
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which of the following is / are important for enforcing the specificity of protein synthesis? a) correct trna being attached to the right amino acid b) correct codon matching the right anticodon c) specific mrna finding the right kind of ribosome d) both a and b are needed e) all a, b and c are essential
The correct choices that are important to reinforce the specificity of protein synthesis are:
Correct tRNA being attached to the right amino acid.Correct codon matching the right anticodon.Correct answer: letter D.
These two options are important for enhancing the specificity of protein synthesis, because they ensure that the correct amino acid is added to the protein chain at the correct location. If incorrect tRNA or codons are used, the resulting protein may not have the correct properties or may not be able to perform its intended function.
What is protein synthesis?Is the process by which cells create specific proteins, and it is essential for cell growth and repair. Protein synthesis occurs in two stages:
First, the cell’s genetic code is decoded through the transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA. The mRNA is translated into a specific sequence of amino acids to form a protein.Learn more about protein synthesis:
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what direction does the wind blow
Answer:
East-west
Explanation:
Generally, prevailing winds blow east-west rather than north-south. This happens because Earth’s rotation generates what is known as the Coriolis effect. The Coriolis effect makes wind systems twist counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
a selectively permeable membrane divides a container in half. one half of the container, side a, is filled with a starch solution, while the other half, side b, is filled with an iodine tincture. starch is a large macromolecule that forms a milky white solution when dissolved. an iodine tincture contains very small iodide ions and is a brown solution. iodide ions turn dark blue when they react with starch molecules. after several hours, side a is dark blue, while side b is brown. which statement describes the diffusion of solutes through the membrane?
The iodide ions flowed across the barrier, but the starch molecules were blocked.
The information provided indicates that starch is a big macromolecule. Substances always diffuse from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. Iodide ions become dark blue as a result of their reaction with starch. Iodide ions seeped through to the membrane from side B to side A of the container because side A turned dark blue. The side A got dark blue as a result, and the side B would have turned dark blue as well if starch had diffused from side A to side B via the membrane. However, the dark solution was on side B. As a result, the barrier prevented the passage of the big starch molecules.
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does rna polymerase move in a set direction along a strand of dna during transcription? a yes, the rna polymerase moves in a direction that reads the bases of the dna sequence from the 5' end toward the 3' end. b yes, the rna polymerase moves in a direction that reads the bases of the dna sequence from the 3' end toward the 5' end. c no; the rna polymerase can move in either direction along the dna strand because the same sequence of bases in the rna will be produced regardless of direction.
b yes, the rna polymerase moves in a direction that reads the bases of the dna sequence from the 3' end toward the 5' end.
In the 5' to 3' direction, RNA polymerase creates an RNA transcript that is complementary to the DNA template strand. The DNA double helix is opened as it advances down the template strand in the 3' to 5' direction. The DNA helix is unwound right before the active site for polymerization by the RNA polymerase, exposing a fresh area of the template strand for complementary base-pairing. During strand elongation, RNA polymerase starts traveling from 3' to 5' down the DNA template strand while connecting complementary nucleotides. This results in the formation of a new strand of mRNA that is structured in the 5' to 3' direction thanks to complementary base pairing.
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two cells are close to each other during early embryonic development. however, one of the cells becomes a muscle cell while the other becomes a liver cell. what is the best explanation of why this occurs?
During early embryonic development some cells becomes a muscle cell while the other becomes a liver cell because They receive different chemical signals in gene expression.
In general, Differentiation of cells in the embryo brings by both internal cellular factors as well as extracellular factors and they also act on the cell from the outside. While it is still difficult to understand about the exact molecular interactions that carry out cellular differentiation.
In many studies it is considered that Cytoplasmic determinants that include proteins, RNA, and organelles present in the cytoplasm of an embryonic cell, are the determinants of cell's gene expression and therefore direct a cell's differentiation.
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In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, gene regulation most commonly occurs at the level of ____initiation.
Prokaryotic transcription and translation take place in the cytoplasm concurrently, and transcription is regulated.
What is the same about prokaryotes and eukaryotes in terms of gene regulation?At any point in the process of gene expression, gene regulation can take place. In other words, gene regulation can take place at any point along the route from DNA to RNA to protein. Numerous genes regulate their expression during the stage of transcription, the DNA to RNA step in the process, in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
What degrees of gene regulation are there?In particular, there are two degrees of control over gene expression. The first way transcription is regulated is by regulating the amount of mRNA that can be generated from a given gene. The translation of mRNA into proteins is regulated by post-transcriptional processes, which constitute the second level of regulation.
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Phenotypes that exhibit continuous variation are often the result of ________.
Phenotypes that exhibit continues variation are often the result of multifactorial inheritance.
What is phenotypes?Phenotype refers to any of the individual's observable by traits, such as a height, eye color and definitely blood type. A person's I'd always phenotype is determined by both theirs genomic makeup also known as (genotype) and the environmental factors.
Multifactorial inheritance, in by which alleles contribute to in an additive manner to the the phenotype along with their environmental and influences, is an automatically by accepted mechanism for producing to the phenotypes exhibiting to the continuous variation. results from the interaction and of a number of gene expression loci specifying by a given trait.
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