During DNA replication DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides. completing DNA replication Gaps are filled by DNA pol I by adding dNTPs.
What is DNA replication ?DNA replication can be defines as the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. Replication is an essential process because, whenever a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must contain the same genetic information. So An enzyme are called DNA polymerase next begins replicating the DNA by matching bases to the original strand. Once synthesis is complete, the RNA primers are replaced with DNA, and any gaps between newly synthesized DNA segments are sealed together with enzymes.
Therefore DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotide.
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which of the following statements is true? a. most genes contain instructions for making fat molecules. b. each cell's nucleus contains dna. c. all cells need a highly acidic environment to function. d. cells do not need nutrients for their growth. e. long strands of human dna coil into 10 pairs of chromosomes.
The true statement is each cell's nucleus contains DNA.
Thus, the correct option is B.
Where is DNA found in a cell?In humаn cells, most DNА is found in а compаrtment within the cell cаlled а nucleus. It is known аs nucleаr DNА.
Cells cаn be broаdly grouped into two different types: cells found in prokаryotes (prokаryotic cells) аnd cells found in eukаryotes (eukаryotic cells). In prokаryotic cells, the DNА is mostly locаted in а centrаl pаrt of the cell cаlled the nucleoid, which is not enclosed in а nucleаr membrаne. In eukаryotic cells, most DNА is locаted in the cell nucleus (though some DNА is аlso contаined in other orgаnelles, such аs in the mitochondriа аnd the chloroplаst in plаnts).
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why can novel variants of the sars-cov-2 s protein evade the antibody response derived from currently approved covid-19 vaccines?
The S protein is essential for invading host cells and starting an infection, in contrast to the M and E proteins, which are largely involved in virus assembly. Notably, the coronaviruses' surface protrusions are spike-shaped due to the presence of S proteins on those viruses.
What is the S protein of SARS-CoV?S1 and S2 subunits make up the class I fusion transmembrane structural glycoprotein known as the S protein from the SARS-CoV-2 [71]. It is a homotrimer, measuring 180–200 kDa [43] and having a total length of 1273–1300 amino acids [113]. A signal peptide is made up of the residues (1–13) of amino acids [43].
The COVID vaccines and their boosters continue to be our most effective weapon against all COVID-19 strains since they continue to greatly lessen the illness's severity. Are you still debating the vaccine or do you know someone who is? See these justifications for getting the shot.
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The two strands of a dna double helix are antiparallel. This means that __________.
The two strands of a DNA double helix are antiparallel which means that they run alongside each other but point in opposite directions.
What does antiparallel strands of DNA mean?Antiparallel strands of a DNA molecule implies that the phosphate groups at the beginning of two DNA strands are in opposite positions.
The DNA molecule is made up of two strands bonded together by hydrogen bonds. A single strand is different at its two ends such that one end is called 5' and the other is called 3'. The names are derived from the notation for the two sugar carbon atoms which are present in the phosphodiester bonds.
The anti-parallel strands allow the formation of hydrogen bonds. If the strands are not antiparallel then non-symmetrical hydrogen bonding interactions is not possible. It is very important that CG interactions have three H- bonds and AT has two H-bonds.
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What is a glycoprotein? where are they found in human cells? list some of their functions.
On the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, glycoproteins can be seen.
What are glycoproteins and what do they do?Glycoproteins are a class of molecules made up of protein and carbohydrate chains that play a key role in a variety of physiological processes, including immunology. Many viruses feature glycoproteins that not only aid in their ability to infiltrate body cells but can also act as crucial targets for treatment or prevention.
What exactly are glycoproteins and where do they appear in human cells?On the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, glycoproteins can be seen. Due to their hydrophilic character, they can operate in aquatic environments, where they play a role in molecule binding and cell-cell recognition.
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Why was the evolution of cuticle so important during the evolution of land plants?.
The emergence of the cuticle was crucial for the development of land plants because it significantly decreased rates of water loss on land.
Perhaps as early as 850 mya, a group of green algae gave rise to land plants; however, plants that resemble algae may have existed as early as 1 billion years ago. The charophytes, specifically the Charales, are the closest living relatives of land plants; assuming that the Charales' habits haven't changed much since the divergence of lineages, this implies that land plants originated from branched, filamentous algae living in shallow freshwater, possibly at the edge of seasonally desiccating pools. Recent research, however, points to the possibility that land plants descended from unicellular terrestrial charophytes related to the current Klebsormidiophyceae. The life cycle of the alga would have been haplontic. When the egg and sperm first fused to form a zygote, it would have only very briefly had paired chromosomes (the diploid condition), and it would have immediately divided through meiosis to produce cells with half as many unpaired chromosomes. Early plants may have been able to adapt to the pressures of the terrestrial environment through cooperative relationships with fungus.
A plant cuticle is a protective film that covers the epidermis, or outer skin layer, of leaves, young shoots, and other aerial plant organs that lack periderm. By aerial, we mean all plant parts that are not rooted in soil or another substrate. The epidermal cells alone are responsible for producing the wax-impregnated lipid and hydrocarbon polymer coating.
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utilizing myerding's method, an anterior displacement of l5 on s1 measuring 42% would be classified as a grade spondylolisthesis?
Utilizing Myerding's method, an anterior displacement of L5 at 27% would be classified as a grade 2 spondylolisthesis.
Spondylosis is defined as a defect in the pars inter auricularis, so spondylolisthesis means one vertebra is out of position relative to another. Spondylolisthesis can occur as a complication of spondylolysis due to posterior stabilization that impacts the segment
Spondylolisthesis is based on the method proposed by Meyerding. Meyerding defined “the slippage” on plain x-rays based on the arrangement of the underlying vertebrae. The caudal vertebra is divided into 4 parts:
Grade I define the cranial vertebrae to be more than 25%.Grade II up to more than 50%.Grade III more than 70%.Grade IV to 100%.Grade V will be added later, describing ptosis of the cranial vertebrae.Leran more about spondylolisthesis here https://brainly.com/question/28474049
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What unusually biodiverse island is home to the dragon blood tree, which appears to bleed when cut?.
The tree appears to shed bloody tears, but in reality, it only secretes red sap or resin, also known as "dragon blood." Red resin will leak out of any cuts made to this tree.
The dragon blood tree is unique in what way?An "upturned, densely packed crown bearing the shape of an uprightly held umbrella" and other peculiar features give the dragon blood tree its unusual and peculiar appearance. Known as "dragon's blood," the dark crimson resin that gives rise to this evergreen species' name.
Many other names, including Kiaat, Mukwa, and Muninga, have been given to the native teak of southern Africa, Pterocarpus angolensis. Traditional dyes have been made from the crimson sap.
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Which artery is the exception and carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?.
Answer:
Pulmonary Arteries
Explanation: Your pulmonary arteries carry blood from your heart to your lungs. They're the only arteries in your body that carry oxygen-poor (deoxygenated) blood. Your main pulmonary artery (pulmonary trunk) leaves your right ventricle at your pulmonary valve.
Bell palsy is a condition characterized by the paralysis of facial muscles, eyelid droop, and sagging at the corners of the mouth. What nerve is affected in this condition?.
Bell palsy results from dysfunction of cranial nerve VII which directs the muscles on one side of the face, and any dysfunction in this nerve leads to paralysis of the facial muscles.
What is Bell palsy?
Bell palsy is a disorder of the nerve which controls the movement of the muscles in the face. This disorder leads to the dysfunction of the nerve which is called the facial or the seventh cranial nerve. Damage to this nerve causes weakness or paralysis of these muscles present in the face. Paralysis is the condition where a person cannot use the muscles at all.
Bell's palsy results from the compression in the seventh cranial nerve most likely due to the inflammation. The seventh cranial nerve is also called as the facial nerve. It runs from the brainstem to the face and tongue.
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What process does the corn use to grow
Answer:
There are 4 distinct stages of growing corn: planting, germination, vegetative, and reproductive. We'll break down each of the corn growth stages in detail to prepare you for your harvest.
the portions of a neuron that extend off of the roughly spherical cell body are usually collectively called
The portions of a neuron that extend off of the roughly spherical cell body are usually collectively called processes.
The number of processes that extend beyond the cell body is the basis for the structural classification of neurons. This classification creates three significant groups: neurons that are unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar.
There is only one process from the cell body in unipolar neurons. On the other hand, that one, extremely brief process, breaks up into two, longer processes—a dendrite and an axon. Sensory neurons that transmit impulses to the brain and spinal cord are known as unipolar neurons. There are two processes in bipolar neurons, one on each axon and the dendrite.
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question is in the picture
Answer: c.
Explanation:
Which two terms relate to asexual reproduction but not sexual reproduction?
A. Meiosis
B. Identical nuclei
C. Mitosis
D. Fused cells
Answer:
Meiosis Mitosis is that thanks for
Asexual and sexual creatures both go through the mitotic process. It takes place in the body's somatic cells, which are responsible for producing cells involved in growth and repair. For asexual reproduction, regeneration, and growth, mitosis is necessary. Thus option B ,C is correct.
What relates asexual reproduction, not sexual reproduction?Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction are the two main types. An organism that reproduces sexually incorporates the genetic material from both of its parents and is genetically distinct. Asexual reproduction creates genetically identical kids by having one parent replicate itself.
The primary likeness between sexual and asexual reproduction is that both involve the creation of offspring into which genetic information is passed on.
With asexual reproduction, a single parent gives birth to identical children. The combining of the sex cells from two parents during sexual reproduction results in variation in the progeny.
Therefore, Identical nuclei and Mitosis terms relate to asexual reproduction but not sexual reproduction.
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Researchers found e. Coli that had mutation rates 100 times higher than normal. What is a possible explanation for these results?.
DNA polymerase had a malfunctioning proofreading mechanism.
How quickly do bacteria like E. coli typically replicate?Genome replication takes about 40 min to complete in E. coli, and it must be finished at least 20 min before cell division. Bacteria perform numerous replication rounds at once to reach such rapid growth rates. Therefore, when the division time is as brief as 20 minutes, E.
What would occur if a mutation prohibited a cell from producing DNA ligase?The separate strands of the replicated DNA and the freshly synthesized DNA would not be joined if the DNA ligase enzyme molecule is altered and becomes non-functional. As a result, at the conclusion of the replication mechanism.
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Chemical reactions that absorb energy
A. often occur spontaneously.
B. will not occur without a source of energy.
C. always require catalysts.
D. are often explosive.
A cell undergoing meiosis experiences a problem with its microtubules, such that proper separation of the paired chromosomes carrying alleles q and q does not occur during anaphase i. What is the most likely effect on the four daughter cells?.
All four daughter cells have a complete set of chromosomes, but two daughter cells have an extra chromosome containing the Q or q allele while the other two daughter cells lack the gene containing Q or q allele.
What are microtubules?Microtubules are polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape to eukaryotic cells. Microtubules are up to 50 microns long, 23–27 nm wide, and 11–15 nm internal diameter.
Microtubules are important for the development and maintenance of axons and dendrites. Microtubules are vulnerable in various neurodegenerative diseases. Dysfunctional microtubules are at the reason of neurodegeneration and injury. Microtubules go through complex modifications and protein-protein interactions.
Microtubules are involved in a variety of functions, including mitotic spindle assembly in dividing cells and axonal elongation in neurons.
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failure of blood cell production due to absence of formation of cells in the bone marrow: a.thalassemia b.iron deficiency anemia c.aplastic anemia d.hemolytic anemia e.pernicious anemia
Failure of blood cell production due to absence of formation of cells in the bone marrow is: (c) aplastic anemia.
Bone marrow is the soft spongy tissue part of the bone. This region is rich in blood vessels and is present in the centermost part of the bone. The bone marrow is involved in the production of variety of cells like the red blood cell, the platelets as well as the lymphocytes.
Aplastic anemia is the disease where the production of new blood cells stops inside the bone marrow. The disease degrades the immune system of the affected person. The person becomes more prone to infections and bleeds uncontrollably upon being cut.
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describe an anthropogenic occurrence that could require re-establishing a forest in an area with previously established soil.
Agriculture, inappropriate forest management, mining, infrastructure projects, and an increase in the frequency and intensity of fires are the main drivers that lead to deforestation and severe forest degradation.
Goods like timber, food, fuel, and bioproducts are among the advantages offered by forest ecosystems. ecological processes such the storage of carbon, cycling of nutrients, purification of water and air, and preservation of wildlife habitat. recreation, the use of traditional resources, and other social and cultural advantages.The act of adding or planting trees in a location that has never had a forest or plantation is known as afforestation. This is a way to plant a forest from scratch. The act of replanting trees in an area where a forest once existed but was destroyed or damaged is known as reforestation.
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What is the most potent stimulus for a positive feedback loop that results in the release of bile by the liver?.
(c) secretin is the most potent stimulus for a positive feedback loop that results in the release of bile by the liver.
Fats are mechanically broken down in the small intestine by the emulsifier substance known as bile. In order for digestive lipases to carry out their chemical digestion of fats effectively, fats must dissolve in order to expand their surface area.
The most effective trigger for the positive feedback loop that causes the liver to secrete bile is secretin.
A hormone called secretin is created by the small intestine's enteroendocrine cells in response to the stomach's chyme. In order to create and release bile into the gallbladder, secretin activates liver hepatocytes.
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Question correction:
What is the most potent stimulus for a positive feedback loop that results in the release of bile by the liver?
a) cholecystokinin (CCK)
b) bile salt re-entry into the liver
c) secretin
d) vagus nerve
Is Cytoplasm Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes or Both?
Answer:
The cytoplasm is a part of both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes cells
Explanation:
The cytoplasm is an integral part of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and functions to house and maintain an optimal environment for the cellular organelles.
What is Papiloma humano?
Hello..!
¿What is Papiloma humano?
It is a sexually transmitted disease, in some cases there are people infected by the virus but it disappears on its own, in others they are low risk and can make or cause warts in different parts of the body.
They can get worse and turn into cancer.
We can mention:
Cervical cancerSome types of mouth and throat cancerAnswer:
HPV
Explanation:
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Many people with HPV don't develop any symptoms but can still infect others through sexual contact
Besides nylon, what other product is formed from the reaction of adipoyl chloride and 1,6-diaminohexane?.
Nylon (6,6) polyamide is formed at the interface of the two immiscible liquids .
Nylon is very hard man made materials used to make cloths and ropes and other useful materials. Nylon is considered as a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers composed of polyamides Nylon is a silk-like thermoplastic.
Nylon is highly sustainable it can be used for manufacturing any material , it can be casted molded or can be used for coating also .Nylon has vast area of application like clothing , industrial uses , many useable product like nets ,conveyer belt and plastic machine parts .
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The accretion of crustal fragments such as inactive volcanic arcs and microcontinents to the edge of a continent is generally associated with.
The procedure for accretion entails adding substance (usually gaseous substance) to a because of a tectonic plate or a continent gravity. The majority of astronomical objects.
The formation of objects like galaxies, stars, and planetsby the processes of accretion.The next statement can be drawn from the available possibilities.true regarding the accretion process:A.lt enlarges and produces continental landmasses.continents' borders are bordered by mountain It makes mountains along the boundaries of continents and enlarges continental landmasses.Due to the influence of gravitational force acting on these entities, the accretion process is a process in which little objects, matter, or particles get collected to form a massive entity, landmass.Galaxies, stars, planets, and mountains are examples of accretion processes.Mountains develop along the borders of continents as a result of debris buildup and sediment discharge; this process is known as accretion.
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f all the kinetochores are not attached to spindle fibers, then what would we likely observe in the cell?
Kinetochores must all be attached to spindle fibers during metaphase. If it will not attached then it will not activate an enzyme separase, which allows the sister chromatids to separate for anaphase to proceed.
In M phase, mitosis distributes the daughter chromosomes to daughter nuclei, and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells.
To complete mitosis successfully, chromosomes must collect to the spindle equator and make kinetochore attachments, in which each sister kinetochore is connected to microtubules in two opposite poles. When these attachment is not present the cell will delay mitotic exit.
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In addition to having its own DNA,
chloroplasts also have their own...
A ribosomes
B. mitochondria
C. phosphorus
In addition to having its own DNA, chloroplasts also have their own...ribosomes
What is ribosome?
All cells include ribosomes, which are large molecules responsible for the synthesis of biological proteins. To create polypeptide chains, ribosomes combine amino acids in the order dictated by the messenger RNA molecules' codons. The short and big ribosomal subunits are the two main parts of ribosomes.
A ribosome is a ribonucleo protein complex because it is constructed from complexes of RNA and proteins. Subunits are the little (30S) and large (50S) parts of a ribosome that are connected to one another:
While 50S primarily performs catalysis and is also coupled to aminoacylated tRNAs, 30S mostly performs decoding and is also bound to mRNA.
Because mitochondria and plastids, like chloroplasts, have their own DNA and ribosomes, they can replicate without the help of the nucleus and synthesise some of their own proteins.
Hence the correct answer is A; ribosome.
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a repressor prevents . transcription factors from binding to dna transcription factors from binding to dna translation from occurring. translation from occurring. ribosomes from binding to mrna
A repressor prevents translation from occurring.
What is a translation?
Following the transcription of DNA into RNA in the cell's nucleus, translation is the process by which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesis proteins. Expression of genes refers to the complete process.
A repressor is a DNA or RNA-binding protein that prevents one or more genes from being expressed by attaching to the operator or related silencers. A DNA-binding repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribes the genes into messenger RNA. The mRNA is bound by an RNA-binding repressor, which stops the mRNA from being translated into protein. Repression is the term used to describe this suppression of expression.
If a gene-expression initiator, or inducer, is present, it can engage with the repressor protein and separate it from the operator. After that, RNA polymerase can transcribe the message (expressing the gene). A co-repressor is a substance that can attach to the repressor and tighten its bond with the operator, reducing transcription.
Silencers are segments of DNA that are found in the eukaryotic genome. To partially or completely repress a gene, these DNA sequences attach to repressors. Several bases upstream or downstream from the gene's actual promoter is where silencers can be found. Repressors may also contain two binding sites, one for the promoter and one for the silencer region. This results in chromosome looping, which places the promoter region and the silencer region close to one another.
Common examples of repressors are lac operon repressor, met operon repressor, L-arabinose operon repressor.
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An individual having two different alleles of a specific gene is described as being _________ for that specific trait.
A person is said to be heterozygous for a particular trait if they have two distinct alleles of that particular gene.
What is a brief definition of alleles?The alternative form or variations of a gene are referred to as "alleles." A allele is acquired from every mother for each chromosomal gene, and we frequently classify the alleles as groups. They are typically referred to as wild-type, mutant, aberrant, or normal alleles.
What are genotypes and alleles?Heterozygous individuals are those who inherit two alleles out of each parent at that locus. A person's genotype is the set of alleles they carry at a given locus. Letters are frequently used to express an organism's genotype.
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muscle cells that are not exercised will atrophy or shrink in size. lou gehrig's disease affects nervous tissue but also causes muscle atrophy. what type of nerve cell must be affected to cause this muscle-wasting condition?
Muscle cells that are not exercised get atrophied or shrink in size. Lou Gehrig's disease affects nervous tissue but also causes muscle atrophy. The nerve cell that must be affected to cause this muscle-wasting condition is motor neuron.
Lou Gehrig's disease is also known by the name Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, the nerve cells break down causing the weakening of muscles. The actual cause of the disease is unknown. The disease cannot be treated permanently.
Muscle wasting is actually the weakening of muscles. This weakening could be due to shrinkage or loss of muscle. The consequences are the loss of strength as well as ability of movement. If not treated timely and accurately, it can even lead to adverse conditions like heart failure, sepsis, etc.
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For the purposes of this question, assume that a g1 somatic cell nucleus in a female myrmecia pilosula contains 2 picograms of dna. How much dna would be expected in a metaphase i cell of a female?.
4 dna would be expected in a metaphase i cell of a female.
In somatic cells, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, one from every parent (the father) and one from the mother (from the mother). One pair of intercourse chromosomes and 22 matched pairs of autosomal chromosomes are present.
There are best 23 chromosomes in every egg and sperm cell. That's best 1/2 of the variety of chromosomes observed in traditional cells. A zygote, or cell containing forty six chromosomes (23 pairs), is created whilst an egg and sperm integrate for the duration of fertilization.
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cells oversee humoral immunity. their descendants differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells. question 13 options:
Lymphocytes (White Blood Cell) oversee humoral immunity. Their descendants differentiate into B-lymphocytes.
There are two main mechanisms of immunity within our body, they are humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. B-lymphocyte is the primary cell responsible for generating humoral immunity. Which means these cells are responsible for making antibodies in the bloodstream and destroying the antigen that infects the blood and tissues via blood. It is conferred by lymphocytes called T cells. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. B cells and their plasma cell progeny are sensitized to produce antibodies. Also called antibody-mediated immunity. Plasma cells are differentiated B-lymphocytes(WBC) which can actively secrete immunoglobulin or produce antibodies.
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